StrtisticaL QuALITY Con TROL syotistical cyuality is om Of thy Mo of Ahn Statistical Control , obbreviated 05 $-O-¢ st Important opplicat cohons | fechniquas in inaustyy. These techniques Ov% hosed oo the theory oF probability and sampling, ond 6 being eatensively Used in almost all industries such ad aircraft ovmoment, auAbmobile , Jeutite, plastic; “vubber petro teum , elettrical equipment , telephones ; 4yansportation. , chemical J medicine ond 50 ky think br and Statistical %e Removt - ‘ne Indion Crover omen t on In Tet, it 15 impossible maustyial Field where choiques Me Dot Used - 56 tonscious oF dhs Quolity gtondonds for the end products 4p the Sotis faction hos det UP Cus Bates | of tm Customers and Unaion Sclandoxds Inst wie’ Mensive “estin of of thtatthe tie products the insiit quatsiieus! ip tas oo gnanté orth dnd ait Appatets which tome UP 4p tent0in prescribed Stondords, label fox Standovd Quality Agmorts 15 Anothey The Customers ave alsy becoming quality tpnscious and uy insist on 15) br agmonkt fobetled products Chonee ond Assignable Cause of Vowatan Ny production — process 1s dod 2novgh t0 produce ol HemS exnetly alike. In spite of Sophisticated Yechnology —anct precision of tnodem Scientific equipments, ny two Avtcks produted by thy Same machine Ore Perfectly Tdintical in Measurable charocter- Skies. some Ommount oF vor ation , though of on infinidesitnal notwe, is inherent Ond inevitoble in Every Nepetitive proces in Welustry- These Vovintions aebroadly termed Qs resulting Prom Yehance Cause Ww Assiqnalole Canses. Chance Cause 3- Some. Vowiation? oy “a Lonstant — Cause System’ 1S inherent in everty Scheme of — production and — inspection. This Potter 1S Mpy Camplative effet Of Oo city of tminoy — Causes which dperate tH of eath other and follow the pt evs. In pther words, the Noniations au to hese Chante Causes Can be gegaided 05 ipekpencunt oval Voriates 9 mans and Same error Vorion (e, mnuteipli indepen dentl nomal law with ter Say oe2- ‘these Causes Ore Hatuval to any produchon Process and the voviahon dw to dium 16 Khown OS Naluval Voviokon 07 Chance Voviatn + ‘The Natural voviaton beyond he tontaol of human hand and Connor we Gatecled bY prevenicde Naturaloriinti00 beyond Aha Condaol -ot—1 an semetnes — Krown 88 owable —\oviatvon" os tl Cannot be. eliminated and om tp Pdllow Sy Such Vayiahon Aho, process Tipon— 026ig noble cowses| Assignable couse An assignable Cause systero which te couses Of Voriakion Ore pot aistaibuted normally but sporadically Assignabe causes Oe also Known O5 pon -Tanclom eouses ond Aye Vovialwon Aus ap these choolic 0 erratic OY coves 15 termed os ossignob le Causes Moy preven tive Voriohon, The creep in at OMY stoge OF he process - Véght Prom the omival of He Yow materials to 4. Final geivery OF Qnods: Some Of the Rorio1s pssignable Casuses of substandard or Cefeche row Kechniques 07 Operations J is Om iy irngor tant \ninhon Oe cow) material , Hugh gence oF. te = Operaltors , WONG oF\m i : propes Hanating OF thy Mochines , Fawlty qurpmants , unskilled py Ineaperiented technical Stott Qnd Sd On. These Causes can be identified anid eliminated and have 40 be footed 0 ong production process befoxe Hye production becomes detective: (_ prevantive Nonition] Uses of 8c _ in o State ‘5 Sarol tp be ip it is Operating in chante cause only A production process of stakstical tonto! the pperarhng presence of ang is fan From assignable Cause of Novia tion « i Advonta ges © Ao Vovios qavortage OF sqc is the Conti | moi tenance ond improvament in the QuolAy Shondordas eo Ww 4echniqua of bringing 0 prowess in teylyal — volves ene stansticalae deletion and vemoval pf Assignable Causes Of Variahon. This ultimately aah to Wa