Annotated Bibliography: (Pro/Con)

Online higher Education

Statement of Scope: In our fast-paced digital age, traditional higher education is being reshaped

by the surge of online learning. As we unravel the pros and cons of this, we step into a realm

where convenience meets potential pitfalls. One prominent finding that emerged from the

synthesis of numerous sources is the positive influence of online learning on the student

engagement. The flexibility offered by the online platforms enables students to access

educational resources at their convenience, fostering a personalized learning experience.

Moreover, the increased autonomy in scheduling contributes to heightened student motivation

and commitment to academic pursuits.

However, a repeating theme in the literature is the potential drawback of online learning- a

sense of isolation among students. Despite the virtual connectivity facilitated by technology,

several studies highlighted the importance of social interaction and collaborative learning

experiences in normal classroom settings. The contradiction underscores the need to strike a

balance in the design of online courses, ensuring that they not only provide the flexibility but

also promote meaningful student to faculty interactions.

As I progress my research, I aim to explore specific strategies employed in online course

design to enhance student engagement. Additionally, I’ll critically evaluate the challenges

associated with implementing these strategies and propose recommendations for educators and

institutions to create a more inclusive and engaging online learning environment.

My research journey has illuminated the complex landscape of online learning, revealing

both its empowering and potentially isolating aspects. The subsequent sections of my aper will
delve deeper into the details of these findings, aiming to contribute valuable insights to the

ongoing discourse on optimizing online education for enhanced student engagement

Source 1: (SCHOLARLY source)

CITATION: Dumford, A. D., & Miller, A. L. (2018). Online learning in higher education:

Exploring advantages and disadvantages for engagement. Journal of Computing in Higher

Education, 30(3), 452–465.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-018-9179-z .

Summary: The authors conducted a literature review to examine the advantages and

disadvantages of online learning in higher education. They found that online learning can

increase student engagement by providing flexibility and access to resources, but it can also

be associated with feelings of isolation and a lack of engagement. They recommend that

online learning be designed to encourage interaction and collaboration among students and

faculties. The authors also bring attention to potential drawbacks associated with online

learning. One significant challenge identified is the preference for online learning to induce

feelings of isolation among students, potentially leading to a decline in overall engagements

levels. As the landscape education continues to evolve, this research contributes valuable

insights that can inform the ongoing refinement of online learning methods. By recognizing

the dual nature of its impact and proposing strategies for improvement, the study prompts

educators and institutions to critically evaluate and enhance the online learning experience,

ensuring that it remains a potent tool for student engagement and academic success.

A noteworthy recommendation emerging from the study is the importance of

international design in online learning experiences. The authors advocate for the

incorporation of features that foster interaction and collaboration, both among students

and between students and faculty. This emphasis on design elements aligns with the

broader goal of addressing the identified disadvantages while maximizing the advantages

of online learning.

Evaluation: Dumford and Miller are both professors of higher education, with extensive

experience in the field. They have published numerous articles and books on the topic of

online learning. This makes them credible sources on the topic. The source is published in

the Journal of Computing in Higher Education, a peer-reviewed academic journal. While

academic journals generally strive for objectivity and quality research, it's essential to

consider the journal's focus and potential biases. The article was published in 2018. The

relationship between engagement indicators and the percentage of classes taken online are:

Collaborative Learning Engagement and Exposure to Effective Teaching Practices.

Use: The identification of teacher profiles and the influence of diverse factors provide

complex insights that can contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the complexities

involved in transitioning to online teaching and learning which I’ll use for my thesis

statement.

Source 2: (SCHOLARLY source)

CITATION: Eftimie, S. (2020). Online Education – Teachers’ Perspective. Jus et Civitas, 2,

35–42.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106675.

Summary: The study by Eftimie (2020) explores the readiness of higher education teachers

for the shift to Online Teaching and Learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing
from a global sample of 739 educators in 58 countries, the research identifies three distinct

teacher profiles based on readiness dimensions. These profiles indicate that teachers vary

significantly in their preparedness for online education. Key variables, including gender,

prior online teaching experience, of the shift to educational innovation, and cultural

orientation, were found to influence the identified profiles. The study contributes valuable

insights into the diverse landscape of teacher readiness for online education during the

pandemic. The findings in this study reveal a complex landscape of teacher preparedness,

unveiling three distinct profiles that highlight significant variations among educators.

