PILLARS OF ISLAM

SHAHADAH
Q ‘There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.’ Describe the Muslim beliefs summarised
by the declaration of faith (shahada). [10]
Q ‘There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his messenger.’ Write about the significance of the shahada to a
Muslim. [10]
Ans Refer to the topic of Belief in Allah and prophets in the notes of Articles of Islamic Faith
Q Explain how the declaration of faith (shahada) is acted upon through the remaining four pillars of Islam. [4]
 The pillars of Islam outline the basics of Muslim worship, ibada. The Qur’an states: ‘I (Allah) created...humankind
only that they might worship Me.’ (Al-Dhariyat 51.56).
 The shahada is the first pillar of Islam and a declaration of faith.
 The other four pillars namely; salat, saum, zakat and hajj are the means by which the shahada is put into action
through ibada to show obedience to Allah and His teachings.
 All forms are worship that Muslims carry out are exclusively meant for Allah alone and they are done as per the
practice of the Prophet pbuh.

SALAT/PRAYERS
IMPORTANCE OF PRAYERS

Q. What are the individual and community benefits of prayers? [10]

Q. How does salat bring a person closer to Allah and other people? [10]
Q. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) said: ‘Between a person and disbelief is discarding prayer’. What benefits do Muslims
find in regular prayers (salat)? [10]
Q Why is the second Pillar of Islam prayer (salat) so important in a Muslim’s life? [4]
Q Outline the main teachings in the Qur’an and Prophetic Hadiths about prayer (salat) as the foundation of Islam.
[10]
Q Why is it beneficial for Muslims to pray salat five times a day? [4]

Individual benefits
1. Fulfillment of a Duty
When a person offers obligatory prayers, it gives him an internal satisfaction of fulfilling the duty that has been made
obligatory for a believer. One Hadith regarding the importance of prayers is that “The prayer is the pillar of the
religion”.
2. Key to Earn Allah’s Pleasure
Allah gets pleased with a person who bows down before Him regularly with sincere intentions. The pleasure of Allah
brings a person closer to Heaven. The Prophet declared performance of regular prayer as a key to enter Paradise.
3. Sign of Faith
It is a way to profess our faith in Allah. It is a sign of a true believer. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) said: “What stands
between a man and disbelief is abandonment of salat”.
4. Preparation for Day of Judgment
By offering prayers regularly, a person prepares himself/herself for his/her appearance on the Day of Judgment. The
Prophet pbuh once said that the first question of our judgment after death will be about prayer.
5. Communication with Allah
Offering prayers is a way to remember Allah and to develop and maintain a “living relation” with God. It helps us stay
connected with Almighty Allah with whom we have a vital relationship, a kind of relation that is bigger and more
important than the relations we have with people around us.
6. Teaches humility and humbleness
Through prayers, the Muslims express submission, adoration and humility to Allah. The acts of qiyam, ruku and sajda
create a strong sense of dependence on Allah. When a person brings his head down on floor to prostrate before Allah,
he becomes humble as the feelings of pride are washed away. A person realizes that he is nothing before Allah.
7. Way to Seek divine Help and Guidance
Prayers are meant to seek help as well as guidance from Allah. Surah Fatiha is recited to seek guidance from Allah
towards the Straight Path.
 8. A Tool against Satan
Prayers purify a person and bring him closer to Allah. The Holy Quran says: “Establish regular prayer, for prayer
restrains from shameful and unjust deeds”..
9. Cleansing of Soul
By way to offering the prayers, a person not only cleans his/her body but the prayers also cleanse the soul of a
person. They Holy Prophet (PBUH) said to his companions, “Tell me, if there is a stream at the door of one of you in
which he washes himself five times a day, what do you say, will it leave any dirt on him? And on receiving the reply that
it would not, he added, “This is the likeness of the five prayers with which Allah washes away all faults.”
10. Cleansing of Body
The basic requirement of prayer is the cleanliness of body. The Quran says:’ Allah does not accept prayers without
cleanliness”
11. Generates good Habits
It makes a person more modest and helps him become more God fearing. Such a person behaves with others in a
disciplined manner. The heart and mind of a believer who regularly prays stay away from evil.
12. Key to Good Health
Prayer is something that safeguards one’s health. It keeps away harmful things. It casts away illness. Prayers offset
the negative health effects of stress.
13. Key to Inner peace
Prayer relieves a man from anxiety and stress and calms him. The person who offers prayers regularly will not feel
stressed, bored or disappointed. He will not feel depressed and hopeless when he faces obstacles, difficulties and
impossibilities.
The person who offers prayers does not lose his endurance and confidence. The inner world of a person who worships
is settled and stable. Psychological storms, controversies and conflicts do not take place in him.

Community benefits
1. Unity
Prayers bind people together and ensure peace and harmony in the society too. When offered in congregation, it
serves as a strong force in uniting the believers.
Turning to the same Qiblah establishes an unbreakable loyalty, unity and an unending relationship among Muslims.
2. Equality
The social differences among people are leveled by offering prayers in congregation. The king may stand shoulder to
shoulder with his poorest subjects and the white man with the black. It leads to the realization that all are equal in
the eyes of Allah.
3. Brotherhood and Fraternity
It helps in knowing each other better. It helps in knowing about each other’s lives and problems. Sympathy and sense
of mutual cooperation develops.
This loyalty and relationship bring about an unshakable fraternity, a serious love and sincere friendship.
4. Social Welfare of the Community
The Friday sermon specifically focuses and addresses the religious, moral and welfare issues of the community.
5. Safety against Satan
The prayers should be offered in congregation as it helps safeguard against the attack of Shaitaan (the Devil). The
Holy Prophet(PBUH) said: “If there are three persons in a village or even in a desert and they do not pray together,
the devil would surely overtake them”.
6. Training for Social discipline
It is a training of discipline. When all Muslims follow the commands of their iman (a person who leads prayers), they
develop a sense of obedience and discipline. This training helps them become more disciplined in their lives.
7. Key to God’s Pleasure
A Hadith goes;“A man's prayer observed along with another is purer than his prayer observed alone, and his prayer
with two men is purer than his prayer with just one, and whenever there are more, it is more pleasing to Allah”

CLEANLINESS

Qs. Describe the importance of cleanliness. [4]

1. Islam has given so much importance to cleanliness as it is considered to be a part of faith. Our beloved Prophet
(SAW) said: “Cleanliness is half the faith (Emaan).”
 2. In Holy Quran Allah Almighty says: “Allah does not intend to inconvenience you, but He intends to purify you and
perfect His favor to you, so that you may give thanks”. (Quran, 5:6)
3. Cleanliness and purification are of two types in which we have inner purification and outer purification.
Inner Purification: Inner purification can be achieved by encouraging the five pillars of Islam. Having clean and pure
thinking, avoiding sins, making a lot of dhikrs and most importantly making sure the heart is pure of spiritual affliction
such as anger, hatred, relying on other people than Allah, pride, arrogance, etc.
Outer Purification: Outer purification can be obtained by proper bodily purification e.g. making ablution, taking bath,
cleaning teeth, using fragrance, keeping house and clothes clean etc.
4. The Holy Prophet (SAW) practiced cleanliness himself and ordered his companions to follow too. He kept his body
and clothes clean, took bath on regular basis, liked the use of fragrance, liked to do Miswaak.
5. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said: “The key to the prayer is cleanliness, its beginning is takbir (saying Allahu Akbar)
and its ending is Salam (salutation).” (Abu Dawud).
6. Cleanliness is the pathway to health and strength. Islam wants a healthy and strong Muslim society which is capable of
understanding and applying Allah’s message and carrying it away to the whole world. The Holy Quran says: “You are the
best community that hath been raised up for mankind, enjoining what is right, forbidding what is wrong, and believing
in Allah.” (Quran, 3:110)
7. Purity and cleanliness help a person earn the pleasure of Allah. Allah says in the Quran that He loves the pure and
clean.
8. Cleanliness is a key to prayer. Allah does not accept prayers without cleanliness.

Q. What are the different types and states of non-cleanliness? [4]

Refer to Book

WUZU / ABLUTION
Q. Describe the importance of wuzu / ablution. [4]
Q. Why is ablution given so much importance in your view?[4]
1. Purity is given utmost importance in Islam. God has repeatedly enjoined people to purify themselves in Al-Baqarah
2:222 God says, ‘Allah loves those who repent and purify themselves’. The Prophet said ‘purity is half of faith’. Wuzu is
a method of removing lesser impurity and achieving cleanliness which is an important part of faith.
2. Prophet pbuh said that wudu removes the sins of a person and that purifying oneself allows one to focus on God when
in prayer.
3. Prayer which is performed without ablution is not accepted.
4. Performance of ablution is important because it helps a person get mentally prepared for the act of prayer. When
a person performs wuzu, it gives him a break from his routine of life and he develops concentration for prayer.
5. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) used to advise his followers to perform ablution whenever they faced feelings of anger
or depression. It works in this way because it helps a person divert his attention from such evil feelings.

Q. Give an account of the conditions required for ablution (wuzu) and the method of performing it.[10]
Q. Write about the method and conditions of wuzu.[10]

Ans. Refer to Book

Q. In what circumstances does wuzu become invalid? [4]

Ans. Refer to Book

TAYAMMUM / DRY ABLUTION

Q. In what circumstances is dry ablution permissible? [4]
Ans. Refer to Book

Q. What is the prescribed method of dry ablution? (5 marks as part of a question) [5]
Ans. Refer to Book

BATH / GHUSAL
Q. In what conditions is bath necessary or suggested?[4]
Ans. Refer to Book
Q. What is the prescribed method of bath?(5 marks as part of a question) [5]
Ans. Refer to Book
Q. What are the major differences between bath and ablution? [4]
Wuzu /ablution Ghusl/ bath
It is undertaken for the removal of lesser impurity. It is undertaken for the removal of greater impurity.
Some parts of the body are washed. The entire body is washed.
Four obligatory actions are involved Three obligatory acts are involved.
It is less time consuming. It is more time consuming.
It is also less water consuming. It is also more water consuming.

AZAN / CALL TO PRAYERS

Q. Describe the importance of call to prayer. [4]

1. It is an invitation to prayer. Muslims are informed that the time of prayer has begun and they should get ready for
it.
2. It contains praise of Allah. By calling azaan Muslims acknowledge the greatest status of Allah. This in itself is a form
of prayer. It is for this reason that the Holy Prophet pbuh encouraged people to listen to azan with respect and
attention.
3. The words of Azan contain witness to the basic beliefs in Islam that Allah is the only God and Mohammad pbuh is a
prophet of Allah. This serves as a constant reminder for the Muslims that their core beliefs are based on tauhid and
finality of prophethood of Mohammad pbuh.
4. Azaan also informs that prayer is meant to be a key to success in this world and in the Hereafter. Azaan says that
the believers should come to prayer to achieve success in both lives.
5. Azaan is also meant to seek help from Allah in difficult times. Muslims call azaan in catastrophic situations such as
heavy storms or earthquake or any such calamity in which God’s help is needed.
6. Calling of Azaan is also a sign of the presence of Muslims in an area. When azaan is called, it clearly indicates that
the community members are mostly Muslims. It is a symbolic representation of the Muslim community like church bells
represent the presence of Christians.