atiagnos's «and elimination BP many Production —trovbles ama th improveny oF quality. Before the development of Sac techniques the method vf Controlling _quotity were © Confined dnly oe fini bed © prothuckee ft 8. Qc techniques based OP the probabil and Sam pling Ahoy enable Us to pr dy. Quality pf The = manufactured Product in good Staksteal Control ts A protese predictable - implies “thot Thee axe No orpporent chootic 0 Assignable Cowse ond it \eieved thot i will yeman ip Control provided 4h Londitoos of tnonufacture Yemain Same. Henee +f Q Process working iy ao Stak of Stakistical Lontyol, we can move Sortely 0 worontee Wo product - Nis gives. betquality — Assurance And huore More Sakopackon Yd WW Lustomer : Of Fe Aechniques enable U6 ty decide when fo take ‘remedial Ochon ond who 4p ove athe protess olom - HO process is in Stokishical Control, we know what it 6 Going Av do and tunte we CaP soely | chispen 5 with Frequent And tu wante oh inspection OF thy. Mhonvtadwred wntts and" adjustiants if Sy machinns - if ‘hy product is nok df Standovd quatity 5 10 ie oe tb foc Shot Aw wnotess (5 in siotsticol contol, Son Som Fodial change i Yh. produthon pentess Yaw motevial ooaines , . ¥) Reduction in Cost pev Unit Reduction in inspection. AN Mase fortis in less Cost of Prodan, enhanced — productivity and Move Prob i Hy Thanafacturing content) © Thee me presente of an SOc Schene iy One| phan Pacturing Iuotthy Meck - 05 it Cveates qualety Conserousness omdng They pessornnel ° Sah & Scheme Keeps ty Stoffe And the Wworkeys OP Ywiy alert fieveby tneveasi Huis / Fficiency,: 4 Contern hab a New Definitiod x 1 id O Sydtematic contro | DF vowous fodws that * orfect I Quality pf tho product - depen ds po. Material, Tools, Mochmes, type of Lobowy, working ; Condifins, Meosunng instyumonts 6x The procedure “for ineeling Ve quality pals fermed as Quality control 4 can also be defined 8 ‘the tools, Aevices ov Skills hugh which Qual ty activities Ave Comvitd ou x Steps WW quality CONTROL pRoGRAMME += ® fomolate quality Pobey - 0 Work out aetoils of product cyequivrements , sea the Sond vos C spectPications) on the yasis OF Customers preverence , Coat and profit GB Select — inspection plan and Set up. proceduns Syn checking ® detect deviations From Set St0ndovds 09 Speci fications - ® Toke Corrective Octiveon Awgh propey Authority and Make Necessary changes kp achieve Standavds: © Decide on Salvag. Method 4, lo decicl ow An — dafecive._ Ports an cisposed of, emive Scrap OY jework:@® co-ordination of Quolity problems - ® developing quality Consciousness in the, Croanizahon Quality Control 15 PY a Tuna, SF any Single Aupaviment by O Person. \e is The primony esponsibility of any Supewisot ty dunn. Dut Work OF Acceptable Quality - WMS OR OBsecTvES OF Quetity Control D Vo improve “he Lompony's incom € by Taking te product more crceeptable ty the crsiomys; oy providing \ong Ute, Greater usefulness CvesoFlity), Oestiurte aspects, Taint ain ability ete. - ® Wm wdue Company's Cost Ahrough sveguction vf Ahr Ibsses ux to defects Soy earample, 0 ochieve lower StIap, less Yework , less Sovting, Tewer Custom Seluyns e4e.rer o@ Ty Achieve imevchanogability pf monufaciure in Longe scale production TW Produce Optimum quality ok minimum price To ensue Sahisfathon pf customers With Products by Services pr bigh qvalty level, ty build Customey’s — podwill, Lovfidence ond seputation pt manufacturer Tp rake inspection prompt 4p ensure Quality Lontol QA proper stages +0 ensure Production pt Non- defective products Judging Ay Conformity of 4h, process t Al. established Stoncloxds And taking Suitable Octinn when the ore cleviations. To improve Quality Ond productivity by Process Contyol | exderimantation