Advances in Science and Technology

Research Journal
Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal 2023, 17(5), 12–27 Received: 2023.07.05
https://doi.org/10.12913/22998624/170971 Accepted: 2023.09.11
ISSN 2299-8624, License CC-BY 4.0 Published: 2023.10.20

Compressor Heat Pump Model Based on Refrigerant Enthalpy

and Flow Rate

Paweł Obstawski1*, Tomasz Bakoń1, Jacek Gajkowski1

1
Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, 166 Nowoursynowska St.,
02-787 Warsaw, Poland
* Corresponding authors’ e-mail: pawel_obstawski@sggw.edu.pl

ABSTRACT
This paper introduces a compressor heat pump model using flow rate and enthalpy values for the calculation of
heat pump control parameters. The aim of in this article presented research work was to develop an universal
model of a compressor heat pump which will enable simulation tests for compressors of any volumetric efficiency
with variable operating parameters (e.g. temperature of the lower source and condensation temperature) worked
with any refrigerant. An additional assumption was the possibility of conducting simulation tests continuously.
The model was developed on the basis of equations describing the thermodynamic transformations taking place in
the refrigeration system. The data needed for the model are the input signals of saturation and condensation tem-
peratures and the refrigerant mass flow rate entered as a time series. The output signals are heating capacity, cooling
capacity, power consumed by the compressor, and the temperature at the second point of the thermodynamic cycle
of the refrigerant. The paper presents equations for examples of the frequently used refrigerants R410a and R290
and practical verification of the presented algorithm in the laboratory made for refrigerant R410a. A description of
the laboratory stand is also included. Comparison of the capacity provided by the condenser and the coefficient of
performance with the values simulated using the proposed model confirms the correctness of the applied model and
its practicality. The results obtained by simulation and measurements show very good convergence. The developed
model makes it possible to calculate the operational parameters of the device, e.g. such as COP and SCOP for given
boundary conditions, which then enables to estimate the coverage degree of the heat load of the building by the heat
pump due to central heating and to estimate momentary and seasonal operating costs of the heat pump.

Keywords: heat pump, R410A refrigerant, R290 refrigerant, COP (coefficient of performance).

INTRODUCTION there is a need to develop new refrigerants that

International agreements on the reduction of
greenhouse gases ratified by the EU (Montreal
Protocol, Kyoto Protocol) introduced a ban on
the use of refrigerants belonging to the chloro-
fluoro-carbons (CFCs) and hydro-fluoro-carbons
(HFCs) groups in refrigeration systems, includ-
ing heat pumps, and significant restrictions on the
use of refrigerants belonging to the hydro-chloro-
fluoro-carbons (HCFCs) group. In addition, the
EU has introduced a timetable for reducing the
use of agents belonging to this group, and so from
1 January 2030 there is to be a complete phase-
out of agents belonging to this group. Therefore,
could act as substitutes for the popular ones cur-
rently used, such as R410A and R134a. Prefer-
ence is given to natural refrigerants belonging to
the hydro-carbon (HC) group, which are charac-
terised by low ozone deep potential (ODP) and
global warming potential (GWP) values. Such
agents include R290 propane, R1270 propylene,
and R600 isobutane. The use of environmentally
friendly agents belonging to the combustible A3
group requires the development of new design so-
lutions for refrigeration systems. To achieve this,
it is necessary to carry out numerous simulation
studies not only of the individual components of
the refrigeration system, such as the condenser or

12
 Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal 2023, 17(5), 12–27
evaporator, but also of the entire thermodynam-
ic system of the heat pump, taking into account
changes in the heat load of both the condenser
and the evaporator. Furthermore, during the de-
sign phase, it is very important to determine the
seasonal performance of the heat pump installed
in a specific building. Therefore, it is important
to carry out simulation studies of the heat pump
in real time with the possibility of analysing the
performance of the system depending on the re-
frigerant used at a given operating point. The de-
veloped compressor heat pump model, which is
the subject of this article, enables such simulation
studies to be carried out.
RESEARCH METHODS
Most commonly used compressor
heat pump models
The simulation studies described in the lit-
erature mainly concern the modelling of the indi-
vidual components of the heat pump: compressor
[1], expansion valve [2, 3], condenser [4], and the
entire unit, to determine the temperatures of the
refrigerant at various points of the thermodynam-
ic cycle or the COP (coefficient of performance)
[5] of the heat pump in terms of the use of differ-
ent refrigerants, such as R134a, R404a, R407c or
R410a, at the selected operating point. The models
are mainly implemented in the Matlab&Simulink,
TRNSYS or CYCLE_D packages [6-8] and are
often not verified under operating conditions.
The heat pump model presented in [9] was based
on mathematical equations describing the adia-
batic process, resulting in the calculation of the
refrigerant temperature at the condenser supply.
The model was not verified, and the analyses
presented were purely theoretical. A compressor
heat pump model allowing more accurate ther-
modynamic calculations was presented in [10].
It was based on an equation relating the specific
enthalpy of points 1–2 of the heat pump thermo-
dynamic cycle (Figure 1) to the volumetric flow
rate of the fluid. The model allowed the estima-
tion of electricity consumption to drive the com-
pressor with assumed electrical and mechanical
efficiencies. Uhlmann and Bertsch [11] developed
a model for a compressor heat pump based on
the analysis of heat fluxes on the low- and high-
pressure side, taking into account the mechanical
power and electrical energy required to drive the
compressor. The model developed was valid for
a certain range of input parameters—evaporat-
ing temperature and pressure—and was based on
the model described by Klein, for which the EES
(Engineering Equation Solver) software was used
to solve. The advantage of the model presented
was that simulation studies could be carried out
for different refrigerants [11]. A similar approach
to modelling the operation of a compressor heat
pump was presented in [12]. The model devel-
oped allowed basic thermodynamic calculations
of the refrigeration system and its performance
to be made on the basis of input data, which
were taken to be the efficiencies (of compression
and expansion) and the volumetric efficiency of
the compressor. A different approach to model-
ling the operation of a compressor heat pump
is presented in [13]. The developed model for a
compressor heat pump was based on a polyno-
mial function and allowed the calculation of the
heating capacity of the heat pump and the COP
value for a set value of evaporation and conden-
sation temperatures of the refrigerant. The paper
only presented the results of simulation stud-
ies, and the developed model was not verified.
A much more extensive model is presented in [14].
To simulate the operation of the heat pump, a com-
plex mathematical apparatus, which, in addition
to basic thermodynamic calculations, was able to
perform hydraulic calculations and calculations
of the electricity consumed by the fans, was used.
Equally complex, difficult-to-solve compressor
heat pump models were presented in [15, 16].
An advantage of the model presented in [16] was
that it was possible to analyse the heat pump’s in-
teraction with a buffer tank representing the con-
denser load. A holistic approach to simulating the
operation of a compressor heat pump was present-
ed in [17]. The developed model of the heat pump
took into account its basic components: compres-
sor, condenser, evaporator, and expansion valve,
and made it possible to analyse its operation pa-
rameters: heating capacity, cooling capacity, and
power consumed by the compressor, depending
on the operating point defined by the value of
evaporation, condensation temperature of the re-
frigerant, and volumetric efficiency of the com-
pressor. An advantage of the developed model was
the possibility of analysing the cooperation of the
heat pump with the central heating system, while
a disadvantage was the complicated mathemati-
cal apparatus of the model, requiring the use of
significant computer computing power to solve it.
13
Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal 2023, 17(5), 12–27