NAMES AND TIMES OF PRAYERS

Qs. Write about the names and times of the obligatory prayers. (5 marks as part of a question)
Ans. Refer to Book

CONDITIONS OF PRAYER
Q. What are the preparations that the Muslims make before offering prayers? [10]
Q. What conditions do Muslims have to fulfill before they become eligible to offer prayers? [10]
Q. Describe how Muslims prepare themselves for prayers.[10]
Q What are the conditions of prayer (salat) that must be fulfilled before performing them? [10]
Q Prayers (salat), whether obligatory or voluntary, require preparation. Write an account of how a Muslim
prepares for it. [10]
Q Write about the following: • the conditions that should be met before Muslims start prayer (salat). [10]

1. Cleanliness of Body (wuzu,ghusl,tayyammum as per the conditions)

2. Cleanliness of Clothes
3. Cleanliness of Place
4. Covering satar
5. Facing qibla
6. Making niyat
7. Performing it on the appointed time

METHOD OF PRAYER

Qs. Describe the method of one rakat of salat.[10]

Qs. Explain the importance of the postures and verses involved in the performance of prayer? [10]

Posture Body actions What to recite Importance of postures

Niyat  Standing straight with arms
hanging by the side of the body
 Palms should be open
 Facing Qibla
 Eyes fixed on the spot where
prostration will be done.
Takbir e  Males raise hands up to the ear
Tehrima lobes
 Females raise hand up to chest
 Palms are kept open
Qiyam  It is a standing posture with
arms folded.
 Males fold their arms on navel
 Females fold them on their
chest.
Ruku  It is a posture of bowing down
before Allah.
 Hands rest on the knees and
the upper part of the body is
bent downwards.
Qaumah  It is a posture of standing
straight for abried momemt
after rising from ruku and
before going for sajdah
1st Sajda  It is a posture of bringing the
entire body on ground for
prostration.
 First, knees touch the ground.
Body is bent further to touch
the ground with our forehead.
 Hands are kept on the ground
on sides of our head while it
touches the ground.
Jalsa  A sitting posture between two
sajda
 Legs are folded and the
believer sits on folded legs.
2nd Sajda Same as the first one Same
COMPLETION OF FIRST RAKAT/ START OF 2ND
QIYAM Same as in first rakat
Ruku and Same
Qumah
1st Sajdah + Same
Reciting statement of intention
to declare:
 Name and type of prayer
 Number of rakats
 Prayer is for Allah alone
 Under the leadership of
imam if in congregation
 Calling “Allah o Akbar” i.e.
Allah is the Greatest while
raising hands
 Sana is recited
 Tawu’uz is recited
 Tasmiya is recited.
 Surah Fatiha is recided.
 Qirat of few Quranic
verses
 While bowing down, Allah o
Akbar is called out.
 While in the bent state,
Tasbih e Ruku is recited at
least 3 times.
 While rising from ruku,
Tahmid Is recited.
 Allah is praised and
different prayers are
recited to ask for Allah’s
blessings and forgiveness.
 Allah o Akbar is called out
to bend down for sajda
 Tasbih e Sajda is recited at
least three times.
 Tasbih e Sajda is recited at
least three times.
RAKAT
 Surah Fatiha and Qirat of few
Quranic verses only
Same
Same
 Mental preparation
 Declaration that the prayer is
meant for Allah alone
 An obligatory act of prayer
 Formal start of prayer
 Praise of Allah
 A posture to show submission,
respect and humility to Allah
 Sana is the praise of Allah
 Tawu’uz is to seek protection
against evil
 Tasmiya is to begin with Allah’s
attributes of Rehman and
Raheem
 Fatiha is to seek Allah’s guidance
towards straight path.
 Qirat of verses from Quran
increase our knowledge of Quran
 A posture to show greater
degree of submission, respect
and humility towards Allah
 Tashbih e ruku is an act od
glorifying Allah
 Tahmid helps praise Allah’s name.
 An opportunity to praise Allah,
seek forgiveness for our past
sins and seeking blessings for the
present and future.
 The greatest degree of showing
respect, reverence, submission
and humility to Allah.
 Glorification of Allah through
Taasbih e Sajda
 The greatest degree of showing
respect, reverence, submission
and humility to Allah.
 Glorification of Allah through
Taasbih e Sajda
Same
Same
Same
Same
 Jalsa and 2nd
Sajdah
Qaada  A sitting posture after the 2nd
sajdah of 2nd rakat
 Same posture of sitting as in jalsa
Taslim  An act of turning our face firs to
the right shoulder and then to the
left shoulder.
 An act to bring salat to an end.
CONCESSIONS GIVEN TO MUSLIMS WITH REGARD TO OBLIGATORY PRAYERS
 Tahiyya is recited
 Tashhaud is recited.
 Durud e IBrahimi is recited
 Some Quranic verses which are
words of DUA taught by Allah
 Taslim is recited for Allah’s
blessings
 Tahhiya is a form of prayer
 Tashhaud is declaation of faith in
Oneness of Allah and Finality of
prophethood
 Durud e Ibrahimi is the praise and
prayer for Hz Ibrahim and his
progeny.
 Quranic Dua are prayers to request
Allah for his bounties and forgiveness
 Taslims marks the completion of
prayer.
 A way to send blessings upon
‘respected recorders’ who are
recording our deeds.

1. QAZA PRAYERS/ DELAYED PRAYERS

Qs. In what circumstances are Muslims allowed to delay prayer?[4]

Ans. Prayer is an obligation and delaying it without a valid reason is a serious sin in Islam. However, there are some special
circumstances in which a person can delay his prayers.
1. If a person has fallen unconscious.
2. If a person is undergoing an experience of fit (epilepsy)
3. When life is in danger and we have to run to save our life.
4. When someone’s life is in danger and we can be of help to him/her.
5. When a task is so important that leaving it would endanger the lives of others (e.g. flying a plane)
6. When a person was unable to wake up and it was not intentional.
7. When a person forgets about the time of prayer. There is no sin on him in this case, but he has to make it up
when he wakes up or remembers it.

Q. What is the method of offering the delayed prayers?[4]

1. Qaza prayer is offered for farz namaz only.
2. Qaza of Fajr is two rakats; of zuhr four rakats; of asr four rakats; of maghrib 3 rakats and of isha four farz
rakat and 3 witr rakats.
3. In the statement of intention, the word Qaza is to added together with the name of prayer.
4. The rest of the method is same as of thr regular obligatory salat.

Qs. Why do Muslims regard delayed (qaza) prayers as a sign of God’s mercy? [4]
Ans.
 Delayed prayer is a sign of Allah’s mercy.
 There is a severe punishment announced for a person who delays his prayers or fails to perform it. The permission
for offering delayed prayer is a sign of Allah’s mercy as it is an opportunity to avoid the punishment on the Day
of Judgment.
 When a true believer misses his prayer, he is likely to remain guilty about it. To save a believer from the
feelings of guilt, Allah has given the permission for delayed prayers.
 Man is a weak creation of Allah. He sometimes fails to fulfill his obligations due to satanic temptations. God knows
His creation best so he has given them the permission to offer delayed prayers because He knew that man would
become victim of satanic temptations.
 Allah never wants to burden His creation and hence has given them the option of offering qada prayers.

2. QASR PRAYER (SHORTEDNED PRAYER ON A JOURNEY)

CONDITIONS
1. There is consensus that travelling over a certain distance is a condition. The distance must be at least 120 kms
(Hanafi) OR 80 kms (Hanbalis, Malikis and Shafi’is)
 2. If a traveler changes his mind in the middle of the journey and intends to return to the place from where he
began his journey, his journey will be considered concluded and he will be required to perform his salat complete.
3. If the journey involves a stay longer than 15 days (Hanafi) / 4 days (Maliki/Shafiyi/Hanbali) at the new place, a
person is required to offer complete namaz in the new destination after the prescribed period.
4. The journey should be for a legitimate purpose.
5. The traveller may not pray in a congregational prayer being led by a local imam or another traveller whose salat is
complete.
6. The niyat of qasr is essential for the salat being so performed.
8. The traveler should not be a nomad who has no fixed house and keeps moving from place to place.
9. The Hanafis, Hanbalis and Malikis observe if he has travelled the distance stipulated by the Shari'ah, he will
pray qasr till returning back to his native place.
10. During the time span for one prayer, like from noon to sunset for noon prayer, if a traveller performs his noon prayer
in shortened form, and then arrives in his hometown before sunset, he is not required to redo the noon prayer in
complete form; however, if he has not performed the noon prayer any time before arrival, he must perform it in
complete form after arrival.
11. The Qada' (making up missed prayers) of a shortened prayer must be performed in shortened form.
12. Four farz rakat of Zuhr, Asr and Isa are shortened to two rakats.
13. The ruling of shortening prayer does not apply in Fajr prayer (which is two Rak'as by itself) and Maghrib (which is
three Rak'as).

3. JAMMAH PRAYERS
CONDITIONS
1. Prayers can be combined on a journey. Zuhr and Asr prayers can be offered together at the time of Zuhr or Asr.
The same applies to Maghrib and Isha prayers.
2. Combining prayers at the time of first prayer like Zuhr and Asr being offered at Zuhr time is called Jammah Al
Tqdim.
3. Combining prayers at the time of the second prayer like Zuhr and Asr being offered at Asr time is called Jammah Al
Takhir.
4. Comibining prayers without a valid reason is not allowed in Islam.
5. During the performance of Haj, these prayers are performed as jammah prayers.
6. Prayers can be combined at the time of climatic hazards like heavy rain, storm, heavy snowfall, strong winds etc.
7. They can be combined at the time of natural calamities like earthquakes or flooding.
8. Prayers can be combined due to some illness.
9. Prayers can be combined due to some pressing need like an unavoidable appointment or work.
10. Prayers can be combined when a person is on board a ship, train or a plane.

SPECIAL PRAYERS

1. FRIDAY PRAYERS

Qs. Write about the main features of Friday Prayers. [10]

Qs. Describe the particular features of Friday congregational prayers (Jum’a) and the main features of the Friday
sermon. [10]
Q Describe the particular features of congregational prayers on Fridays (jum‘a). [10]

Ans Refer to Book for features of Friday prayer

The features of Friday sermon are given below:

1. It also has a specific format of deliverance and consists of two parts:
2. First one starts with praising the Lord, sending peace and blessings upon Muhammad (SallAllahu Alayhi Wa
Sallam), and saying Shahadah (completion of faith).
3. The second part deals with recitation of Quranic verses and asking for mercy upon the fellow believers.
4. Orator delivering the sermon must be known for his honesty, sincerity and the knowledge of Quran and
Sunnah.
The importance of the Friday sermon:
1. The sermon occupies a considerable share in the acts of worships performed by the Muslims.
 2. Without this sermon, the Friday prayer remains incomplete.
3. The names of Allah and Mohammad pbuh are glorified and praised.
4. Muslims are reminded of their core belief in Oneness of Allah and Finality of prophethood.
5. It reminds people of the news of the past nations and warns them from Allah’s wrath and anger. On the other
hand it urges them to come closer to Allah and His paradise and warns them against his anger and hellfire.
6. It is listened to by a large gathering of the Muslims which helps establish brotherhood, fraternity and unity
among the Muslims.
7. It allows Muslims to make a collective prayer to Allah for individual and community welfare.
8. It is an opportunity to educate the nation and direct its revival by mobilizing the community towards a common
cause.
9. It is intended to revive the moral and ethical values of Islam regularly in the minds of the believers helping
them become part of an ever evolving community.
10. It is the worshiping, informative, educational, belief-oriented and social activity available for everyone.
11. It is repeated every week. It serves as a constant reminder to remember Allah and follow the teachings of
Islam.

Q Describe the particular features of congregational prayers, both daily and on Fridays (Jum’a prayers). [10]
Features of daily prayer in congregation
Features of Friday prayers
Q Why do Muslims regard these prayers (Friday Prayers) as important? [4]
Q Explain how this event (Friday Prayer) upholds the unity of the Muslim community. [4]
1. An opportunity to come together
2. A chance to learn about their faith
3. An opportunity to exchange thoughts, opinions and news
4. A symbol of unity of Muslims
5. Creation of brotherhood and fraternity
6. Worshippers can see the numerical strength of their community

2. EID PRAYERS
 These are special prayers offered by the muslims on the two festivals of Eid i.e.

Q. Write about the congregational prayers that Muslims carry out on Eid festivals. [10]
Q Write about the preparations made for the two ’Id prayers and say how they are performed. [10]
Q Describe how and why Muslims celebrate Eid al-Fitrand Eid al-Adha. [10]