and, Customers — Peech back . | ® Developing proteckuve br ord venadh verdu ‘Yelations Developing quality Conse ensc ousness a pe i nasa iN honok — always mead * Definition 1- Quality and Quality conti] tp stakstical Control oes dh highest Sfandovds yefers 10 ah, good pe Manufacture, quality Hem which conforms 10 the Stondovas Specified Sov measurement Stove Heal quality Control is O so tishcal 4 Tb eter mining dh. entent 4p which quality gpa ae being met without necessarily checking 2VeNy Hem produced anh to Indicating whether 7 not the \oniations which occur Ove ennceeding the ‘normal expectahons of SOc. we term quality ut it rperlnd Specification Limits + Kis Customeny or any buyer to enpect Aha product 4p be at Oo parti culav Size, Quality , etc. For enomple | a Conpentey pray Find Stews OF length Sdmm most appropriate for oO porticul oy Work fhe PEELEwonts Screws df — Length = SOmm alone, ke may buy Accordingly - OF he May find that seews vf Vength betwan Amr and Simm ave useful for th work ond “S50 is Prepared to Accept Such pf them In the later Case, Ahn Tower and Ah Upper Specification 2 44mm and Simm Speci fications — limits One Stipulated Dy The Dugers Te Dugers expectect td accept pose Wems which Ta within the Specification Limits - limits 0% chante couse » certain Voviotons «Ove FONclom 19 podure ond Oe beyond the Control of Jy numnon beings Those Yoniations may be Cannot be eliminated » This 15 Called Allowable Seduced but kind Of voriation Voniaton. The Causes fox this kind of Vowiation ave Callect Chance Causes 07 Ton- Ossi g, Mable Causes:® Aosiqnable couse: Te Ty cCoused of cevtaip Vawvations Con be iguotified - BY AKIN, appropriate Steps th, eliminated , JF Necessaxy Vorrintions Ca be Tis kind Of voriotion 15 said 0 be preventive Yoriation: ‘The coused 01 this kind OF Nonio bon ove Caltect 05319 poble Causes * x Notural — “Tolevante Limits * known thot yoriahipn Ow to we 1S chame eouses 15 inhavent 10 ny Outputs und O04 stuns OF production As {> later Under *% chovt almost we tp Chance Causes ond “hose {imits be Seen all ‘th Voxiation al ie within Wt Bo Limits colted ortual fotevante Limits: ‘he One bo 18 Called Darurol ‘blero Wwidy,x process Convo] onc product Contiol » © fA production process 15 said 10 be Lindy Stotsheal Contyol when Me Manu factureet Wem fie within jy Dotuval ‘le vance Limits Thor is, th ossignable causes of absent ond Aha Process is qpvewned By the chance Couses alone Th Process Contyo! 15 Achieved 4prough A technique pb? Control charts piomered by WA shwort - By product contol we mon tontvolbing product by tritica] AW polity Of ; C : ov Shy otegin points ond Noxiahon Ove expiry ofon tis 15 achieved bY" Sampling inspection ons dsvelopierg ech boy Podge and Rosriig -X Acceptante Sompling + k buyer — rvaws a somple FO Ry \ot ‘hot is to be him we number of arferive is less. IF 4th. number of defective io ME jy Wr 19 dp be “eet This technique pt Sommpling inspection Ong) datision Taking js Collect acceptance Stmpli unite rm arcepteds buy \oniables and pik buted one ‘these quality chooacteristic Noriobles twhich One measurable pe a produd 0 item fy ony ecient Cahwpsec ically) ad CoP he - expressed 1° Aan Yespettive Units of Then surements sainut! oo the — Chonacrenisttcs tr a ma products which ve Tet Omenable such tp Mens wrvemmnt: Choracteristics con be Iolantified i aoamid presente 7 obsente of them - | This applies tb Tony things that inoy" he Judged by Visual} examina hon . comtaol_chonts “Da Wolter Ay Shewhort propounded 0 technique Tov finding ont whether & tnoputackvring proress 1S Governed by thance Cause pf voviaton alom and bp 15 und Stakistical Control py td offected by assignable Causes Of” Noviotipp also ANd So Neds Setting right: Sex Tol purpose he used chorts Called Contat| Chov4s tontiol chasis consist OF hee hprizontol Gms besides Me tsuat pics. ‘te tims Ove .