The presented analysis shows that the mod- and the refrigerant mass flow rate (Figure 1).
els of the compressor heat pump described in the The output parameters of the heat pump model are
literature have numerous assumptions, simplifica- cooling capacity, heating capacity, and power con-
tions, or are very complicated, which makes their sumed by the compressor, which are determined
implementation difficult and significantly pro- from the relations (1–3). In addition, the output
longs the period of simulation studies. In addi- parameter of the heat pump model is the refriger-
tion, most of the models used in simulation stud- ant temperature at the second point of the thermo-
ies have not been verified. dynamic cycle (Figure 1).
In order to determine the heating and cooling
Heat pump model base on flow rate capacity and power consumed by the compressor
from relations 1–3 for a known mass flow rate,
The developed compressor heat pump model
refrigerant saturation, and condensation tempera-
is based on the thermodynamic cycle of the refrig-
ture, it is necessary to know the enthalpies h1-h4
eration system inscribed in the pressure–enthalpy
of the individual points in the thermodynamic cy-
diagram of any refrigerant, which is its advantage.
cle. The enthalpy values of the individual points
An advantage of the developed model is its utili-
of the thermodynamic cycle can be determined
tarian nature. The developed model can be used to
under the simplifying assumption that subcooling
simulate the operation of a compressor heat pump
fed with any refrigerant. In this paper, all analyses and superheating of the refrigerant are neglected
are presented for a compressor heat pump supplied in the thermodynamic cycle. Therefore, points 1
with the R410a thermodynamic refrigerant; addi- and 3 of the thermodynamic cycle are assumed to
tionally, the created equations are elaborated for be on the humidity saturation line.
refrigerant R290. The thermodynamic properties 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =
= (ℎ
(ℎ11 −
− ℎℎ44)) ∙∙ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚̇ ̇ (1)
of R410a are shown in the pressure–enthalpy dia-
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 =
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 = (ℎ
(ℎ22 −
− ℎℎ33)) ∙∙ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚̇ ̇ (2)
gram (Figure 1). The input parameters of the heat
pump model are the refrigerant saturation temper-
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 =
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 = (ℎ
(ℎ22 −
− ℎℎ11)) ∙∙ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚̇ ̇ (3)
ature, the refrigerant condensation temperature,
− ℎℎ33 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄
ℎℎ22 − 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 =
= −ℎ = = 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄
ℎℎ22 − ℎ11 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
3 2
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 0.00210
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 0.00210 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 +
+ 0.2874
0.2874 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 +
+
+
+ 25.46
25.46 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +
+ 797.5
797.5

𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 7.845 ∙ 10−10
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 7.845 ∙ 10
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
−10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 44 − 1.854 ∙ 10−7 3
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − 1.854 ∙ 10−7 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 +
+
−5
−5 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 22 − 0.001055 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 0.03271
+1.823 ∙ 10
+1.823 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − 0.001055 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 0.03271
3 2
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 0.002004
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 0.002004 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 +
+ 0.2952
0.2952 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 +
+
+25.48 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +
+25.48 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 799.6 799.6

ℎℎ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 1.149 ∙ 10−7

𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 1.149 ∙ 10
−7 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 55 − 1.279 ∙ 10−5 4
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − 1.279 ∙ 10−5 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 +
+
33 22
+0.0004736
+0.0004736 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − − 0.001878
0.001878 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + +
+1.517 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
+1.517 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 200.2 + 200.2

ℎℎ𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = −1.49 ∙ 10−11

𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = −1.49 ∙ 10
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
−11 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 77 + 2.331 ∙ 10−9 6
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 2.331 ∙ 10−9 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 6 −
−
−7
−7 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 55 + 2.507 ∙ 10−6−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 44 −
−1.307 ∙ 10
−1.307 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 2.507 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 −
−5 3 2
−2.665
−2.665 ∙ 10 ∙ 10−5 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 −
− 0.003454
0.003454 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 +
+ 0.2874
0.2874 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +
+ 422.6
422.6

𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 3.268 ∙ 10−10

𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 3.268 ∙ 10
−10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 55 − 3.639 ∙ 10−8 4
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − 3.639 ∙ 10−8 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 + +
−6 33 −5 22
+1.356
+1.356 ∙∙ 10 10 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 −
−6
− 1.533
1.533 ∙∙ 1010 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +
−5
+
Fig. 1. Thermodynamic cycle of a compressor heat pump +0.005539
+0.005539
shown in the ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 1.001
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇pressure–
+ 1.001
enthalpy diagram for refrigerant R410a [own elaboration]
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 0.9982 ∙ 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 −
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.9982 ∙ 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 2.142
2.142
14 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 0.000908 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 33 +
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.000908 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2
+0.168 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 +
+0.168 + 141911
141911 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +
+ 469
469
−11
−11 55 −8
−8 44
 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = (ℎ1 − ℎ4 ) ∙ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚̇

𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = (ℎ2 − ℎ3 ) ∙ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚̇

Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal 2023, 17(5), 12–27
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) ∙ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚̇

ℎ2 − ℎ3 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 equations and thermodynamic cycle of a compres-