Eid ul Fitr Eid ul Adha

WHEN
 The ninth month of the Islamic calendar is called
“Ramadan” in which the Muslims observe
obligatory fasts for the whole month.
 The month of Ramadan ends and the month of
Shawal starts which is the tenth month of the
Islamic calendar.
 On the last night of Ramadan, Muslims do moon
sighting and celebrate Eid festival on first day of
Shawal.
WHY
 To celebrate the end of Ramadan.
 To thank Allah for giving the Muslims the
opportunity of fasting on all days of Ramadan.
 To share happiness with each other.
 To help the poor Muslims by giving them Sadaqat-
ul-Fitr.
 To establish healthy relations with each other in
the Islamic society.
WHEN
 The last month of the Islamic calendar is called the
month of Zilhaj. This is the month of annual Haj.
 Hajj is performed on the 8th, 9th and 10th of Zilhaj.
 The pilgrims carry out many activities on the 10 th of
Zilhaj. One of the rituals is called sacrifice.
 The 10thday of Hajj is also called Eid-ul-Azha by the
Muslims which is an important religious festival.
WHY
 This festival is celebrated to mark the completion of
Hajj.
 It is done in the memory of Hazrat Ibrahim (A.S)
and Hazrat Ismail (A.S).
 It is a way to pay respect and homage to Hazrat
Ibrahim (A.S) and his progeny.
 It is celebrated to establish the link between
Muslims who go to perform Hajj and the ones who
are unable to go.
  It is celebrated to share the happiness.
 It is celebrated to help the poor. Meat of the
animals sacrificed is shared with the poor Muslims.
 It is also to show to Allah that we will be ready to
sacrifice our lives if the circumstances demand the
way we sacrifice an animal.
ACTIVITIES ACTIVITIES
 The Muslims wear new clothes.  Same as Eid-ul-Fitr except payment of
 Pay Sadaqat-ul-Fitr before eid prayers. Sadaqat-ul-Fitr
 Offer two rakats of Eid prayers in congregation.  Sacrificing animals and distributing its meat
 Meet and greet each other and on EidulAdha
 Organize gathering for the family members,
friends and colleagues.
 share gifts and sweets.
PREPARATIONS FOR EID PRAYER
 Cleanliness of body and clothes. Muslims prefer to perform ghusl.
 Eat Before the Eid Prayer. Unlike on Eid Al-Adha, you should eat before the Eid prayer on Eid Al-Fitr.
 Dress Up. Muslims prefer to wear new clothes. Use scent to pleasure.
 Muslism repeatedly recite takbir
 Travelling to Eid Gah
 Exchanging greetings on the way.
 Eid prayers
METHOD OF EID PRAYER
 Muslims gather in the mosque after the rise of morn and before the start of noon.
 Congregational prayers are offered under the leadership of imam.
 Two rakats of prayers
 6 additional takbir are called during the prayer
 3 times after Takbir e Tahrima and before the start of Tawuz in Qiyam in the first rakat
 3 times after qirat in Qiyam before starting ruku in the second rakat
 Khutba/ Sermon is delivered by the imam after two rakats of prayer
 Greetings in the mosque

Q How do the two Eids bring the Muslim community together? [4]
Q What in your opinion is the importance of celebrating the two’Ids? [4]
 Eids are a practical example of brotherhood.
 The Muslim community gets together for the Eid prayers and shares each other’s joys and troubles which brings them
closer together.
 Sadaqatal-fitr is given before the prayers at Eid al-Fitr which helps the less fortunate in the community to meet their
needs.
 On Eid al-Adha, the meat of the sacrificed animal is distributed among the poor.
 Festivities shared also bring the community together.
 Observation of Eid prayers establishes unity and brotherhood.

Q Are ‘Id al-Fitr and ‘Id al-Adha more than just celebrations? Give reasons for your answer. [4]
 They are an opportunity to remember Allah
 A chance to connect with the community members
 A chance to thank Allah for his bounties and blessings
 A chance to help the less fortunate Muslim brothers
 A chance to establish a more united community

Q. What are the major differences between Eid and Friday prayers? [4]
Ans.
Eid Prayer Friday Prayer
6 additional takbir No additional takbir
On two Eid days only On every Friday
Morning prayer Afternoon prayer
 No Azaan Azzan is called
No Iqamat Iqamat is called
Khutba is after prayer Khutba is before prayer

CONGREGATIONAL PRAYERS
Qs. What is the importance/benefit of offering prayer in congregation? [4]
Qs. What is the purpose of prayers in congregation? [4]
Qs. In your opinion why are congregational prayers considered to be beneficial to Muslims? [4]
Qs. Why should meeting for congregational prayers be more advantageous than performing prayer alone? [4]
Refer to the community benefits of prayers (salat)

PRIVATE PRAYER / DUA

Q Write about the following: • The benefits of private prayer (du’a) in a Muslim’s life. • The times when God is
thought most likely to accept du’a. [10]
Q Invocation (dua) is highly recommended immediately after the obligatory prayer. Why do you think this is so?[4]
Q Why is private prayer (du’a) given so much importance by Muslims? Give reasons for your answer. [4]
Q How does du’a bring a believer closer to God? [4]
Q Explain why Muslims believe that personal prayer (du’a) is important? [4]
Importance/Benefits of Dua (Private Prayers)
An Ultimate Connection to Allah
In good times or bad, a believer always supplicates to Allah in order to establish a constant connection with his
CREATOR.. In Surah Al-Baqarah –ayah 186, Allah ‫ ﷻ‬clearly declared that HE is near to us, and responds to every
request and call we make to Him.
A Stress-reliever/ A Believer’s Weapon
The times of afflictions are the best time to talk to Allah, take HIM on our side and give away all the worries to
HIM. When a person supplicates, it helps maintain his psychological balance as he talks out all the issues to the ONE
Calling out to Almighty is surely a great cure for all problems.
Prevents from satanic traps
Of course, a distressed person looks impatiently for someone who can solve his problems. This is the time when his
hope fades out and Satan starts to misguide him. But if he starts supplicating for his pains, Allah heals his heart and
blesses him with new hope.
Helps Believer Reduce his Sins
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬lets a believer pass from certain turmoil and calamities so that he can learn the lesson, get skilled in
something and attain best for this life and hereafter. Supplication in calamity not only helps a person go through his
problem, but also reduces his past sins. A person who holds up his hands to Allah and supplicates surely reveals his
faith in the CREATOR. This act brushes off his sins for sure.
The Sunnah of Prophets and Messengers
It is the sunnah of Allah’s apostles. The fire turned into flower petals due to Ibrahim AS’s supplication or the whale
took out Younis AS from its belly due to his repentance and constant supplications. We have so many examples of
these pious men who kept on supplicating to Allah the Almighty and got unlimited rewards.
Dua is a gateway to Allah’s mercy
Dua provides an opportunity to seek Allah’s mercy and forgiveness. We are all human and not immune to having sinned. If
we seek reformation and ask Allah for forgiveness through dua we can hope to be forgiven for our sins and gain His
mercy. The Messenger of Allah (sa) said, “I certainly ask Allah for forgiveness seventy times a day.”
Dua is powerful enough to change our Qadr (destiny)
If we fear a calamity or make dua that Allah protects us from a misfortune, He may accept it. Such duas have the power
to change your Qadr.
Dua keeps our heart humble
Dua keeps arrogance away from our hearts and promotes humbleness. When we make dua, we feel the Almighty’s power
and our reliance on Him, and we recognise our own powerlessness. Some matters can only be solved by the Almighty, but
our supplications and our efforts help us achieve our needs.
Dua results in blessings
Our Prophet (sa) said, “Allah is extremely displeased with the person who doesn’t make dua to Him.” From this we can
see that by making duas, we can gain Allah’s pleasure and His blessings.
 Etiquettes/ Manners of Dua
(1) The heart must be cleansed of the thoughts of all else
except Allah.
Verily Allah does not look to your bodies nor to your “‫ِإ‬
”.faces but He looks to your hearts
(2) Make sure that your body, clothes and the spot where
you are praying are neat and clean, because Almighty Allah
loves cleanliness.
(3) Perform a good deed before offering Dua. The
recommended good deed in this regard is a hidden
charity (Sadaqah), as it highly increases the chances of
the acceptance of Dua.
(4) Pay those rights of the people that are due on you or
seek their forgiveness and have them forgive you before
offering Dua.
(5) Take extra precautions to refrain from Haram
(prohibited) foods, drinks, clothing and earning because
the Dua of the people who consume Haram and commit
forbidden acts often go unanswered.
(6) Repent of all the previous sins before offering Dua
(7) While offering Dua, sit reverently with face towards
the Qiblah or with the intention of paying gratitude to
Almighty Allah.
(8) Humility and humbleness should be expressed through
your body and a proper presence of mind should also be
there.
(9) The gaze should be kept lowered
(10) Praise Almighty Allah before and after Dua because
doing Hamd (praise) pleases Almighty Allah.
(11) Before and after Dua, send Durood upon the Noble
‫ت‬
Prophet ‫صلی ہللا عالٰی علی ہ وٓالہ وسلم‬
(12) It is imperative to remember that when the Dua does
get answered, one should pay thanks to Almighty Allah as
it grants consistency to the favors of Almighty Allah and
causes an increase in them.
Situations and Times when Dua is Accepted
SITUATIONS
– The person who has been wronged or oppressed.
– A person who finds himself in severe difficulty after
a calamity has struck.
– The person who is traveling.
– Someone who is fasting.
– The one who is reciting the Quran or has just recited the
Quran
– Someone who is performing Hajj or Umrah or jihad.
– The one who is making dua for someone in their absence.
– A person who is in a state of remembering Allah
constantly.
- A person suffering from sickness
– The just ruler.
The last third of the night
– When the Adhan is called.
– During the prayer: The closest that a slave is to his Lord
is when he is in a state of prostration.
– While prostrating, and before the end of the prayer,
after you have finished the tashahhud.
– After the prayer, once you have finished your adhkar,
– An hour on Friday, or a period of time on Friday
TIMES OF DUA ACCEPTANCE
– When waking up at night, after performing wudu.
– Before drinking Zamzam because Zamzam is whatever it
is drunk for.
– During the month of Ramadan.
– Dua on laylat-ul-Qadr, on the night of the decree.
– While visiting the sick.
– When the rain falls.
– Du’a at the crowing of the rooster.

Qs. What are the major differences between salat (obligatory prayer) and dua (private prayer)?[4]

Dua Salat
No fixed method Fixed mrthod
No fixed things to recite Fixed things to recite
Not done in Arabic only Done in Arabic only
Not fixed postures Fixed postures
Not fixed timing Fixed timing
Not fixed conditions/ preparation Fixed conditions/ preparation
No azaan is called Azaan is called

MOSQUE
Q Explain the importance of mosques in Muslim communities. [4]
Q ‘A mosque is a focal point in the lives of Muslims.’ Discuss. [4]
Religious centre; community centre; educational centre; military centre; political centre; a place to demonstrate
equality; a place to foster brotherhood; a centre to unite Muslims; a house of Allah
Details in Book

Qs. What manners should Muslims adopt while they are in the mosque? [4]
Ans. 1. We are not supposed to fight or quarrel with each other.
 2. We should not use abusive language in a mosque.
3. A person is supposed to take off / remove his footwear out of the mosque.
4. We should not talk about worldly affairs in the mosque.
5. We should not go to the mosque with a foul smell in the mouth / breath.
6. We should not speak loudly or recite the verses loudly.
7. We should be properly dressed.
8. Our body and clothes should be clean.
9. A person is not supposed to go to the mosque when he is intoxicated.
10. We are not supposed to do business inside a mosque.
11. When we enter the mosque, we should turn our mobile on silent mode.

ZAKAT –ANNUAL ALMS GIVING

IMPORTANCE/ BENEFITS OF ZAKAT

Q What is the importance of zakat in Muslim society? [10]
Q Describe the benefits of zakat for the Muslim community.[10]
Q How are individuals and the community benefited by almsgiving (zakat )? [10]
Q How do you think observing the Pillar of g iving alms (zakat ) benefits the giver? [4]
Q Write an account of the benefits that result from the payment of charity (zakat ). [10]
Q Alms-giving (zakat) is an act of worship which benefits the community of Muslims. Write in detail about its
benefits to the giver, the receiver and to society as a whole. [10]
Q Who do you think benefits more from the payment of zakat and why, the giver or the receiver? [4]
Q In your opinion, what is the greatest benefit for the giver of zakat? Give reasons to support your answer. [4]

Benefits to Individual/ the Giver of Zakat

1. Fulfillment of a duty
Giving zakat is a duty upon all those Muslims who can afford to pay. When a person gives away zakat, his heart is filled
with a sense of satisfaction as he is able to perform an obligation upon him.
2. Zakat means to purify
The term Zakat itself means ‘to purify.’ As mentioned in the Holy Quran: “Take from their wealth so that you might
purify and sanctify them” [9:103]. Zakat is considered a way to purify one from selfishness and greed (love for money)
3. Sacrifices in the way of Allah
Muslims are taught the significance of sacrifice for Allah’s will. It is a way of showing that Muslims love Allah more
than their money.
4. Acknowledging that Allah owns everything
Paying Zakat gives us the realization that everything we do and earn in this world belongs to Allah. We do not own
anything ourselves. It brings us closer to Allah and increases our faith. This leads to humility and humbleness within
Muslims.
5. Paying Zakat results in great rewards
Allah (SWT) rewards the person when he gives Zakat. The Prophet (SAW) said:
“Whoever gives away charity the size of a date, which is earned lawfully, since Allah only accepts the good lawful
things, Allah will indeed take it with His right hand and cause it to grow for its owner, just as one of you raises his
colt, to the point that the charity will become like the size of a mountain.”
6. Brings a person closer to Allah
It brings a servant close to his Lord and increases his faith. This is the case with all of the acts of worship.
7. Washes away minor Sins
Allah removes the (minor) sins by giving Zakat, as the Prophet (SAW) said: “Giving charity wipes away sins just as
water extinguishes the fire.”
8. Sign of a believer
 One of the outstanding qualities of a believer is his willingness to send in the way of Allah from the sustenance that
Allah has provided him. A believer in the Unseen offers regular prayers and gives alms generously.
9. An opportunity to attain perfection of faith
It makes one reach the rank of the perfect believer. The Prophet (SAW) said: “None of you truly believes until he
loves his brother what he loves himself.” [Muslim]
10. Safety on the Day of Judgment
Payment of Zakat helps a person save himself from the severe punishment that Allah has announced for the people
who withhold zakat. It will save the giver from the intense heat on the Day of Resurrection. The
Prophet (SAW) said: “Every man will be in the shade of his charity on the Day of Resurrection.”
11. Multiplication of Wealth
It is believed that Allah rewards the giver of Zakat with more wealth. Giving zakat multiplies the wealth of the giver
as Allah becomes pleased with him and gives him more to enable him to spend more in the way of Allah.
12. Purification/Safety of the rest of Wealth
Allah promises that the one who spends in His way will have the reward of purification of the rest of his wealth.
Besides, a giver of zakat is filled with a strong sense of confidence that the rest of his wealth will remain unaffected
and safe from being lost as Allah will guard his wealth against any harm.