— Centyal Mins Cceeye Te Central hoe is Generally crown at the mea ths ~—phservati ns :Q. Upper tontrol bimit CU)? The uper contro] limit is Ot wee 919mMaO aistan te phove te moan + 2. Lowe control Lirnit Cte cb) The lowey Contaol lari 15 cilia 3° dite below he man 09 Six X cs when 1 ts 4 be below tho X oats Mogel_of 0. tontel Chord n fox one stakisteal peasure of pbser vo hops tp tha Munsure Anus pom ol probotbib aistiba RO , W-T3%e OF Ay Arservaions Oe eipeced tp lie wii site Diwwwise B{q of te Dhsewations ove erpetted fo be in tho Contiol Limits. Hence eithoy Case hq nt! ayer Charts protect. Against {yoth fhe tyes fe coe a policing Ava trouble het 45 and looking Foy trouble whan tae oe A chont 16 Cowfo 0 z : Die OF Cont 6 Upper Contvol imat | ———___tatl tnt S g =| Lower Cont! Ling fa et of contro] Somple Numbers Common temindlogies Quality assu vance s— Quolty assurance system is on effective method of eHtaining and maipsaining the desived — uality Slondords - i 15 bagect on pe fact thor Auabty 16 te Vespon sibility bt all fns. Compliance +b 180 A000 Sevies pt stondonds of equivalent Stdnclords helps in achieving Quality Assurance.Quality indices :— Quolity indices Ore Sha Various metumatical Figuies tv indicate the Progress in Quality achievement » Om pp Hy most useful and cosily tWnclersto indices “is Saving in Money clue to eduction, in Scrap and BrEWOrK Relinbibty Reliability 5 defined a9 the probolil that & device wil, heron its tntendy Punction for O gyecited TR ip time ne Stoted Conditions. The Stodanwet © gh — paododility OF Suwival vo Plee DP equipment is 95% for. Loop hous of — Operation” means that on the Oo as & fon Such Piece would Opernte withour Failuve Sov Loon oursgoo’ Some SITUATIONS Not REQUIRING Sommstienk — Quetiy CONTROL Merely instotting the Statistical quality font) Aechnigus Tay Net hulp im seducing te Dontonforming product — 0% improving the quality + The matter must ‘be. Considered sthovughly vider tp Aecide Upon plon+ Such prelimin ony hinting Moy indicate hot — Stotistical qywallty Control js Pot capplicable 4p the Majo y of portions tn The plant: Fox enample , in Stamping OUK Pan-frew metal blanks OR Punch Presses, Ht will be Sufficient for the Dpevotoy 07 Yoeman to Qive Me product an decosional Spot Check, Poy Durys and Seratch Monks. This he sufficient Ao etek da Ficiencies in the dlanking Oe bv material and ePsuxe a Satisfactory procuact - Generally Speaking Any elobovate Stotishcal Quality conti is Uncatied For On Product OF opera tion s whe alk fu Bollowing Conditions existid Unultly 1. Nipnron forming work product (an be Q. Tm guality oF He cheeksd quackly 3. The pavduct is o hon precision Pink ml wick Duality tomh] ASSuyeAn le - CwRc —> Corpo Ton iol Quolit Q constwct O contol chant Sox the mean And ‘Yon ge Fo te ata in which sane of Ane foken « ‘4 Si bo 1B 42 42 Wq 3b 4° 0 8° 14 36 24 54 5S 4 bo 2 65 45 sD eo 64 oe SF TA 6%, To a tt 99 8 AS 4 1s. 12 8) 8 st 81 84 14 182 1B bo BT a tw com Oohatlen ; lita ated whe ae) cae bX aefmple XX Xe Xe XN Tae ' 14 ot BO aw OBI SF Se 2 BG st 664 1 Bt OOF 48 3 wy 51) ot ST MH 546 2H 4 61 14 15 TB 132 BABI 5 ho bo 2 AF 138 a5 78 é \e 2 ot £2 60 St 4e 4 42 oF 15 18 87 C44 4g & 42 45 ©8 “2 90 G34 48 q iq 34 To 8! Bl Se be ee ee iy a 5p 58 OT TE SAH Be 0 si gf ST G80 BV O24 169 ‘es SBE pa % chovt es cle & 51-0 ck & Ud= ® «D4 Lei = Pp xD,a eee Ee L3AT g- 5b 0s _chont d= 635 ya = RtMh aS j15,540'977 eee La KAR ~ 63: 5- Dstt ¥ 510 =k *”) = 33-68 —Reema ch-® = 51:08 Uck= For RO, hen = RDg Uck = 5106 x 20084 = (92.86 keh = 5108 XD = 0