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = = (4) sor heat pump (Figure 1), the enthalpy at point h2
ℎ2 − ℎ1 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
remains to be determined. To solve this problem,
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝Under operating 0.00210conditions, 3 the operating
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + pa-
2 the algorithm described by equations (19–23) is
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 0.2874
rameters of a+heat pump used. This algorithm requires knowledge of the
25.46 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 can change dynamically.
+ 797.5
For this reason, a compressor heat pump model low and high source temperatures, together with
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠based −10 4 −7 3 technical parameters of the refrigerant. In this pa-
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =on 7.845 a thermodynamic ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − cycle
1.854should ∙ 10 ∙enable 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +
per, the presented model was practically verified
continuous
+1.823 ∙ 10−5 simulations
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 − 0.001055 of the unit.
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + Performing
0.03271
using refrigerant R410a, whose parameters are de-
continuous simulations in time requires continu-
3 2 scribed by equations (5–11); additionally, the same
ous𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓calculation
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 0.002004 of the ∙ values of specific
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 0.2952 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + enthal-
parameters were calculated using the same proce-
py, specific entropy, +25.48pressure, ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 799.6 and volume of the
dure for refrigerant R290 by equations (12–18).
working medium at individual points of the cycle
−7 In both cases, the polynomials, whose coefficients
ℎ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓as𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓a function
= 1.149 of ∙ 10the ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 − 1.279of∙ 10
temperature the−5working
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 +
were calculated for the model, were based on tabu-
medium. +0.0004736 For this purpose, ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 − 0.001878the p-h diagram
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + of the lated data resulting from extensive measurement
working medium +1.517 should ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 be divided into two parts
+ 200.2 studies, while the equations for calculating the
with respect to the critical point k, and the varia-
specific heat of the refrigerant at constant pressure
ℎ𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠tions of pressure, enthalpy,
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = −1.49 ∙ 10
−11 and
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 7 + entropy
2.331 ∙ 10as −9 a func-
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 6 − and volume were based on the Martin–Hou equa-
tion −1.307 of temperature ∙ 10−7 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5should + 2.507 be∙ mapped
10−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4by−poly- tion of state derived from technical materials [18].
nomial −5functions. The mathematical polynomial
3 2
−2.665 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − 0.003454 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 0.2874 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 422.6 Parameters used in polynomials are dependent on
description of the dependencies of the individual the refrigerant (in the case of this study, refriger-
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓refrigerant
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 3.268 ∙ 10
physical −10quantities
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 − 3.639readable∙ 10−8from ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 the
+ ants R410a and 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 R290).
= (ℎ1 − ℎ4 ) ∙ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚̇
p-h diagram and the variables as a function of
+1.356 ∙ 10−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 − 1.533 ∙ 10−5 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + = (ℎ2 − ℎR410a
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔refrigerant
temperature in the humidity range x = 0 – point k Calculation for 3 ) ∙ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚̇(values
+0.005539 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 1.001
will conventionally be indexed as “fluid”, while used for practical verification)
the dependencies of the individual refrigerant 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) ∙ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚̇
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.9982 ∙ 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 2.142 The steam pressure of the working medium
physical quantities readable from the p-h diagram as a function of temperature ℎ2 − ℎ3 (Figure
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 2) can be de-
and the variables as a function
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.000908 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + of3 temperature in scribed by 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
relation =5 with a =
coefficient of determi-
the range point k2- x = 1 will conventionally be ℎ2 − ℎ1 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
+0.168 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 141911 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 469 nation of 99%.
indexed as “steam”.
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.00210 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 + 0.2874 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 +
The
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 7.38 ∙ 10 tested model −11 is based 5 on equations
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 1.46 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − −8 (1–4),
4 (5)
which use flow−6rate 3and enthalpy. Using these + 25.46 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 797.5
2
−1.035 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 0.000046 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +
+0,00258 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 0.00973 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 7.845 ∙ 10−10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 − 1.854 ∙ 10−7 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 +
+1.823 ∙ 10−5 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 − 0.001055 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 0.03271
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 2.97 ∙ 10−13 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 7 − 2.79 ∙ 10−11 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 6 −
−1.29 ∙ 10−9 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 + 1.38 ∙ 10−7 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 + 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 0.002004 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 + 0.2952 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 +
+1.9 ∙ 10−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 − 0.0001 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + 0.0035 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 1.94 +25.48 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 799.6

ℎ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 2.6 ∙ 10−8 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 − 1.18 ∙ 10−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 − ℎ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 1.149 ∙ 10−7 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 − 1.279 ∙ 10−5 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 +
−0.0001 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 − 0.0068 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + 2.55 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 199 +0.0004736 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 − 0.001878 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 +
+1.517 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 200.2
ℎ𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = −6.77 ∙ 10−12 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 7 + 6.2 ∙ 10−10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 6 +
+2.88 ∙ 10−8 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 − 3.15 ∙ 10−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 − ℎ𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = −1.49 ∙ 10−11 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 7 + 2.331 ∙ 10−9 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 6 −
−0.0001 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 + 0.0019 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + 1.09 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 572.8 −1.307 ∙ 10−7 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 + 2.507 ∙ 10−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 −
−2.665 ∙ 10−5 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 − 0.003454 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + 0.2874 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 422.6

𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 3.268 ∙ 10−10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 − 3.639 ∙ 10−8 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 +

+1.356 ∙ 10−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 − 1.533 ∙ 10−5 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 +
+0.005539 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 1.001

𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.9982 ∙ 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 2.142

Fig. 2. Steam pressure of the medium as a function of temperature (for refrigerant R410a)
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.000908 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 +
+0.168 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + 141911 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 469 15

𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 7.38 ∙ 10−11 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 + 1.46 ∙ 10−8 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 −

−6 3 2
 Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal 2023, 17(5), 12–27

𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = (ℎ1 − ℎ4 ) ∙ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚̇

𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = (ℎ2 − ℎ3 ) ∙ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚̇

𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) ∙ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚̇

ℎ2 − ℎ3 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = =
ℎ2 − ℎ1 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = (ℎ1 − ℎ4 ) ∙ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚̇
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.00210 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 + 0.2874 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 +
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = (ℎ2 − ℎ3 ) ∙ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚̇
+ 25.46 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 797.5
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) ∙ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚̇
Fig. 3. Steam volume of the medium as a function of temperature
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 7.845 ∙ 10 (for
−10refrigerant R410a)
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 − 1.854 ∙ 10−7 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 +
−5 2
ℎ2 − ℎ3 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 +1.823 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − 0.001055 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 0.03271
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = =
The variation ofℎ2the − ℎ1steam 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 volume of the
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 0.002004 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 + 0.2952 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 +
working medium as a function of temperature can (7)
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 0.00210 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3
+ 0.2874 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2
+ +25.48 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 799.6
be described by relation 6 with a coefficient of
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