Benefits to the Community/ the Takers of Zakat

1. Reduction of Poverty
The people who are poor are not able to make both ends meet easily because of the financial issues in their lives.
When zakat is paid to such poor people, they are able to satisfy their needs more easily. In this way zakat helps to
reduce the levels of poverty in an Islamic society.
2. Reduction in Crime Rate
Due to their inability to satisfy their needs, the poor people tend to unlawful means of earnig money for their needs.
This increases crime rate in any society. When zakat is paid regularly to these financially pressed people, there are
less chances of these people resorting to crime.
3. A well knit/ United Society
Class differences tend to make a society unstable. The people who have nothing or little are likely to develop feelings
of hostility/ jealousy towards the rich. The hearts of the poor people are refined when they receive zakat regularly as
they begin to consider the rich people as their well wishers and friends. This makes them less hostile and lead to
development of a more united society. Zakat removes the grudges and deceased feelings found in the hearts of the
poor and needy people.
4. Reduction in Unemployment
Unemployment is a very serious issue in modern societies. With zakat money that the poor people receive, they can
start a small business with minimum capital to become self employed. In this way levels of unemployment reduce in
society.
5. Contribution to GDP
When they poor people receive zakat regularly, they spend the money to purchase goods of need. This gives rise to
demand of the products and the producers begin to produce more due to greater demand. In this way, there comes
about an overall improvement in the GDP of the country.
6. Cash flows in the Right Direction/ More Equitable Distribution of Wealth
Zakat is the right way to circulate the flow of money in the economy. A specific portion of the rich’s wealth is taken
and given to the poor. This way, the money does not get accumulated with the wealthy, and the poor receive their
share. Through this systematic way, the whole economy runs smoothly.

METHOD OF PAYMENT OF ZAKAT

Q Outline the practice of almsgiving (zakat ) in Islam. [10]
Q Write an account of alms-giving (zakat) and say who is liable to pay it and who it can be paid to. [10]

Ans refer to book for details

Description of people who are liable to pay zakat together with rate at which zakat is to be paid
Description of the people to whom zakat can be paid
Description of the people to whom zakat cannot be paid

Q Why are Muslims encouraged to pay sadaqaduring Eid-al-Fitr? [4]

1. Help to the poor Muslims in the celebration of Eid ul Fitr
2. A way to cleanse our soul from the effects of wrong doings during Ramadan and a way to seek forgiveness from Allah
3. A gesture of gratitude towards Allah who provided us with wealth to spend in His way
4. A way to pray to Allah to accept our acts of worship performed during Ramadan
5. Makes a person mindful of his fellows as the preparations for Eid are likely to preoccupy a person and make him
forget about his responsibilities towards the society he lives in.
6. Makes a person humble as he knows that hes is spending from what Allah has provided him.

Q Abu Bakr fought against those who refused to pay zakat during his caliphate. In your view what is the
significance of this action?[4]
 Had Abu Bakr not fought those who refused to pay zakat then perhaps one of the Pillars of Islam would have been
abolished which would have meant the corruption of the faith.
 It was to maintain the integrity of Islam that this action had to be taken.
 As collection of zakat was a state responsibility he may have felt that as caliph it was his duty to collect zakat
from all Muslims in his caliphate.
 This also shows the importance of the institution of Zakat as Hz abu Bakr showed that he was ready to take any
serious action against those who refuse to pay it.
 He also set an example for the Muslim leaders that they should take serious action against those who try to bring
about changes in the rules and regulations of islam as prescribed by Allah and the Prophet pbuh.

FASTING-SAUM
IMPORTANCE OF FASTING
Q Write about the moral, social and economic benefits of a Muslim fasting. [10]
Q What are the moral, spiritual and other benefits of fasting in Ramadan? [10]
Q What are the benefits to individuals and the community of fasting in the month of Ramadan? [10]
Q What advantages does the fast of Ramadan bring to the Muslim community? [4]
Q What is the purpose of fasting during the month of Ramadan? [4]
Q Explain why the Ramadan fast is important to Muslims. [4]
Q Choose any one benefit of the Ramadan fast you have written about in Part (a) and say why you think it is most
useful. [4]
Q What is the greatest reward of fasting? Support your answer by giving reasons for your choice. [4]

Benefits to an Individual
1. Fasting helps in gaining Taqwa(Becoming God Fearing)
"O you who believe, fasting has been prescribed upon you as it has been prescribed upon those before you, so that you
may attain Taqwa." (2:183)
2. Drawing closer to Allah.
This is achieved by reciting and reflecting on the Qur'an during night and day, attending the taraweeh prayers,
remembering Allah, sitting in circles of knowledge.
3. Fasting helps in acquiring patience and strong will.
Allah has mentioned patience more than seventy times in the Holy Qur'an. So, when one fasts, and gives up one's food
and drink, and one's marital sexual relations for fasting hours, one learns restraint and patience.
4. Fasting helps in striving for Ihsaan (righteousness and sincerity) and staying away from riyaa' (showing off).
Allah says in a Hadith-eQudsee, "Fasting is for Me and I reward it." Allah singles out fasting from all other types of
worship saying, "Fasting is for Me", because no one knows whether you are fasting or not, except Allah.
5. Fasting helps in refinement of manners, especially those related to truthfulness and discharging trusts. The
Prophet (SAW) said, "Whoever does not abandon falsehood in word and action, then Allah (SWT) does not need that
he should leave his food and drink."
6. Fasting brings passion under control.
Passion is the root of all evils, and this can be regulated by the method of fasting. The Almighty Allah (SWT) created
man and his passion. He knows the best medicines for passions and therefore He has prescribed fasting.
7. Fasting makes the soul shining.
 Fasting refreshes the soul and cheers up it from its lethargic state, while excessive eating makes it blind and dark
just as excessive water destroys crops. Excessive eating makes a man dull and stupid and deprives a man from the
power of thinking. A hungry belly is, however, a fountain of wisdom.
8. Fasting provides taste in prayer.
By the practice of fasting, taste in prayer is enjoyed. A full belly can never taste sweetness of prayers and
invocations. His prayer ends only in tongue and does not enter the heart, which is full of love for food and other
desires.
9. Fasting removes false sense of prestige and pride
A hungry man finds himself weak and naturally turns towards One who is strong. Hunger thus makes a man modest and
turns the mind towards the Almighty for help.
10. Fasting saves time and trouble
It reduces the period of sleep and thus a great deal of time is saved for work. Excessive eating keeps a man engaged
very often in taking food and responding to the frequent calls of nature while this time can be saved by fasting.
11. Fasting saves money
It saves expenditures on food and other unnecessary enjoyment and thus helps economy. This is not less useful to a
worldly man having small means.
12. Fasting greatly contributes to the preservation of health.
The digestive organs are given some rest, later to work with redoubled energy and vigour. Spiritual progress depends
on a healthy mind, which again depends on a healthy body. Therefore the value of fasting for preservation of health is
very important.
13. Fasting teaches moral discipline.
In fact, it is a training ground for the lesson that man, whatever is his rank and position, is prepared to suffer the
greatest privation and the hardest trial. This lesson is learnt from day to day. This practice really contributes to the
moral development of man. Fasting accustoms a man to face the hardships of life and increases his power of
resistance.

14. Fasting keeps faith in Allah

A fasting man can easily satisfy himself by taking food or drink in the inner recesses of his house. There is none to
see him if he pours down some drops of water to his thirsty throat but he feels that Allah is near him & always seeing
him and so he restrains himself. Thus the existence of Allah is felt closer.

Community Benefits
1. Fasting teaches equality of human being which is not even witnessed in prayer.
A king may pray with a beggar in the mosque but at home he may lead quite a different life by taking foods at pleasure
and having sexual relations with women. Fasting, however, places all men, rich and poor, on the same pitiful plight of
hunger, and does not allow anybody to take food and drink or to have sexual relations in daytime.
2. Fasting teaches sympathy for the hungry.
Fasting is the only thing which gives a sense of pangs of a hungry man in the mind of the rich. Thus this sense creates
a spirit of kindness to the poor and the distressed. This develops humanism and compassion.
3. Fasting helps to be more charitable.
The Prophet (SAW) said, "He who gives food for a fasting person to break his fast, he will receive the same reward as
him, without nothing being reduced from the fasting person's reward."
4. Fasting helps in sensing the unity of the Muslim Ummah.
In this month, there is a possibility for unity, because we all fast together, we breakfast together, we worship Allah
(SWT) together, we perform Umrah together, and we pray Salatul-Eid together. Therefore, it is possible for Muslims
to be a single body.
5. Fasting can help us to strengthen the family bonds.
Today where familial relationships are strained because of working hours, fasting month of Ramadan comes across as a
cementing force that binds people. In an atmosphere of pervading piety the entire family sits together for iftar and
sehr.
6. Fasting increases interaction with relatives.
People invite each other for iftar and end up sharing the spirit of bonding. The neighbors are connected more often
and the rights of neighbors are more strictly observed in this holy month.
7. Fasting makes a society more peaceful and Safer.
A fasting person avoids fighting and quarrelling. He also avoids use of abusive language because all these things spoil
the spirit of fasting. As a result, a society becomes more peaceful and safer for all individuals.
8. Encourages Charity
 During Ramadan, it is traditional for Muslims to collect and donate to charities. Communities come together to donate.
This leads to establishment of the societies where welfare of all people becomes concern of all individuals.

METHOD AND CONDITIONS FOR FASTING

Q What are the daily observances of the Ramzan fast? [10]
Q Outline the features of the Ramadan fast, and identify which Muslims are exempt from fasting during this
month. [10]
Q Write about the practice of fasting in Ramadan and the moral benefits that a Muslim gains from fasting in this
month. [10]
Q Describe how Muslims observe the fast of Ramadan and how this month should be spent. [10]

Ans Refer to Book for Details

IMPORTANCE OF THE NIGHT OF POWER/ DESTINY (SAHB E QADR)

1. Laylatul Qadr is one of the most blessed nights of the Islamic calendar.
2. This night usually resides in the last ten days of Ramadan and within those days it is in the odd nights of the Ashra.
3. In Quran, Allah Almighty says: “Verily, We have sent it (this Quran) down in the night of Al-Qadr
(Decree).” (97:1)
The biggest virtue associated with Laylatul Qadr is that in this night Allah Almighty bestowed Quran upon humanity,
which is the biggest gift that Allah has sent upon humanity.
4. At another place in Quran, Allah Almighty says: “The night of Al-Qadr (Decree) is better than a thousand months
(i.e. worshipping Allah in that night is better than worshipping Him a thousand months, i.e. 83 years and 4
months).” (97:3) The reward of praying in this night is definitely better than prayers in a thousand months.
5. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) also spoke about this Night in one of His hadiths in the following way: “Whoever
establishes Salah on the night of Qadr out of sincere faith and hoping for a reward from Allah, all his previous
sins will be forgiven.” (Bukhari) This Night is the best option for a person to seek forgivness for the previous sins.
6. Angels descend on this night and protect the worshippers from interference of evil. This night is the Night of Peace
i.e. a night in which there is no interference of devil.

MONTH OF RAMADAN

IMPORTANCE OF THIS MONTH ACTIVITIES IN THIS MONTH

 Holy Quran was first revealed in the month of
Ramadan. Ramadan is known to be the month of Quran.
 A month of Obligatory Fasting which helps to attain
Taqwa
 The Night of Decree or The Night of Power (Laylat al-
Qadr ) is in this month, which is better than a thousand
months.
 In this Holy month, the gates of Paradise are opened,
gates of Hell are closed and the devils are chained up.
 Multiplied rewards for good actions in this month
The Prophey pbuh said that Umrah during Ramadan is
equal to Haj.
 A month to seek forgiveness for past sins. It is said in
an authentic Hadith of Prophet pbuh that fasting in the
Ramadan sincerely out of faith and in the hope of
reward will have a person’s past sins forgiven.
 Obligatory fasts are observed throughout this month.
 Excessive reading of the quran is done
 Many extra Nafal prayers are offered for greater
reward
 A special prayer is offered after isha prayer called
Taraweeh prayer.
 Umra’h (shorter/minor pilgrimage) in Ramadan is
equivalent to Hajj (major pilgrimage).
 Muslims observe I’tikaaf (residing in the mosque for
worship) in the Ramadan especially in the last 10 days of
this Holy month.
 It is very rewarding act in Ramadan to offer Iftaar
(sunset meal to breakfast) to those who are fasting.
Gatherings are arranged for this purpose. These
gatherings help develop healthy social relations.
 It is also highly recommended to give Zakat (obligatory
tax/donation – 2.5% of wealth/savings/assets) and
Sadaqah (voluntary charity) in the Ramadaan.
 Sadqa tul Fitr is paid at the completion of Ramadan to
help poor brothers
 Preparations for the upcoming festival of Eid ul Fitr are
made

TARAWEEH PRAYERS
 Main Features
1. During the holy month of Ramadan, special prayers
called Taraweeh are conducted after every
evening’s last daily prayer (Isha).
2. Taraweeh is derived from the Arabic word meaning
“to rest and relax”.After performing four rakahs,
one sits for a brief period to rest before
continuing.
3. These special prayers involve reading long portions
of the Qur’an, as well as performing
many rakahs (cycles of movement involved in
Islamic prayer).
4. During the standing portions of the prayer, long
sections of the Qur'an are read. The Qur'an is
divided into equal parts for the purpose of reading
sections of equal length during each of the
Ramadan nights, and so 1/30 of the Qur'an is read
on successive evenings. The aim is read the entire
Qur’an by the end of Ramadan.
5. Taraweeh prayers commonly take place in mosques
where Muslims pray in congregation. Although they
are not compulsory, taraweeh are strongly
recommended during Ramadan.
6. Rakahs vary from 14 to 20 cycles, depending on the
imam leading them. According to a hadith, however,
Bibi Aisha is reported that the Prophet Muhammad
(PBUH) would not perform more than 11 or 13
rakahs on any given day.
HAJ (ANNUAL PILGRIMAGE TO MAKKAH)
IMPORTANCE
Q How do Muslim individuals and the Muslim community benefit from the annual pilgrimage (hajj )? [10]
Importance/ Benefits
1. This special prayer improves physical and
emotional health. The gentle up and down
movements, including Sajdah and Ruku, performed
while praying improves physical and emotional health
as well as enhances the endurance of the person
praying.
2. Another advantage of Taraweeh is to encourage
visiting the mosque most for offering this special
prayer more often in the congregation.
3. Taraweeh prayer gets all Muslims together from
different walks of life at one place.
4. Taraweeh prayer also brings unity among Muslims
all over the world.
5. Practicing the act of offering this special prayer
for the entire month of Ramadan strengthens
Muslims faith and encourages Muslims to do what
pleases Allah Almighty and what makes Him happy.
6. Taraweeh prayer makes us worship more which in
turn provides a peaceful sleep.
7. This special prayer brings us closer to Allah
8. It also improves the memory with the continuous
recitation of the verses from the Holy Quran,
screening the mind from inbound thoughts.
9. Listening of quran carries great rewards.

Benefits to an Individual
1. Fulfillment of a Duty
The Quran say that pilgrimage is a duty that men owe to allah, those who can afford the journey. A person is able to
enjoy a sense of completion of a duty after performing haj.
2. Sign of a Believer
Performance of haj is a way to express our faith in Allah. The Prophet pbuh once said that a person who avoids doing
Haj despite having the provisions for it wil die like an unbeliever.
3. Source of Divine Guidance
The Quran says that the House of Allah at Makkah is full of blessings and guidance. A pilgrim is sure to receive Allah’s
blessings and divine guidance when he makes visit to Makkah and involves in various intense devotional activities
associated with Haj.
4. Hajj expires the sins
It was narrated that Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) said: I heard the Prophet (blessings and peace of
Allah be upon him) say: “Whoever performs Hajj for the sake of Allah and does not utter any obscene speech or do
any evil deed, will go back (free of sin) as his mother bore him.”
5. Hajj is the soul purifier
Hajj helps to educate the believer to do good deeds, and have better moral senses. It polishes the consciences of a
firm believer that every deed we do produces immense social benefits as well as encourage positive vibe among Muslim
individual and society.
6. Pilgrims are guests of ALLAH
 The journey of Hajj is the easiest way to attain the satisfaction of ALLAH as the pilgrims are considered to be guests
of ALLAH. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “Pilgrims and those performing Umrah are ALLAH’s guests; their prayers are
answered and their supplications for forgiveness are granted .”
7. Helps a person come closer to Paradise
The Prophet pbuh said that Haj which is free from defects is rewarded with Paradise.
8. Hajj as character building
A pilgrim during his journey to the Holy city of Mecca might faces difficulties and hardships to settle in the new
environment. The rituals of the Hajj are not easy but this makes the pilgrim build up his patience throughout. The
submission to please Allah teaches him to stay calm and compose.
9. Hajj brings the reward of jihad to women
In Islam, jihad is a struggle to fight against the enemies of Allah. When it comes to previous Islamic wars where our
Prophets took part, there said to be a quote by Hazrat Aisha R.A for Muslim women that “O Allah’s Apostle! We
consider jihad as the best deed.” The Prophet said, “The best jihad (for women) is hajj Mabrur.” (Bukari; Haj; 595)
10. Greatest act of Worship
Haj is said to a culmination of all forms of worship. It involves sacrifice of time, energy and money on part of a
believers and he goes under physical hardship of travelling to Makkah and performing rituals of Haj. Salat requires
physical labour; zkat requires financial sacrifice and fasting requires self control. In the performance of Haj, all these
things are combined.
11. A way to Pay Tribute to Hazrat Ibrahim AS
The rituals of Haj are based on major events from the life of Hazrat Ibrahim who was a Prophet of Allah and from
whose progeny a number of prophets came. By performance of Haj, a believers feels connected to this line of
prophets who are considered honorable by all major Divine religions of the world such as Judaism and Christianity.
12. An Opportnuity to Visit the Holy Cities of Makkah and Madinah
A pilgrim gets a chance to visit places where the Holy Prophet pbuh had spent his life. Visit to these places help him
develop greater love and respect for the Holy Prophet pbuh.
13. Realization of the Purpose of Life
The rituals of Haj demonstrate a believer’s ability to sacrifice everything for the sake of Allah and rejection of Devil.
Haj is a practical demonstration of the fact that man is supposed to reject devil in all aspects of his life. By
performing rituals of Haj a person realizes the real purpose of his life i.e. following the good and rejecting the evil.

Community Benefits
1. Unity of all Muslims:
During Hajj millions of Muslims set aside all differences of race, caste, economic status, nationality, and even sect as
they unite in the holy pilgrimage, each donning the simple two-piece white garb of the non-attached traveler, allowing
nearly no apparent difference whatsoever as they all stand together.
2. Display of Equality on an International Level
All pilgrims wear similar clothes and perform similar rituals and prayers in large congregations. This establishes a
display of equality that the religion of Islam propagates.
3. Establishment of Brotherhood at Universal Level
Muslims from different ethnic and regional background come close on the land of Makkah. This develops a sense of
brotherhood on universal level. These Muslims meet each other and form healthy social relationship that continues
even after the Haj is over as they remain in contact with each other through available communication technology.
4. Haj promotes Business activities
The performance of haj involves purchase of various materials like ihram, or other things from native countries by the
pilgrims. Besides, the pilgrims purchase gifts as souvenir for they relatives and friends while they are on a visit to
Makkah. These purchases contribute to an increase in GDP not only in their native countries but also in Saudi Arabia.
5. Helping the Hungry
An important ritual of Haj is the sacrifice of a halal three-legged animal. The meat of the animals that are
slaughtered in millions is transported to those countries of the Islamic world where people are suffering from food
shortages.
6. Training of Discipline
All pilgrims gather at various locations in Makkah and perform various activities in congregation under the leadership
of imam. The strict obedience to rules and regulation during the performance of haj teaches the believers as to how
 they can organize themselves as well disciplined societies under the leadership of their local rulers in their native
countries.

METHOD OF HAJ
Q Describe the main events of the annual pilgrimage (hajj). [10]
Q Outline the main observances of the annual pilgrimage (Hajj ). [10]

Ans Refer to Book

IMPORTANCE OF RITUALS/ PLACES IN MUSIMS’ BELIEFS AND PRACTICES

Q What beliefs and practices are involved in:
(i) stoning the Jamarat
(ii) performing sa’y
(iii) assembling at Arafat [10]
Q Describe any three of the following elements of pilgrimage (hajj): • ihram (garment worn) • sa’i (running
between the hills of Safa and Marwa) • rami (stoning the Jamarat), and • qurbani (sacrifice). [10]
Q Write a detailed account of the following: • ihram; • tawaf; and • sa’i [10]
Q What is the significance of the Black Stone (Hajr al Aswad ) to Muslims? [4]
Q Why do you think pilgrims strive so hard to touch the Black Stone (Hajr al Aswad)? [4]
Q How does the talbiya sum up the relationship between the pilgrim (hajji ) and God? [4]
Q What in your opinion are Muslims reminding themselves of when they celebrate Eid al-Adha? [4]