determination+of25.46 99% ∙(Figure

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 797.5
3). ℎ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓The 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 =changes 1.149 ∙ 10in−7the ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5specific
− 1.279 enthalpy
∙ 10−5 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4of+ the
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 7.845 ∙ 10−10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 − 1.854 ∙ 10−7 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 + working +0.0004736 medium ∙ in 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 −the0.001878
fluid (Figure
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + 5) and
−5 2
(6) gaseous (Figure 6) phases as a function of tem-
+1.823 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − 0.001055 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 0.03271 +1.517 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 200.2
perature can be described using relations 8 and
The𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓variation of the∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇working
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 0.002004
3
fluid
+ 0.2952 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇pressure
2
+ as ℎ9,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠respectively, 10−11 the
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = −1.49 ∙while ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 7 changes
+ 2.331 ∙in 10the−9
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 6 −
∙ specific
a function of +25.48 temperature is shown in Figure 4
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 799.6 entropy −1.307 of the
∙ 10working
−7
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + medium
5
2.507 ∙ 10in the−6
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 fluid
4
− (Fig-
and can be described by relation 7 with a coef- −2.665 ure 7) ∙ 10and ∙gaseous
−5 3
phases ∙can
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − 0.003454 2
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +be0.2874
described ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +using
422.6
ℎ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 of
ficient = 1.149 ∙ 10−7 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇of
determination
5
1.279 ∙ 10−5 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 +
−99%. relations 10 and 11, respectively.
−10 5 −8 4
+0.0004736 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 − 0.001878 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 3.268 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − 3.639 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +
−6 3 −5 2
+1.517 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 200.2 +1.356 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − 1.533 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +
+0.005539 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 1.001
ℎ𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = −1.49 ∙ 10−11 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 7 + 2.331 ∙ 10−9 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 6 −
−1.307 ∙ 10−7 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 + 2.507 ∙ 10−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.9982 ∙ 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 2.142
−2.665 ∙ 10−5 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 − 0.003454 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + 0.2874 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 422.6
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.000908 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 +
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 3.268 ∙ 10−10 5
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − 3.639 ∙ 10 −8 4
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + +0.168 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + 141911 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 469
−6 3 −5 2
+1.356 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − 1.533 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 7.38 ∙ 10−11 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 + 1.46 ∙ 10−8 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 −
+0.005539 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 1.001
−1.035 ∙ 10−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 + 0.000046 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 +
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.9982 ∙ 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 2.142 +0,00258 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 0.00973

𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.000908 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 + 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 2.97 ∙ 10−13 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 7 − 2.79 ∙ 10−11 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 6 −
+0.168 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + 141911 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 469 −1.29 ∙ 10−9 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 + 1.38 ∙ 10−7 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 +
+1.9 ∙ 10−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 − 0.0001 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + 0.0035 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 1.94
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 7.38 ∙ 10−11 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 + 1.46 ∙ 10−8 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 −
−1.035 ∙ 10−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 + 0.000046 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + ℎ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 2.6 ∙ 10−8 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 − 1.18 ∙ 10−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 −
+0,00258 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 0.00973 −0.0001 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 − 0.0068 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + 2.55 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 199

𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 2.97 ∙ 10−13 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 7 − 2.79 ∙ 10−11 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 6 −

ℎ𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = −6.77 ∙ 10−12 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 7 + 6.2 ∙ 10−10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 6 +
−1.29 ∙ 10−9 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 + 1.38 ∙ 10−7 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 + +2.88 ∙ 10−8 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 − 3.15 ∙ 10−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 −
Fig. 4. Fluid pressure of the medium as a function of temperature (for refrigerant R410a)
−6 3 2
+1.9 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − 0.0001 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 0.0035 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 1.94 −0.0001 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 + 0.0019 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + 1.09 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 572.8

16ℎ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 2.6 ∙ 10−8 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 − 1.18 ∙ 10−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 −

−0.0001 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 − 0.0068 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + 2.55 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 199

ℎ𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = −6.77 ∙ 10−12 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 7 + 6.2 ∙ 10−10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 6 +

 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 7.845 ∙ 10−10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 − 1.854 ∙ 10−7 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 + +1.517
+1.517 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +
+ 200.2
200.2
+1.823 ∙ 10−5 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 − 0.001055 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 0.03271
ℎ
ℎ𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = −1.49 ∙ 10−11
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = −1.49 ∙ 10
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
−11 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 7
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 7 +
+ 2.331
2.331 ∙∙ 10
−9
10−9 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
6
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 6 −
−
−7
−7 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5
5 + 2.507 ∙ 10−6 −6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 0.002004 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 + 0.2952 ∙Advances
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + −1.307
−1.307 ∙∙ 10
10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 2.507 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 −
−
in Science and Technology −5 3
Research Journal 2
2023, 17(5), 12–27
+25.48 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 799.6 −2.665
−2.665 ∙∙ 10 10−5 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 −
− 0.003454
0.003454 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 +
+ 0.2874
0.2874 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +
+ 422.6
422.6

ℎ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 1.149 ∙ 10−7 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 − 1.279 ∙ 10−5 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
= 3.268 ∙ 10−10
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 3.268 ∙ 10
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
−10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 − − 3.639
3.639 ∙∙ 10
−8
10−8 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
4
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 +
+
−6 3 −5 2
+0.0004736 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 − 0.001878 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + (8) +1.356
+1.356 ∙∙ 10 10 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
−6
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 −
3
− 1.533
1.533 ∙∙ 10
10 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
−5
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +
2
+ (10)
+1.517 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 200.2 +0.005539 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
+0.005539 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 1.001 + 1.001

ℎℎ𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = −1.49 ∙ 10−11 −11 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 7 7

+ 2.331
2.331 ∙∙ 10
10−9 −9 6
∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇6 −
− 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 0.9982 ∙ 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 −
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.9982 ∙ 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 2.142
2.142 (11)
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = −1.49 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +
−7 55 −6 4
−1.307
−1.307 ∙∙ 10 10 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
−7
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + + 2.507
2.507 ∙∙ 10 10 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 −
−6 4 −
(9) It should
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 be noted that in∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇order
= 0.000908 3
3+ to calculate
−2.665 ∙ 10 −5
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3∙ −
−2.665 100.003454
−5 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + 0.2874
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 − 0.003454 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 +∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 422.6 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.000908 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
the power available
+0.168 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
+0.168 2
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +
2 at the
+ 141911condenser,
141911 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 469 it is neces-
+ 469
+0.2874 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 422.6 sary to know the value of the specific enthalpy of
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 3.268 ∙ 10−10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 − 3.639 ∙ 10−8 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 +
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 7.38 ∙ 10−11
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 7.38 ∙ 10
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
−11 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 +
+ 1.46
1.46 ∙∙ 10
−8
10−8 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
4
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 −
−
+1.356 ∙ 10−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 − 1.533 ∙ 10−5 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + −6 3 2
−1.035 10−6 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
−1.035 ∙∙ 10 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 + + 0.000046
0.000046 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 +
+
+0.005539 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 1.001
+0,00258
+0,00258 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +
+ 0.00973
0.00973
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.9982 ∙ 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 2.142
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
= 2.97 ∙ 10−13
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 2.97 ∙ 10
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
−13 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 7
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 7 −
− 2.792.79 ∙∙ 10
−11
10−11 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
6
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 6 −
−
−9
−9 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5
5 + 1.38 ∙ 10−7 −7 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.000908 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 + −1.29 ∙ 10
−1.29 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 1.38 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 4+
−6 3 2
+0.168 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + 141911 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 469 +1.9
+1.9 ∙∙ 10 10−6 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 −
− 0.0001
0.0001 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 +
+ 0.0035
0.0035 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +
+ 1.941.94

𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 7.38 ∙ 10−11 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 + 1.46 ∙ 10−8 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 − ℎ

ℎ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
= 2.6 ∙ 10−8
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 2.6 ∙ 10
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
−8 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 −
− 1.18
1.18 ∙∙ 10
−6
10−6 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
4
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 −
−
3 2
−1.035 ∙ 10−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 + 0.000046 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + −0.0001 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 − 0.0068 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + 2.55 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 199
−0.0001 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − 0.0068 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 2.55 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 199
+0,00258 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 0.00973
ℎ
ℎ𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = −6.77 ∙ 10−12
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = −6.77 ∙ 10
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
−12 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 7
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 7 ++ 6.2
6.2 ∙∙ 10
−10
10−10 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
6
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 6 +
+
−8 5 −6 4
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 2.97 ∙ 10−13 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 7 − 2.79 ∙ 10−11 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 6 − +2.88 ∙ 10 −8 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 − 3.15 ∙ 10−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 −
+2.88 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − 3.15 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 −
3 2
−1.29 ∙ 10−9 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 + 1.38 ∙ 10−7 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 + −0.0001
−0.0001 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 +
+ 0.0019
0.0019 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 +
+ 1.09
1.09 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +
+ 572.8
572.8
+1.9 ∙ 10−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 − 0.0001 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + 0.0035 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 1.94

ℎ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 2.6 ∙ 10−8 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 − 1.18 ∙ 10−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 −

−0.0001 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 − 0.0068 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + 2.55 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 199

ℎ𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = −6.77 ∙ 10−12 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 7 + 6.2 ∙ 10−10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 6 +

+2.88 ∙ 10−8 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 − 3.15 ∙ 10−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 −
−0.0001 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 +Fig. 0.0019 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + 1.09
5. Variation ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇specific
of the + 572.8 enthalpy of a working medium in the fluid phase
as a function of temperature (for refrigerant R410a)

Fig. 6. Variation of the specific enthalpy of a working medium in the gas phase
as a function of temperature (for refrigerant R410a)

17
 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = (ℎ2 − ℎ3 ) ∙ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚̇

𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 = (ℎ − ℎ ) ∙ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚̇
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = (ℎ12 − ℎ41) ∙ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚̇
Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal 2023, 17(5), 12–27𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 ℎ − ℎℎ3) ∙ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄̇ 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 (ℎ122 −
==(ℎ − ℎ43 )=∙ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚̇
ℎ2 − ℎ1 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 =
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 = (ℎ (ℎ2 − − ℎ3 ) ∙ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚̇
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 3ℎ1 ) ∙ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚̇
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.00210 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 0.2874 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 +
+𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄25.46 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = (ℎ −+
ℎ22∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇− ℎ
ℎ13797.5) ∙ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄̇ 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = =
−10 ℎ
ℎ22∙ − −4ℎℎ1 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 7.845𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 ∙ 10= 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − 3 1.854 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 ∙ 10−7 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 +
=
+1.823 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚∙ 10 −5
= 0.00210 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 −ℎ20.001055 −ℎ
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 1+ 0.2874
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄∙𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 0.03271
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 +
+ 25.46 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3+ 797.5 2
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.00210 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 + 0.2874 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2+
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 0.002004 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 0.2952 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +
+ 25.46 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4+ 797.5
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 7.845+25.48 ∙ 10−10∙∙𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇+ − 799.6 1.854 ∙ 10−7 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 +
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉+1.823
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = ∙7.845 10−5 ∙∙ 10 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2−10
−7
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 − 1.854
− 0.001055 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇∙ + −7
100.03271 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 +
ℎ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 1.149 −5∙ 102 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 − 1.279 ∙ 10−5 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 +
+1.823 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − 0.001055 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 0.03271
3 2
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 0.002004
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓+0.0004736 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 − ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇0.001878+ 0.2952 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇∙ 2𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇+ +
3 2
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 0.002004 +1.517
+25.48 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 799.6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 200.2 0.2952 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +
+25.48 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 799.6
ℎℎ𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 =
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =−1.49 1.149 ∙ 10−11 −7 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇57 + 2.331 ∙ 10−5
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − 1.279 ∙ 10 −9∙ ∙𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇46+−
−7 5 −54 4
ℎ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓−1.307 = 1.149
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓+0.0004736 ∙ 10−7 ∙ 10 ∙ ∙𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇53∙+𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
−2.507 − 1.279
0.001878 ∙ 10∙−6 10
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇∙ 2𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇− +
−2.665 ∙ 10+0.0004736 −5
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 +1.517− 0.003454 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
− 0.001878 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + 0.2874
+∙ 200.2 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 +∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 422.6
+1.517 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 200.2
ℎ𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 =
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 3.268 −1.49∙ ∙10 10−10 −11∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 57− 3.639 ∙ 10−8
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 2.331 ∙ 10−9∙ ∙𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇46+−
−11 7
ℎ𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = −1.49−6 ∙ 10 5 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 2.331−6
∙ ∙ 10−942∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 6 −
−1.307 ∙ 10 −7
+1.356 −7
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 +− 2.507
1.533 ∙∙ 1010 −5 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + −
Fig. 7. Variation of the specific entropy of a thermodynamic −1.307 ∙ 310agent ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5in+the 2.507 fluid ∙ 10 phase
−6
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 −
−2.665 ∙ 10−5 ∙ +0.005539
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − 0.003454 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ∙+ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2
1.001 + 0.2874 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 422.6
as a function of temperature
−2.665(for ∙refrigerant 10−5 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 − R410a) 0.003454 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + 0.2874 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 422.6
−10
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
3.268𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = ∙ 10 0.9982 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇∙ 5𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝−𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓3.639
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − ∙2.142 10−8 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 +
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 3.268 ∙−6 10−103 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 − 3.639 ∙ −5 10−8 2∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 +
point 2 of the thermodynamic cycle of the com- +1.356 ∙ 10 −6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 − 1.533 ∙ 10 3 −5 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 +
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +
+1.356𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝∙𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠10 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇0.000908− 1.533∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇10 +
pressor heat pump, which is in the superheated +0.005539
+0.005539
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 1.001
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 1.001 (12)
+0.168 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + 141911 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 469
steam region. Assuming that the compression of
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.9982 ∙ 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 and − 2.142
the medium is isentropic, then the specific entro- 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠The variation
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.9982
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 7.38 ∙ 10
of
−11 the ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇∙ steam
5 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 2.142
+ 1.46 ∙ 10 fluid
−8 volume
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 − of
py of point 1 and the specific entropy of point 2 the working −1.035 medium −6
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3as+a0.000046 function 3 of 2temperature
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠∙𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠10 = ∙ 0.000908
= relations
0.00090813 3 +∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +
∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇and
+ 14 with a coef-
are identical, s1 = s2. can be described 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚by
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
+0,00258
+0.168
+0.168
ficient of determination of 99% (Figure 9 and 10). + ∙141911
∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇22 + 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 0.00973
141911 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +
+469
469
Calculation for refrigerant R290 - 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ==2.97
7.38∙ ∙10
−13 7
−11∙ ∙𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇55−+2.79
10−11 1.46∙∙∙10
−11
10−8 −8 44 6
∙ ∙𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 −−
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 7.38 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 1.46 10
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
additional calculation as example of −1.29
−1.035
−1.035 ∙ 10 −9−6 5 3
10−6∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3++1.38
∙∙ 10 ∙ 10−7 ∙∙𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇242++
0.000046
0.000046 (13)
refrigerant different from R410a +1.9 ∙ 10 ∙ +0,00258 −6 3
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇+0,00258
− 0.0001 2
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ∙+𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇0.00973
+ 0.0035 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 1.94
0.00973
The steam pressure of the working medium −13
−8 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇57
ℎ𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓===
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 2.97
2.6∙∙∙10
2.97 10−13
10 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − 2.79
2.79∙∙10
− 1.18 10−11
10 −11∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇466−
−6
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 −−
as a function of temperature (Figure 8) can be de- 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