The Holy Kaabah Hajr e Aswad

 The House of Allah
 A place of security and peace as no killing is allowed
within the boundaries of Haram
 A place full of Allah’s blessings and guidance
 Was first constructed by Hz Adam
 After Adam (a.s), the Kaaba according to Quranic Verse
was reconstructed by Hz Ibrahim and Hz ismail ‘ And
(remember) when Abraham and (his son) Ishmael were
raising the foundations of the House (the Kaba at
Mecca), (saying), ‘Our Lord! Accept (this service) from
us. Verily, you are the All-Hearer, the All-Knower ’
(Quran 2:127)
 Muslims do not worship the Holy Kaaba. However, it is
the symbol of the Oneness of Allah.
 Kaaba signifies the Supremacy of Allah, which is also
the first pillar of Islam that there is no god but Allah.
 It is the Qibla which means the direction that Muslims
all around the world face while performing Salaat, the
second pillar of Islam.
 It is hence, the uniting point for the Muslims.
 All Muslims are supposed to offer pilgrimage once in
their lifetime. This pilgrimage is offered around this
holy place. When pilgrims arrive Mecca, they assemble
in Haram Sharif and perform Tawaf around the Holy
Kaaba.
 Muslims from all over the world unite in the same color
to submit themselves to the will of Allah. The Holy
Kaaba is the symbolic force of unity in Islam.
 Muslims avoid sitting and sleeping a position that allows
their feet to be in the direction of the Kaabah.
 They get their toilets constructed in such a way that
their face should not be in the direction of the Kaabah
while urinating/defecating in toilet.
 Hajr-e-Aswad, the black stone, is located on the
southeast wall of the house of Allah.
 According to an important and authentic narration, Hajr-
e-Aswad is the stone that is brought down to earth from
Jannah
 It dates back to the times of Hz Adam.
 It is also believed that this stone was the only remanat
of the Holy Kaabaah in the times of Prophet Ibrahim
when he decided to reconstruct it.
 Hz Ibrahim installed it in Ka’aba as a link to the first
place of worship as was constructed by Hz Adam.
 A narration in Tirmidhi proves that Hajr-e-Aswad is a
stone from heaven and was whiter than milk, but it has
turned black due to the sins of the sons of Adam. This
proves that the stone was originally white, but the sins of
mankind made it turn black.
 Together with the Station of Ibrahim, the Prophet called
this stone to be a jewel that can illuminate everything.
 The Prophet has named the (Black Stone) the 'right hand
of God' (yamin-Allah). Touching this Stone represents
the formation and reminder of the pact of allegiance and
submission to Allah.
 While performing circumambulation of Kaabah, Muslims
are expected to kiss this stone to start tawaf. This
practice is called ISTILAM.
 It was told by the Prophet pbuh that this stone will
become living on the Day of Judgement and will testify
the iman of those who kissed it. This shows the act of
kissing Hajr-e-Aswad will be a witness for the faith of
those who kissed it.
 Quran says “God has appointed the Ka’bah, the Sacred
House, a support for mankind, and the Sacred Month
and the offerings and the garlands.”
Safa Marwa Hills/ Sayi
 Safa and Marwa are two small hills in Mecca.
 They have now been made part of the Masjid al-Haram.
 Muslims travel back and forth between them seven
times in what is known as Sa'ee
 Islamic tradition. In Islamic tradition, Abraham
(Ibrahim) was commanded by God to leave his wife
Hagar (Hajra) and their infant son, Ishmael (Isma'il),
alone in the desert between Safa and Marwa. When
their provisions were exhausted, Hagar went in search
of help or water.
 Hagar traveled back and forth between the hills seven
times in the scorching heat before returning to her son.
Allah then sent Angel Jibril (Gabriel) to their aid and a
spring of water appeared from the ground. The well was
named Zamzam and the journey back and forth Safa and
Marwa was made a ritual during Hajj and Umrah.
 The two mountains are mentioned by name in
the Qur'an, in Surah Al-Baqarah (2), verse 158. “Behold!
Safa and Marwa are among the Symbols of Allah. So if
those who visit the House in the Season or at other
times, should compass them round, it is no sin in them.
And if any one obeyeth his own impulse to good,- be
sure that Allah is He Who recogniseth and knoweth.”
 The Sa‘ee between As-Safa and Al-Marwah is one of
the pillars of Hajj and ‘Umra.
 Performing the Sa'ee serves to commemorate Hajar's
search for water for her son and God's mercy in
answering prayers.
 Two walkways guide pilgrimes from Safa to Marwa, and
from Marwa to Safa, with two narrower walkways in the
center to serve elderly and disabled pilgrims. The
walkways between the two mountains are collectively
called the Mas'aa (Arabic: ‫المسعى‬, romanized: al-
Mas'aa, lit. 'way, place of walking') and are air-
conditioned. Water pumped from the Zamzam Well is
also available on the way. Sa'ee is an integral part
and rukn of Hajj and Umrah.
 These mountains and the ritual of sayee serve as a way
to pay tribute to unconditional maternal love. By
performing this ritual, a pilgrim shows gratitude to
Allah for being blessed with maternal love and care in
his early life.
Arafat/ Assembly at Arafat
 Mount Arafat, also known by its Arabic name Jabal
Arafat is a hill in Makkah.
 Its is also known as Jabal ar-Rahmah, about 20 km
(12 mi) southeast of Mecca.
 According to some Islamic traditions, the hill is the
place where the Prophet Muhammad stood and
delivered the Farewell Sermon, also known as
the Khutbat al-Wada'.
 Some Muslims also believe that Mount Arafat is the
Jamarat/ Rami
 Jamarat are three stone pillars in the tent city of Mina.
 Pelting or stoning of these pillars is an obligation in Hajj.
 These three pillars are named as:
1. Jamarah-al-Oola or Jamarah Sughra (the first or
the small Jamarah), represents the trmptation of Hz
Ismail
2. Jamarah-al-Wusta (the middle Jamarah),
represents the temptation of Hz Hajra
3. Jamarah-al-Uqbah or Jamarah-al Kubra ( last or
the largest Jamarah) represents the temptation of
Hz Ibrahim against sacrifice
 These are named so as to explain the strength with which
devil tried to persuade Prophet Ibrahim from completing
his sacrifice of His beloved son, Prophet Ishmael.
 The sacrifice of Prophet Ishmael by Prophet Ibrahim was
being carried out after Prophet Ibrahim had same dream
for three consecutive nights seeing this sacrifice. This
was when he decided that those dreams were a message;
as dreams of a Prophet are always true.
 He took his son and set off for sacrifice and on the way
revealed his dream and its message to Prophet Ismael and
He agreed readily to fulfill the God’s will.
 Each time when Satan tried to divert Prophet Ibrahim’s
attention, Prophet casted seven stones on him following
the command of Jibril.
 This laid the basis for pelting/rami of Jamarat pillars as
an acceptance that Muslims should not be carried out by
Satan.
 This stoning is carried out from 10th of Dhul Hijjah till
the 13th of Dhul Hijjah..
 The stones for this purpose are collected from
Muzdalifah ideally (but can be picked from Mina as well).
 This obligatory ritual, if overlooked or missed, one should
return to Mina and perform it on any other day.
 The ritual re-enacts Abraham (Ibrāhīm)'s pilgrimage to
Mecca.
 The stoning of the jamarāt also represents the denial of.
1. man's own evil desires and wishes
2. the external Shaitan from the Jinn (Iblīs)
3. the Shayṭān from among the Humans
 Rami is a symbol of waging war against evil.
 It helps a believer in moving away from the self and
towards further submission to Allah's will.
Mina/ Assembly at Mina
 Mina is a valley and neighborhood located in the
Masha'er district of Mecca.
 It is located just seven kilometers in an eastern direction
of the Masjid ul Haram in Makkah.
 It is where pilgrims spend the night on 8 th, 11th, and 12th
and in some cases the 13th of Zul Hijjah.
 Mina possesses the three Jamarat (stone pillars) where
the ritual of stoning the devil is performed.
 To accommodate the pilgrims who stay in Mina over
 place where Adam and Eve (Hawa) reunited
on Earth after falling from Heaven, believing the
mountain to be the place where they were forgiven,
hence giving it the name Jabal ar-Rahmah, meaning
'Mountain of Mercy'.
 A pillar is erected on top of the mountain to show where
this event is believed to have taken place.
 The mountain is especially important during the Hajj,
with the 9th day of the Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah,
also known as the Day of 'Arafah after the mountain
itself, being the day when Hajj pilgrims leave Mina for
Arafat; this day is considered to be the most important
day of the Hajj.
 The khutbah (sermon) is delivered and Zuhr and Asr
prayers are prayed together in the valley. The pilgrims
spend the whole day on the mountain invoking Allah to
forgive their sins.
Muzdalifah/ Assembly at Muzdalifah
 Muzdalifah is an open, level area near Mecca in
the Hejazi region
 It lies just southeast of Mina, on the route between
Mina and Arafat.
 The stay at Muzdalifah is one of the obligatory acts of
Hajj.
 Wuquf e Muzdalifah signifies staying the night that
follows the 9th day ofDhu-al-Ḥijjah at Muzdalifah.
 It is preceded by a day at Arafat, consisting of
glorifying Allāh (The God) repeating
the Duʿāʾ (Supplication), repentance to Allah, and asking
Him for forgiveness.
 After sunset on the ninth day of Dhūl-
Ḥijjah, Muslim pilgrims travel to Muzdalifah.
 After arriving at Muzdalifah, pilgrims pray
the Maghrib and ʿIshāʾ prayers jointly, whereas the
Isha prayer is shortened to 2 rakats.
 At Muzdalifah, pilgrims collect pebbles for the Stoning
of the Devil
 The open-roofed mosque at Muzdalifah is known as "The
Sacred Grove"
 Muslims remember Allah, chant Talbiyah, recite the
Qur’an, repent, seek forgiveness and supplicate as much
as they can at Muzdalifah.“But when you depart from
'Arafat, remember Allah at al- Mash'ar al-
Haram.” (2:192)
 Muslims pray the Farḍ and Sunnah Rak’ahs of Fajr Ṣalah
at dawn, and then stand facing direction of the Qiblah
and pray excessively raising your hands.
 This is called Waquf at Muzdalifah- an obligatory ritual
of Ḥajj.
 When leaving for Mina, Muslims pick up pebbles for the
performance of Rami at Mina.
Tawaf/ Circumambulation
multiple nights more than 100,000 air-
conditioned tents have been built in the area, giving Mina
the nickname "City of Tents."
 Believers engage in offering prayers, reading the Quran,
offering worship to ALLAH SWT, hear Islamic lectures
and perform Zikr all night.
 The stone throwing ritual at three pillars in Mina
commemorates the prophet Ibrāhīm (Abraham)'s stoning
of the devil, who wanted to prevent him from carrying out
the command of Allāh to sacrifice his son, Isma'il.
 Mina is also believed to be the location of the pledges of
al-Aqabah.
 It incorporates the tents, the Jamarat area, and
the slaughterhouses just outside the tent city.
Wearing Ihram
 The literal meaning of ihram is prevention.
 It is basically a dress worn by Hajjis at the time of
performing Hajj.
 It is different for both men and woman.
 For men, it consists of two white unsewn sheets. The top
is draped over the torso, and the bottom wrapped around
the lower part of body from navel downwards.
 Women's ihram is their regular clothes as per the
regional and religious influences.
 It is a prerequisite of hajj.
 It induces a sense of equality irrespective of age, caste,
creed, nationality, and status among the pilgrims.
 Ihran reminds the Muslim that they are all is equal in the
eyes of our creator.
 Its purpose is to avoid attracting attention. It takes
away the feelings of vanity that a person is likely to have
due to the differences in quality and prices of normal
clothes.
 It creates a sense of unity and brotherhood. Pilgrims
come realize that they are all brothers and sisters joined
to worship Allah.
 It also symbolizes the concept of simplicity telling the
believers that their outward appearance is of no value to
Allah. It is only their inner world that matters before
Allah.
 It also gives the believers a sense that they have entered
into a state of war against the devil wearing this basic
uniform.
 The condition for pilgrims is that he is supposed to enter
ihram before reaching Meqaat.
 Before entering Ihram, they bathe, trim their nails and
hair, make wudu (cleansing ritual), and pronounce a formal
intention to perform Hajj.
 While they are in this state, pilgrims are not allowed to
hunt or kill any living thing, participate in sexual
intercourse, cut hair or nails, or wear make-up or
perfume.
Sacrifice
 The word tawaf is derived from tafa (he went round a
thing ).
 In the technical language of the Islam it means making
circumambulation of the Ka’bah.
 The command to perform the tawaf of the House is
contained in the Holy Qur’an in a Makka revelation:
“And let them go round the Ancient House”
(Qur'an:22:29).
 In the devotional acts of Hajj, tawaf occupies the most
important place, being the first act of pilgrims on their
arrival at Makka and their last act when they leave the
holy place.
 The pavement on which the tawaf is made is called the
mataf.
 The tawaf is performed by going round the Ka’bah, as
near the walls of the sacred building as possible.
 Before the tawaf, it is necessary to make ablutions
(Bukhari. 25:77), if possible to take a bath.
 Men and women perform tawaf together, the women
keeping apart from the men
 Before Islam, some people used to make tawaf naked;
but Islam forbade it.
 The tawaf begins at the Hajar al-Aswad (the Black
Stone) which is kissed.
 In going round, the Ka’bah is kept to the right, and
seven rounds are made in all.
 The first three rounds are made at a fast pace (raml),
and the remaining four at an ordinary pace
 The doing of an act or speaking if there is necessity for
it, is not forbidden in the tawaf.
 Menstruating women should postpone the tawaf, and the
sa’yi between Safa and Marwah, until they are purified.
 The idea behind its importance is that it symbolizes the
belief that everything revolves around Allah.
 Performance of tawaf symbolizes the fact that Muslims
have completely dedicated themselves to the service of
their Lord.
Talbiyah
 The Talbiyah) is a devotional prayer uttered by pilgrims
during Hajj or Umrah after making the intention to
enter into the state of Ihram. It is recited frequently
throughout the pilgrimage.
At Your service, Allah, at Your service. At Your service, You
have no partner, at Your service. Truly all praise, favour and
sovereignty is Yours. You have no partner.
 Talbiyah should be recited as much as possible
throughout Hajj and Umrah. It is recommended to read
it in all conditions.
 It should not be read during Tawaf or Sa’i.
 The recitation of the Talbiyah is considered to
be Wajib/ secondary imperative.
 When the pilgrim raises his voice with talbiyah, he
remembers that he answers the call of the Almighty
and that there will be another call on the Last Day,
when people will be either accepted or refused,
 Qurbani, originally comes from the Arabic word ‘qurban’.
which is derived from ‘qurb’, which meaning ‘nearness’.
Qurbani brings a believer near to Allah.
 Sacrifice of a halal 4 legged animal is an important
ritual of Haj.
 The tradition of Qurbani dates back to the times of
Prophet Ibrahim, who once dreamed that God wanted
him to sacrifice Ismail, his only son.
 Being a devoted follower, Prophet Ibrahim followed
God's wish and started making preparations to
sacrifice the son he loved the most.
 However, Ismail (the son of Prophet Ibrahim) was
saved when God intervened and sent a ram to be
sacrificed in place of the innocent boy.
 Prophet Ibrahim's act of obedience and piety is still
remembered by all and the practice of Qurbani acts
as a reminder of the great Prophet's act of obedience
to the divine.
 This tradition is followed during the Islamic month of
Zhul Hij every year.
 The 10 th of Zilhij is called Eid-ul-Adha, the Festival of
Sacrifice.
 As per traditions, Muslims across the world slaughter
an animal–a cow, goat, sheep or camel–as a tribute to
Prophet Ibrahim's willingness to sacrifice his son
Ismail.
 Sacrifice/ Qurbani is an act of devotion towards Allah.
 It is also an act of giving to others in their time of need
as the meat of sacrificed animal is shared with the less
fortunate. This helps establish a more united society.
 It teaches the believers the lesson of being patient and
having trust in Allah who tests us and comes to our help
when we follow His commands obediently.
 This story also teaches us that Allah is Merciful who did
not allow the sacrifice of Ismail an replaced him with a
ram. Our Creator’s mercy allows us to love and care for
our brothers and sisters, offering His mercy in turn
through our compassion, generosity, and charitable deeds.
Maqam-e-Ibrahim/ Station of Ibrahim AS
 Maqam-e-Ibrahim also was known as the Station of
Ibrahim is the large stone block on which Hazrat Ibrahim
(AS) stood while building the upper walls of the Holy
Ka’aba.
 It is believed that this rock was sent from heaven to
Hazrat Ibrahim (AS) along with three other rocks one of
which is the Sacred Black Stone, also known as Hijr-e-
Aswad.
 The second one is the rock of the children of Israel and
the third one is Maqam-e-Ibrahim.
 The block was moved further when the construction of
one part was completed and in this way, all the upper
portion of Ka’aba was constructed.
 When the construction was completed, the block was left
there on the eastern side of the Holy Kaaba.
 One of the miracles of Hazrat Ibrahim (A.S) is that when
he stood on that rock, it became soft and his feet dived
 punished or rewarded, elevated or debased.
 The words of talbiyah signify a response to the
summons of Allah, Most High.
 When the pilgrim is reciting the talbiyah, he feels a
connection with all other created beings, as they all join
with him in submission to Allah alone and echo
his talbiyah.
 Repeating Talbiyah
1. trains the soul to acknowledge the Oneness of
Allah and to be sincere towards Him.
2. shows that our response to the Call of Allah is
lasting and ongoing. It also indicates ongoing
submission.
3. emphasizes the meaning of continuous servitude to
Allah.
4. emphasizes the meaning of seeking to draw closer
and closer to Allah.
 The talbiyah also includes:
1. Praising Allah, which is the dearest thing with
which a person may draw close to Allah.
2. Recognizing the blessings of Allah, for He is the
source of all blessings and the One Who bestows
them.
3. Acknowledging that all sovereignty belongs to Allah
alone, and no one else has any true dominion.
Well of Zamzam
 The well of Zamzam is located in the holy city of
Makkah
 Every year when Muslims visit the holy Kaabah while
they perform Hajj or Umrah, they consume the water
of Zamzam in good quantity.
 Not only that, but they also take liters of this holy
water with them on their way back home.
 Allah had commanded Hazrat Ibrahim (AS) to leave his
wife Hazrat Hajrah and infant baby Hazrat Ismail (AS)
to the desert of Makkah.
 Hazrat Ibrahim (AS) obeyed the order without
question. Hazrat Hajra had an incessantly crying infant
with her.
 Little Ismail (AS) was hungry. She ran for help between
the hills of Safa and Marwa seven times. But she could
not find anyone. Little Ismail (AS) began scraping the
ground from where sprang the water of Zamzam.
 As she saw the water flowing, she said, “Zam zam”
which means “stop”. She said so because she wanted the
water to stop flowing so that she could make use of it.
Since then the well of Zamzam has been a source of
miraculously healthy water.
 The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is reported to have
said: “The water of Zamzam is for whatever it is drunk
for.”
 Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) used to drink Zamzam water
while standing. It is because of the respect of this
water. Muslims are also supposed to drink this water
while standing.
into the rock which resulted in making the impression of
his feet on the rock.
 After several hundred years, those impressions are still
on that rock.
 The present place where it is located now is the place
where Hazrat Ibrahim (AS) offered two rakah prayers
after finishing the construction of Ka’aba.
 During Tawaf, at the time of Hajj and Umrah, it is
desirable if the Muslims offer two rakah prayers behind
Maqam-e-Ibrahim.
 It is mandatory to offer prayer after finishing tawaf or
the tawaf will not be accepted.
 It has been mentioned twice is the Quran.
 First verse appears in the Surah al-Baqarah verse 125
and instructs the believers to take the Station of
Abraham as a place of salah (prayer).
 Second verse appears in Surah al-'Imran verse 97 where
it is counted among one of the manifest signs manifest
and a station of peace.
 Sacrifice of an animal for the sake of Allah also indicates
that a Muslim is always ready to sacrifice any thing at
Allah’s command including his life.
 It serves as a reminder that a Muslim would shed his own
blood in the way of Allah like that of the sacrificed
animal if the circumstances call for it.
Halq Ras (shaving of Head)/ Qasr (cutting of hair)
 Performing Halq or Taqsir is the Wajib (obligatory) act
that must be performed in order to leave the state of
Ihram.
 The Quran says:”Certainly Allah had shown to His
Messenger the vision with truth: you shall most certainly
enter the Sacred Mosque, if Allah pleases, in security,
(some) having their heads shaved and (others) having
their hair cut, you shall not fear, but He knows what you
do not know, so He brought about a near victory before
that.”[Surah al-Fath, 48:27]
 During Hajjat al-Wida, the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬had his head
completely shaved
 He then invoked the mercy of Allah on those who had
shaved their heads three times and he supplicated just
once for those who had their hair shortened,
demonstrating the excellence of shaving the hair
completely.
 If Halq is performed, the head must be shaved in its
entirety.
 It is Sunnah to face the Qibla and start Halq / Taqsir
from the right side.
 If you have no hair on your head, simply passing a razor
over your head will suffice.
 The practice of cutting hair/ shaving head symbolizes
complete submission to Allah as this was an ancient ritual
almost in all civilizations that the people who chose to
serve god for their entire lifetime, used to get their
heads shaved.
 This practice symbolizes a believer’s readiness to
  This is the purest water in the world. It is free from
any sort of bacteria and contamination.
 It has a positive impact on health and help in curing any
illness. The Prophet said: “Water of Zamzam is a healer
of every disease”
 Zamzam has been mentioned in all Divine Books.As
narrated in these holy books; Zamzam is the holy water
and is termed as a great gift from God (referred to as
Allah in the Quran).
sacrifice anything that belongs to him. By sacrificing his
hair, a believer shows that he will be ready to sacrifice
even his life for the sake of Allah if circumstances call
for it.
 Hairs add considerably to forming our personality. Losing
hair for the sake of Allah reminds us that our bodily
appearances don’t matter in the presence of Allah. He
also looks at our intentions.
 This rids a person of feelings of vanity and pride.

Q Explain the significance of the prophet Abraham in the observances of the pilgrimage. [4]
Ans References to the reconstruction of the Kaabah; rituals of haj; tawaf; sayi; rami; sacrifice; two rakats at Maqm e
Ibrahim.
Q And complete the hajj or umra in the service of God’ (al-Baqara 2:196). What observances does a pilgrim
complete in the performance of umra and how is umra different to hajj? [10]
Q Explain the main differences between hajj and umrah. [4]

METHOD OF UMRA/ SIMILARITIES BETWEEN HAJ AND UMRA

 Ihram is worn
 Recitation of Talbiyah
 Tawaf of Kabaah
 Two rakats of prayere at the station of Ibrahim
 Sayi at Safa and Marwa hills
 Shaving of Head by men and cutting a lock of hair by women.
DISSIMILARITIES
Haj Umrah
Major pilgrimage Minor pilgrimage
Obligatory act of worship Sunnah of the prophet pbuh
Performed in month of Zilhij on specific dates of Zilhij Can be performed any time other than the time of Haj
Stay at Arafat, Mina and Muzdalifah No stay at these plains
Rami/ Stoning the devil No Rami
Sacrifice of a halal fou legged animal No animal sacrifice
Tawaf e Qadam No Tawf e Qadam
Tawaf e Wida No Tawaf e Wida
Talbiyah is stopped on 10th Zilhij after Rami Talbiyah is stopped at the beginning of Tawaf e Umra

Q ‘Pilgrimage to the House is a duty people owe to Allah, those who can afford the journey.’ (Al ‘Imran 3:97)
(i) For who is the annual pilgrimage (hajj ) compulsory, and which Muslims are exempt from it?
The People on whom Haj is Obligatory People who are exempted from Obligation of Haj
 Being Muslim
“And nothing prevents their contributions from being
accepted from them except that they disbelieved in Allaah
and in His Messenger”[al-Tawbah]
Being of sound mind and being an adult
A child is not obliged to perform Hajj.
Being free
Hajj is not obligatory for a slave, because he is distracted
by his duties towards his master.
Being able to do it with Physical Energy
Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“And Hajj (pilgrimage to Makkah) to the House (Ka‘bah) is
a duty that mankind owes to Allaah, those who can afford
the expenses (for one’s conveyance, provision and
residence)”[Aal ‘Imraan ]
This includes being able both physically and financially.
Physical ability is needed to undertake the journey and the
rituals.
Being able to do it with Financial Resources
The money that he uses to reach the sacred House should
be surplus to his basic needs, the spending enjoined on him
by sharee’ah, and what he needs to pay off his debts.
He should have enough for his family until he returns.
The elderly, who is too weak
Muslims, who are too old or weak to be able to perform
Hajj, i.e., they cannot endure the physical hardships of the
journey, are exempted from performing it.
The sick or physically incapacitated Muslim
Sick people with risk of their sickness worsening by
travelling as advised by their doctor are not obliged to do
Haj until their health permits
The one, who doesn’t possess sufficient wealth/money
to afford the journey
The wealth needed for Hajj is of two types:
(1) the expenses involved in the journey
(2) the money needed by the pilgrim’s dependents
during his absence.
If a Muslim cannot provide for all these expenses, Hajj is
not obligatory upon him.
The one, who is in debt
If a Muslim is in debt, he doesn’t have to perform Hajj
until his debt has been paid off.
The Muslim woman, whose Mahrams refuse to
accompany her, despite her insistence
If a Muslim woman has enough money to perform Hajj, but
none of her Mahram relatives agrees to accompany her,
then Hajj is not obligatory upon her.

Q Some Muslims are exempt from performing the annual pilgrimage (hajj ). Why do you think this is so? [4]
 God being Rahman and Raheem, to Him not wanting to burden his creation with what is out of their scope of fulfilling,
 Allah is all knowing and all wise. this shows Allah’s wisdom as He knows that different human beings are faced with
different circumstances in their lives.
 Those who have the resources but are physically unable to perform hajj there is the option of Hajj e Badl i.e. you pay
for someone’s hajj and both get the reward for it. This shows God’s compassion, etc.

Q What acts do pilgrims (hajjis) perform on the 10th of Dhu al-Hijja and how does the rest of the Muslim
community (umma) celebrate this day? [10]
 For activities on 10th Zilhij by the pilgrims refer to the method of Haj in Book
 For activities of Muslims on 10th Zilhij, refer to the question of Eid ul azha in the notes of Chapter on Prayer.
Q Outline the various kinds of circumambulations (tawaf) around the Ka’ba required during the annual pilgrimage (hajj)
and describe the conditions of performing them. [10]
 For types of Tawaf, refer to Book
Conditions/ Rules for Doing Tawaf
 It is essential to be in the state of wudu for the entire tawaf.
 Cleanliness of the body and clothes: a tawaaf is not valid if the body or the clothes worn are unclean (najis)
 Niyyah is an essential condition for tawaf. There is no tawaf without niyyah.
 Tawaf should begin from Hajar-al-Aswad (the black stone) and should finish at Hajar-al-Aswad moving in the direction
of Hatim (anti-clock wise) keeping Hajar-al-Aswad to the left.
 It is obligatory to include Hijr (Hatim) Ismael into Tawaf, which means to perform Tawaf of Hijr Ismael from outside.
 Pilgrims must circumambulate seven complete rounds around the House of Allah - the Kaabatullah, and anything less is
not enough.
 If the time of obligatory or supererogatory “Vitr” prayer comes during obligatory Tawaf, a pilgrim can leave Tawaf,
perform the prayer and then return and continue the rest of Tawaf.
 Performing Istilam i.e. to kiss the Hajr-e-Aswad. If you are unable to kiss the Black stone because of the crowd,
touch it with the hand and then kiss your hand as was done by the Prophet (pbuh). If you cannot reach the stone then
point your hands towards the stone and say “Allahu Akbar”

Q Explain how the outward actions performed during umra improve a pilgrim’s inner spirituality. [4]
 Fulfilling the different observances of umra helps a pilgrim to develop their inner spirituality in a number of ways.
  Upon donning the ihram a pilgrim is reminded of the equality of all men before God and this makes him/her feel
humbled.
 The recitation of the talbiya focuses the mind of the pilgrims on the fact that they have come in response to the call
of their Creator, that they are obedient to him and acknowledge that no one is worthy of worship besides God.
 With the tawaf, each pilgrim is glorifying God, praising him, seeking forgiveness and acknowledging his greatness and
superiority.
 Just to look upon the Ka’ba is a spiritual experience of immense magnitude for every Muslim.
 Two rakah at the station of Ibrahim make them feel connected to Prophet Ibrahim AS
 The sa’yi reminds them of how God came to the relief of Hz Hajra and Ismail. This helps them learn that Allah’s help
in difficult times is due to come if they turn to Him.
 Shaving/cutting of hair is an action of complete submission to Allah and rids a believer of feelings of vanity.