scribed by relation 12 with a coefficient of deter- −0.0001 −1.29 −1.29∙ ∙𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ∙10 3 −9
−9
10− 0.0068∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5
5
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + + 1.38 2
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +
1.38 ∙∙ 10 −7
−7 44
2.55∙∙𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +
10 ++199 (14)
−6 33 − 0.0001 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 22 + 0.0035 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 1.94
mination of 99%. +1.9 ∙ 10
+1.9 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − 0.0001 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 0.0035 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 1.94 −6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
ℎ𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = −6.77 ∙ 10−12 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 7 + 6.2 ∙ 10−10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 6 +
−85
ℎℎ𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓+2.88 = ∙2.610∙−8 ∙ 10
10∙ −8
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ∙∙ −𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 553.15
−
− 1.18 ∙ 10∙∙−6
10 −6 4 44
10∙−6𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ∙ ∙𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
− −−
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 2.6 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 1.18
3 2
−0.0001
−0.0001∙ ∙𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +−0.0019
−0.0001 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
33 − 0.0068 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇22 + 2.55 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 199
0.0068∙ ∙𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ++1.09 2.55∙ ∙𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇++572.8 199
−12 7 −10 6
ℎℎ𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =−6.77
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = −6.77 ∙∙ 10
10−12 ∙∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 7 +
+ 6.2
6.2∙∙10
10−10∙ ∙𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 6++
−8 5 −6 4
+2.88 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − 3.15 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 −
+2.88 ∙ 10−8 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 − 3.15 ∙ 10−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 −
−0.0001 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇33 + 0.0019 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 22 + 1.09 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 572.8
−0.0001 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 0.0019 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 1.09 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 572.8

Fig. 8. Steam pressure of the medium as a function of temperature (for refrigerant R290)

18
 Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal 2023, 17(5), 12–27

Fig. 9. Steam volume of the medium as a function of temperature (for refrigerant R290)

Fig. 10. Fluid volume of the medium as a function of temperature (for refrigerant R290)

Fig. 11. Variation of the specific enthalpy of a working medium in the fluid
phase as a function of temperature (for refrigerant R290)

19
 +1.356 ∙ 10−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 − 1.533 ∙ 10−5 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 +
+0.005539 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 1.001

𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.9982 ∙ 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 2.142

Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal 2023, 17(5), 12–27
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.000908 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 +
The+0.168 changes ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 in+the
2
specific
141911 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +enthalpy
469 of the 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 −7
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 33 −
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 2.73 ∙ 10
−7
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
working medium in the fluid (Figure 11) and (17)
gaseous 7.38 ∙ 10−11
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = (Figure 5
12)∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇phases+ 1.46as∙ 10 −8
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 − of
a function −6
−8.59 ∙ 10−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 22 + 0.0084 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 1
−6 3 2
temperature 10 be∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇described
−1.035 ∙can + 0.000046using ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 relations
+ 15
+0,00258 ∙
and 16, respectively, while the changes in the 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 0.00973 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 2.62 ∙ 10
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
−7
−7 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 33 +
−5 2 (18)
specific entropy −13 of the7 working medium −11 6 in the +1.53 ∙ 10−5 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 − 0.0008 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 2
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 2.97 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − 2.79 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 −
fluid (Figure 13) and gaseous phases (Figure
−1.29 ∙ 10−9 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 + 1.38 ∙ 10−7 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 + 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉22 ′ parameters
𝜘𝜘𝜘𝜘−1
𝜘𝜘𝜘𝜘−1
14) can be described using relations 17 and 18, Calculation of model value
+1.9 ∙ 10−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 − 0.0001 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + 0.0035 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 1.94 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇22 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇11 � �
respectively. 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉11 temperature of the me-
Knowing the saturation
ℎ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 2.6 ∙ 10−8 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 − 1.18 ∙ 10−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 − dium, its condensation temperature 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 and the value of
(15)
−0.0001 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 − 0.0068 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + 2.55 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 199 the pressure of the working 𝜘𝜘𝜘𝜘 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 medium in the gaseous
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
−12 7 −10 6
phase at point 1 (p1), its volume (v1) and the pres-
ℎ𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = −6.77 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 6.2 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + sure of the working medium in the gaseous 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 phase
+2.88 ∙ 10−8 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5 − 3.15 ∙ 10−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 − (16) 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 22 + 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 33 � �
at point 2’ (p2’), and its volume at point 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 2’ (v2’),
3 2
−0.0001 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 0.0019 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 1.09 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 572.8 using the properties of the adiabatic process (in the
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 − 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 �𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘�

ℎ22 − ℎ33 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇22 ∙ (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠11 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠33 )

𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠̇ ∙ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ∙ (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 )
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤

Fig. 12. Variation of the specific enthalpy of a working medium in the gas
phase as a function of temperature (for refrigerant R290)

Fig. 13. Variation of the specific entropy of a thermodynamic agent in the

fluid phase as a function of temperature (for refrigerant R290)

20
 Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal 2023, 17(5), 12–27

𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 2.73 ∙ 10−7 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 −

−8.59 ∙ 10−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + 0.0084 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 1

𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 2.62 ∙ 10−7 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 +

+1.53 ∙ 10−5 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 − 0.0008 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 2
𝜘𝜘𝜘𝜘−1
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉2 ′
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇2 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇1 � �
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉1

𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝜘𝜘𝜘𝜘 =
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 � �
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = Fig.
2.7314. Variation
∙ 10 −7
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 −of the specific entropy of a thermodynamic agent in the
gas phase as a function of temperature (for refrigerant R290) 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 − 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 � �
−8.59 −6
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 +
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓∙𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓10= 2.73 0.0084
∙ 10 −7
∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3∙ −
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 1 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
superheated steam region p −7 = const, v = const), it ℎ2 − ℎ3 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇2 ∙ (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠1 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠3 ) (23)
−8.59 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠∙𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠10 =∙2.62
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 −6 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3∙ +
is possible to calculate the value of the+temperature
+ 0.0084 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 1
+1.53 ∙ 10−5 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 − 0.0008 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 2
of the gas at point 2 (T2) using relation 19. Knowing
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 the
= mass
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠̇ ∙ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝flow
∙ (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖rate
− 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇of𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓the
) refrigerant
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 2.62 ∙ 10−7 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3
+
𝜘𝜘𝜘𝜘−1 and the enthalpy values h1, h2, h3, and h4 for the satu-
+1.53 ∙ 10𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇−5=∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇2 �−𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉20.0008 ′
�−7 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 2 (19) ration temperature and the condensation of the re-
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 2= 2.73 1 ∙ 10
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 −
1
𝜘𝜘𝜘𝜘−1 frigerant using relations 1–3, the heating capacity,
−6 2 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2 ′ the cooling capacity, and the power consumed by
The−8.59 heat∙ 10 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇2 =∙𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝜘𝜘𝜘𝜘𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇1 =
capacity + 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝0.0084
�ratio, � κ, can ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇be
+ calculated
1
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐1 the compressor can be calculated. With the capacity
from relation 20. 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 2.62 ∙ 10−7 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 + provided by the condenser and the power consumed
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 2
−5
𝜘𝜘𝜘𝜘 2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐=− by the compressor, it is possible to calculate the
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐+1.53
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ∙+10 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ∙+𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 0.0008
2 ∙3𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 + 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 �𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘�
(20)
COP value using relation 4, which is a parameter in
𝜘𝜘𝜘𝜘−1
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉2 ′ 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 the quality assessment of the heat pump determined
The specific heat 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇1𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐capacity
�∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 �+𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓of∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇the 3 working me-
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣2∙ = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇=+
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 � � � � by normative testing in accordance with EN 14511.
dium at constant pressure for 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 1
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘R410a𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 can be cal-
The model described by equations (1–4) and
culated using relation 21, 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 while the specific heat
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 (19–23) is universal, while the knowledge of spe-
capacity of ℎthe − medium
ℎ 𝜘𝜘𝜘𝜘
=
2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =3𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 −2𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 � 1 =
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 at ∙ constant
(𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) volume can be
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘�3 cific heat capacity cp and cv is individual and de-
calculated using relation 22. pends on the refrigerant properties, as presented
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠̇ ∙ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ∙ (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 )
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 above for two cases: R410a and R290. Experi-
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ℎ+2 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏−∙ ℎ𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇3 +=𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇∙2𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇∙ 2(𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠+1 − 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ∙𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇3 )3 � � (21)
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 mental validation was carried out in a dedicated
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠̇ ∙ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ∙ (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ) heat pump laboratory using a heat pump with the
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 refrigerant R410a. The scheme and components
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 − 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 � � (22)
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 of the installation are described in chapter 4. The
correctness of the model parameter selection was
The values ℎ2 − ℎof3 = the𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇2coefficients
∙ (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠1 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠3 ) for R410a in confirmed by practical verification in the labora-
Equation 21 are: a = 2.676084e-1, b = 2.115353e-3, tory, presented in Fig. 22–24.
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 =-7, 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
c = -9.848184e 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ∙ (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − -11
d ̇ =∙ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐6.493781e . )
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
The value of the R coefficient in Equation 22 for
Compressor heat pump model verification
the refrigerant R410a is R = 0.114550 [kJ/(kg∙K)].
Knowing the value of the temperature of point 2 The developed compressor heat pump model
(T2) of the heat pump thermodynamic cycle, using was verified. Verification of the heat pump model
relation 23, it is possible to calculate the specific en- was carried out using data recorded during the
thalpy of point 2 (h2) needed to calculate the capac- performance of service tests of an air-to-water
ity provided by the condenser Qg, the power con- heat pump with a compressor, for which the heat
sumed by the compressor Qs, and the COP value. load was a hydraulic system.

21
Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal 2023, 17(5), 12–27
Description of the test stand
The hydraulic design of the test stand (Figure
15) allows service tests to be carried out at vari-
ous condenser heat loads and heat carrier water
volumetric flow rates within the operating ranges
of the circulation pumps.
An air-to-water heat pump consists of two
units: an outdoor and an indoor unit. The outdoor
unit with a nominal heating capacity of 7 kW,
in which the main components are the compres-
sor and evaporator, was placed on a freestanding
structure. A water pump with infinitely variable
mass flow rate adjustment in the range (8–26 kg/
min) was placed in the indoor unit. The load for
the condenser was a 200 dm3 buffer tank connect-
ed parallelly to the hydraulic system. Two heating
circuits were connected to the buffer tank: a high-
temperature and a low-temperature circuit. Each
of the heating circuits has a pump group with an
infinitely variable adjustment pump capacity and
a three-way mixing valve. In order to measure
the heat stream received from the condenser, a
capillary was installed on the supply and return
of the heating circuits to enable the installation
of a temperature sensor and a turbine flow meter
measuring the mass flow rate of the medium in
the range of 2–40 kg/min, which corresponds to
the analogue 4–20 mA signal generated. Pt1000
resistance sensors made in class A in a four-wire
system were used to measure the temperature in
the individual nodes of the system.
The variable heat load of the condenser was
applied by attaching a fan cooler to the buffer
tank, with infinitely variable capacity adjustment
possible by varying the speed of the fans, which
Fig. 15. Hydraulic diagram of the installation [own elaboration]
22
was mounted outside the building (Figure 16).
Between the fan cooler and the tank, a plate heat
exchanger was installed, which acts as a separator
between the water circuit on the primary side of
the exchanger and the glycol circuit on the sec-
ondary side of the plate heat exchanger (Figure
17). The fan cooler circuit uses propylene glycol,
which has a specific heat capacity of 3.580 J/(kg-
K). Circulation pumps with infinitely variable
volumetric flow rate adjustment were installed on
both the primary and secondary sides of the ex-
changer. Infinitely variable adjustment of the vol-
ume flow rate on both the primary and secondary
sides of the exchanger, as well as infinitely vari-
able adjustment of the capacity of the fan cooler,
enabled precise adjustment of the capacity of the
heating system and, as a result, the possibility
of simulating the heating circuits of the central
heating system, which constitute the thermal load
of the condenser. In order to regulate the supply
temperature of the primary side of the exchanger,
a three-way mixing valve with infinitely variable
position adjustment was installed, which, as a re-
sult, reflects the supply temperature of the heating
circuits between the buffer tank and the plate heat
exchanger (Figure 17). The position of the mixing
valve was controlled by an external voltage signal
of 0-10 VDC. A control signal value of 0 VDC
corresponds to complete closure of the valve. The
control signal value equal to 10 VDC corresponds
to complete opening of the mixing valve.
A freely programmable modular PLC was
used to implement the adjustment algorithm for
the heating system (Figure 18).
The central unit was expanded with a dis-
crete input and output module, an analogue input
 Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal 2023, 17(5), 12–27

enabling visualisation, monitoring, and archiving

of the values of the measured physical quantities.
The SCADA programme also allows remote ac-
cess to the application and measurement data via
Ethernet.