Q Why in your opinion is it desirable that the pilgrims should visit Madina after the performance of hajj or umra?
[4]
 Madina is a sacred city and is significant in the history of Islam as Islam flourished and spread from Madina.
 It was the city chosen by the Prophet (pbuh) to live in even after the conquest of Mecca.
 The Prophet pbuh sanctified Madina just as Ibrahim sanctified Mecca.
 The Prophet (pbuh) is buried in Madina and a Hadith states that the Prophet (pbuh) said: ‘who makes pilgrimage and
then visits my grave after my death is like one who visits me in my life.’
 Visit to places like Masjid e Nabvi and other mosques that mark many important events from Islamic History like
Masjid e Quba, Masjid e Qibaltein etc
 An opportunity to visit the old graveyard called Jannat ul Baqi where many members of the first Islamic community
were buried.
Q How does Hajj encourage a sense of equality amongst Muslims? [4]
 Millions of people from all over the world, from different walks of life come together for one reason.
 They take part in the various observances of Hajj with the sole intention of fulfilling their obligation and to seek
God’s forgiveness..
 They all wear similar dresses to symbolize equality.
 They all perform similar rituals.
Q What things are forbidden to pilgrims while in the state of ihram ? [4]
Ans Refer to Book

MICELLENEOUS
Q Give descriptions of the way in which fasting and almsgiving are carried out among Muslims.[10]
Q Show how these two pillars keep the Islamic community together. [4]
Q How do the Pillars of prayer (salat) and fasting (sawm) bring Muslims closer to both God and other people? [10]
Q Briefly reflect upon the importance of any one of the remaining three Pillars in the life ofa Muslim. [4]
Q How might fasting and zakat bring Muslims closer to God? [4]
Q Write about how the pillars of Islam help Muslims to improve their communal relationships and social
responsibilities. [10]
 JIHAD IN ISLAM
Q Write a description of the Muslim teachings about jihad. [10]
Q What do you understand by the term jihad? [4]
Q Write an account of:
(i) The Prophet’s teachings about armed warfare (jihad).
(ii) Under what circumstances is jihad thought to be compulsory? [10]
Q Describe the meaning of the term jihad and say how Muslims can practise jihad in their everyday lives. [10]
Q Write an account of the difference in meaning between: (i) jihad of the self, (ii) jihad of the tongue, and (iii)
jihad of the sword. [10]
Q In what circumstances are Muslims obliged to engage in; • armed fighting (jihad bis-saif) and; • what rules and
limitations apply to this jihad? [10]

Meaning
 Jihad is an Arabic word from the root ‘Jee Ha Da’. It literally means to struggle or strive.
 In Islamic terminology, jihad is struggling or striving in the way or sake of Allah.
 Jihad is the name given to every activity and movement in the way of Allah (SWT). It means endeavoring to make
justice superior and dominant. It is one of the basic duties for every Muslim.
 There is a reference from the Holy Prophet pbuh that broadly divides jihad into two major categories: the greater
and the lesser jihad.
 According to the interpretation, the Holy Prophet pbuh declared greater jihad to be any activity that a believer
carries out to remain on the path of righteousness while going about his daily routine by avoiding evil
 Lesser Jihad is the armed struggle against the unbelievers and oppressors However, there are more specific divisions
of different types of jihad according to the objectives that it is carried for and the manner in which it is carried out.

Kinds of Jihad
GREATER JIHAD
1. Jihad an-nafs (jihad against one’s self)
The Prophet (pbuh) stated “the greatest jihad is the one against your soul .” He also said, “Your greatest enemy is your soul,
which is inside you.”This is a very important form of jihad.
(i) It means striving to learn the teachings of Islam without which one cannot attain success and happiness in this world
or in the Hereafter.
(ii) striving to make oneself act in accordance with what one has learned. Simply knowing without acting, even though it
may not cause any harm, is not going to bring any benefit.
(iii) Besides these, it can take the shape of striving to call others to Islam and not getting deterred by difficulties
involved in calling people to Allah and the insults of people. Bearing all that for the sake of Allah is regarded a form of
Jihad.

2. Jihad ash-Shaytan (jihad against Satan)

Satan is an open enemy of man and is determined to drive the believers away from the righteous path that leads a person
closer to Allah. The quran says “O children of Adam! that you should not serve the Shaitan? Surely he is your open enemy, And
that you should serve Me; this is the right way.
(i) It is extremely important for the believers to be cautious of the attacks that Satan makes to drive us away from
righteous living.
(ii) Warding off the doubts that Satan stirs up to undermine faith and striving against Satan to ward off the corrupt
desires that he provokes are the ways in which a person can carry out jihad against Satan.

LESSER JIHAD
3. Jihad against the munafiqin (hypocrites), kuffar (unbelievers) and the leaders of oppression and innovation
This is the form of jihad that is fought with different objectives and different methods which suit the circumstances in which
is it is fought. The Holy Quran instructs the believers to fight against the hypocrites and the unbelievers in the following
words: “Fight in the cause of Allah those who fight you, but do not transgress limits; for Allah loves not transgressors .”
This verse clearly tells us that the believers are told to fight against those who choose to fight not anyone else the Quran
further tells us that the fighting is to go on “ until there is no more tumult or oppression, and there prevail justice and
faith in Allah.” Muslims are also permitted to fight against those who attempt to bring about changes in the basic principles of
Islam through innovation e.g the false prophets who rose during the caliphate of Hazrat Abu Bakr.
 Methods of Jihad

1. Jihad of the Heart/Soul (jihad bin qalb).

This is the weakest form of jihad. A believer is expected to consider evil as evil in his heart without making any verbal of
physical action. It is extremely important for a believer to remain alive to the presence of evil outside him.

2. Jihad by the tongue ( jihad bil lisan) and by pen (jihad bil Qalam)
(i) It can be in verbal form to defend Islam and spread Islam by scholarly lectures, speeches and debates. It often
overlaps with Da’awah (invitation to Islam, or spreading the message of Islam). In The Last Sermon, Prophet
Mohammed (peace be upon him) asked the listeners whether he has passed on the message to them; and they
confirmed affirmatively. Then the Messenger of Allah ordered all those present today to pass on the same message to
those who are not here today; and the last person to hear the message should understand it better than the people
here.
(ii) It can also take shape of writing with pen. This form of Jihad involves scholarly research of Islam in aiding the spread
and defence of Islam; and publishing written articles in clearing misconceptions and correction lies against Islam.
Examples of such Jihad include the research and discovery of scientific evidences, literature miracles and
mathematical miracles from the Quran. Messenger of Allah once stated that the ink of a scholar is holier than the
blood of a martyr; and one who is reading looks handsome in front of Allah.

3. Jihad by the hand (jihad bil yad)

This form of jihad can take two shapes. It involves physical action.

(i) Firstly, it can be actions of worship. Some of its examples include giving charity to the poor and needy, performing
Hajj or Ummrah, helping those who need help, saving people’s lives, etc. These are more of physical deeds instead of
words. “A person whose feet become dust ridden because of [striving] in the way of Allah will never be touched by the
flames of Hell”
(ii) Secondly, it can take shape of an armed struggle using weapons. It is also called Jihad bis Saif (Jihad by Sword) This
would include usage of arsenals and engaging in a combat. This could be simply a bunch of freedom fighters or an
organized campaign of army. It is about the use of arms to engage into a combat. It is not misuse of arms to create
violence. There are only two situations were Jihad by the sword is allowed to be undertaken.

Permissible reasons for military Jihad:

1. Self-defence: When someone attacks you or when your nation has been attacked.
2. Strengthening Islam
3. Protecting the freedom of Muslims to practise their faith: Whwn the evil forces within a country or outside
are preventing Muslims from observing their faith through various religious obligations.
4. Protecting Muslims against oppression, which could include overthrowing a tyrannical ruler: It is also a sin if a
Muslim sees unjust been done, capable of stopping it, yet not doing anything about it. This can include war on
drug, war on child labour as well as war on terror!
5. The Quran promises huge rewards for the people who die in the process of jihad. It is said in the Quran,
‘those who are slain during jihad are not dead. They are living, but you perceive not ”
6. Punishing an enemy who breaks an oath
7. Putting right a wrong

4. Jihad by the wealth

This form of jihad relates to contributions that a believer makes to the activities of Jihad in form of finance. The Prophet
pbuh once said, ‘the most excellent of men amongst you is one who strives in the way of Allah in person and in property.” It
means that financial contribution to the activity of jihad is as important as physical participation in jihad.

A military Jihad has to obey very strict rules in order to be legitimate.

 The opponent must always have started the fighting.
 It must not be fought to gain territory.
 It must be launched by a religious leader.
 It must be fought to bring about good - something that Allah will approve of.
 Every other way of solving the problem must be tried before resorting to war.
 Innocent people should not be killed.
 Women, children, or old people should not be killed or hurt.
 Women must not be raped.
 Enemies must be treated with justice.
 Wounded enemy soldiers must be treated in exactly the same way as one's own soldiers.
 The war must stop as soon as the enemy asks for peace.
 Property must not be damaged.
 Poisoning wells is forbidden. The modern analogy would be chemical or biological warfare.

What is NOT Jihad?

Jihad is NOT Holy War
Jihad is NOT blowing up one’s self (Suicide is a sin in Islam)
Jihad is NOT killing innocent people. The Quran says, “…take not life, which God hath made sacred, except by way of
justice and law: thus doth He command you, that ye may learn wisdom. ”
Jihad is NOT fighting out of anger and hatred
Jihad is NOT killing others just because they don’t agree with you
Jihad is NOT killing others just because they are not Muslims. The Quran says, “…if any one slew a person – unless it be for
murder or for spreading mischief in the land – it would be as if he slew the whole people: and if any one saved a life, it
would be as if he saved the life of the whole people.”
Jihad is NOT imposing Islam upon others. The Quran says “Let there be no compulsion in religion”

Q ‘The Prophet’s teachings about armed warfare (jihad ) are not relevant today.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for
your answer. [4]
Not Relevant
 Modern weapons of war like bombs don’t discriminate between the men, women or children they kill.
 Environment is also badly damaged when a war is fought.
 War does not remain restricted to the battlefield. It involves all human settlements.
 Modern world has proper system of well trained armies so it is not possible for every Muslim to join armed struggle.
 War today is not restricted to the battlefields. Huge damage is done to the economy and civil properties.
Still Relevant
 We must have respect for life and the environment and use jihad as a last resort and when engaged in it.
 We should make sure that the code of conduct set by the Prophet is followed.
 Injustice and evil is still common in our societies.
 Jihad announced by the state against forces of oppression and injustice is still relevant.

Q Why is greater jihad considered the more important? [4]

Q Why do you think jihad of the self (jihad bil-nafs) is greater than armed jihad (jihad bis-saif)? [4]
 Greater Jihad (Jihad bin Nafs) helps a person avoid evil at personal level. Avoidance of evil by all individuals in a
society leads to the establishment of a fairer and more just society. This removes the need for Jihad bis saif i.e.
Jihad against outside evil.
 Struggle against internal evil relieves gives a greater sense of responsibility of one’s actions. With higher degree of
sense of accountability by all individuals, a society becomes free of oppression. Thus, the need for lesser jihad is
eliminated.
 Greater Jihad helps a believer achieve the main goal of his life i.e. attainment of righteousness. This noble aim is
achieved through promoting the good and forbidding the evil.

Q In your opinion, what is the importance of following the rules of jihad in modern times? [4]
 The modern warfare is more destructive. Thus following the rules of Jihad reduces the level of damage caused by
wars.
 Lives of the innocent are saved.
 Destruction of public properties is avoided.
 Destruction of natural resources is avoided
 When Jihad is organized by the state, chaos is avoided as small groups carrying out jihad lead to a chaotic situation in
a society.