Comparison of operational data

with model-simulated data
To verify the developed heat pump model, a
series of service tests were−7carried out with the
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 2.73 ∙ 10 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3 −
compressor heat pump at different lower source
temperatures. During the experiments, the heat
Fig. 16. Fan cooler installed outside the −8.59 ∙ 10−6 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 + 0.0084 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 1
pump supplied heat to the buffer tank by raising
building [Photo: P. Obstawski]
the buffer𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 water temperature −7 from ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 320+ °C to 50 °C.
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 2.62 ∙ 10
Tests were carried out at four pump capacities,
+1.53 ∙ 10−5 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 − 0.0008 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 2
P1, corresponding to the flow rates: 10 kg/min,
12 kg/min, 18 kg/min, and 𝜘𝜘𝜘𝜘−1 23 kg/min (constant
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉2 ′
flow during the experiment)
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇2 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇1 � � and compressor con-
trol of 20%, 30%, 50%, 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 and 1 70% of the maximum
power value, respectively. During the test, the fol-
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
lowing were measured 𝜘𝜘𝜘𝜘 =at a sampling frequency of
1 Hz: heating water volumetric 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 flow rate, working
medium temperature at the condenser𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 supply and
return, condenser supply
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 � 2 and return 3 water � tem-
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
perature, lower source temperature, and power
consumed by the compressor 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 (Figure 20–23).
With measurements 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 of the� condenser
− 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 � supply and
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
return temperatures and flow rate, it was possible
Fig. 17. Three-way mixing valve with plate to determine theℎ capacity provided by the con-
ℎ2 − 3 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇2 ∙ (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠1 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠3 )
heat exchanger [Photo: P. Obstawski] denser water Qg_sk_w according to relation 24.
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠̇ ∙ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ∙ (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 )
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 (24)

In order to verify the model, many operational

Fig. 18. Control cabinet [Photo: P. Obstawski]
and output module, four eight-channel modules
dedicated to the connection of thermal resistive
sensors, and a module dedicated to the connec-
tion of thermocouples. The PLC central unit was
connected using TCPIP protocol to a computer
on which a SCADA programme was installed,
tests for the established boundary conditions were
carried out on test stand described in the Chapter 4.
Results obtained in the laboratory were compared
with the results calculated with simulation tests.
During the operational tests were recorded: the
power of the condenser, the compressor electrical
energy consumption, the value of the COP coef-
ficient, the temperature of the working medium
and refrigerant on the primary and secondary side
of the condenser and the temperature of the atmo-
spheric air (lower source temperature).
The compressor heat pump model was im-
plemented in the Matlab Simulink environment
(Figure 19). Simulation studies were carried out
by introducing the lower source temperatures and
refrigerant condensation temperatures recorded
during service tests as input signals in the form
of time series.
Figure 20 shows temperatures during the ex-
periment and Figure 21 the power values of the

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Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal 2023, 17(5), 12–27

Figure 19. The compressor heat pump model implemented in the Matlab Simulink environment

Fig. 20. Curve showing the temperature of the working medium and the heating water
in the condenser supply and return for a water flow of 12 kg/min and 50% compressor
control (transient state visible in the initial phase up to approx. 300 s)

Fig. 21. Curve showing the capacity of the heating water provided from the condenser, the
power consumed by the compressor and the COP for a water flow of 12 kg/min and 50%
compressor control (transient state visible in the initial phase up to approx. 300 s)

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 Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal 2023, 17(5), 12–27

Fig. 22. Comparison of simulated and actual values of heating capacity (R2 = 95.8%)
and electricity consumption (R2 = 97.4%)

Fig. 23. Comparison of simulated and actual condenser supply (R2 = 98.8%)
and return water temperatures (R2 = 97.4%)

Fig. 24. Comparison of simulated and actual COPs (R2 = 95.6%)

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Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal 2023, 17(5), 12–27

system. On Fig. 20 and Fig. 21 transient state is The developed model enables conducting
visible in the initial phase up to approx. 300 s, the simulation tests for any refrigerant and any com-
following figures (22–24) show the curves after pressor, which makes it universal. The developed
stabilization of the transient state. model makes it possible to calculate the opera-
Figures 22–24 show a comparison of the actu- tional parameters of the device, e.g. such as COP
al and simulated values: heat pump heating power, and SCOP for given boundary conditions, which
electricity consumption (Figure 22), condenser then enables to estimate the coverage degree of
supply and return water temperature (Figure 23) the heat load of the building by the heat pump due
and COP value (Figure 24). When analyzing the to central heating and to estimate momentary and
course of real and simulated operating param- seasonal operating costs of the heat pump.
eters of the heat pump shown in Figures 22 - 24, it
should be noted that the time series overlap, which
Nomenclatures
proves the very high quality of the developed heat
pump model, as confirmed by the high value of the Symbol Meaning Unit
coefficient of determination (R2 > 95%). Q Capacity W
R2 Coefficient of determination
k Critical point −
CONCLUSIONS h Enthalpy kJ/kg
S Entropy
This paper presents a universal compressor ṁ Flow rate dm3/s
heat pump model that allows to conduct simulation R Gas constant
studies of a heat pump for any refrigerant based on Cp, Cv Specific heat capacity J/(kg∙K)
saturation and condensation temperature values and T Temperature °C

refrigerant mass flow rate and model parameters V Volume dm3

Volumetric efficiency of
calculation for two refrigerants R410a and R290. v
compressor
m3/h
The practical laboratory verification of the Indexes
compressor heat pump model presented in this g Heating
article, described in chapter 4, confirmed its cor- c Cooling
rectness and purposefulness of application. The w Water
model was verified by comparing operational data s Compressor
recorded during operation of an air-to-water heat steam Steam
pump with a compressor, with data simulated us- fluid Fluid
ing the model. In this way, an effective and easy- in Inlet
to-implement control algorithm of the heat pump out Outlet
was obtained. The model inputs were the actual Acronyms
refrigerant saturation and condensation tempera- COP Coefficient of performance
ture and refrigerant mass flow. The output signals SCOP
Seasonal coefficient of
performance
of the model are: heating power, cooling power,
the compressor electrical energy consumption.
The verification of the model consisted in com-
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