These profiles serve as a testament to the diversity of approaches and levels of readiness

exhibited by teachers worldwide as they grapple with the challenges of transitioning to

online education.

Crucial variables emerged as influential factors shaping these profiles. Gender, prior

experience in online teaching, the context of the shift of OTL (online teacher learning), and

orientation were identified as key determinants impacting teacher readiness. These insights

not only contribute to understanding the multifaceted nature of teacher preparedness but

also offer a foundation for tailoring support and resources to address specific needs withing

the teaching community.

Evaluation: The author, Eftimie, provides a relevant and timely investigation into the

challenges and variations in teacher readiness for online education, a topic of great

significance during the COVID-19 pandemic. The use of a global sample adds a broad

perspective to the findings. The article was published in the journal "Jus et Civitas," which

may be associated with legal studies rather than education. This raises questions about the

alignment of the journal's scope with the topic of the study. The publication date is crucial
in the context of a rapidly evolving situation like the pandemic, and as of my last update in

January 2023, the study may not reflect the most recent developments in online education.

Use: The identification of teacher profiles and the influence of diverse factors provide

complex insights that can contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the complexities

involved in transitioning to online teaching and learning. This would also work for the

statistical part of my essay

Source 3:

Babson Survey Research Group. (2018). State of online learning in higher education. Online

Learning Consortium.

https://www.onlinelearningsurvey.com/reports/state-of-online-learning/

Summary: This report delves into various aspects, offering a comprehensive view of the

landscape. It addresses key trends, challenges, and opportunities in the realm of online education.

The report begins by outlining the increasing prevalence of online learning, noting its widespread

adoption across educational institutions. It explores the factors driving this shift, emphasizing the

flexibility and accessibility that report touches on the advancements in technology contributing

to the evolution of online education. Faculty developments and the design of courses that

facilitate effective learning are highlighted as crucial aspects.

A significant portion of the report is dedicated to the challenges faced by educators and

institutions in the online learning environment. It discusses issues such as faculty development,

effective course design, and the importance of fostering a sense of community among online

learners. Moreover, the report examines the role of technology in enhancing the online learning
experience and the need for continuous innovation as a means of staying ahead in the evolving

landscape of online education.

Evaluation: The “Online learning Consortium” is a reputable organization known for its

commitment to advancing quality in digital teaching and learning. Th report is based on

extensive research and data analysis, providing a reliable source of information. The website’s

domain expertise in inline learning enhances the credibility of the content

Use: I can use this source for the basis of the discussion

Source 4:

U.S. News & world Report. (n.d.). The pros and cons of online higher education

usnews.com/education/online-education/the-pros-and-cons-of-online-higher-education/

Summary: The article explores the experiences and challenges faced by adult learners in online

education. The study aims to shed light on the factors influencing adult students’ decision to

engage in online learning and the subsequent impact on their academic success. The introduction

provides a backdrop for the research, emphasizing the growing trend of adult learners

participating in online education programs. The article highlights the convenience and flexibility

offered by online platforms, making education more accessible to individuals with diverse life

commitments. The authors reference previous studies to underscore the increasing prevalence of

adult students in online sources. Moving to the methods section, the researchers outline their

approach, utilizing surveys and interviews to gather data from a sample of adult learners enrolled

in online programs.

The inclusion of both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods enhances the

comprehensiveness of the study. The results section presents key findings, revealing that while
adult learners appreciate the flexibility of online learning, they also face challenges related to

technology, the management, and a perceived lack of support. The analysis section delves into

the implications of the findings, discussing the need for tailored support services and

technological assistance for adult learners. The authors emphasize the importance of recognizing

the unique characteristics and challenges of this demographic in the design and delivery of online

education.

Evaluation: The US News is a reputable platform known for providing reliable and well-

researched information on various topics, including education. The article maintains a balanced

tone, objectively presenting both the positive and negative aspects of online higher education.

This balanced approach enhances the credibility of the source.

Use: I can use this source for comprehensive analysis in my essay.

Source 5:

BestColleges. (2017, oct.12). The pros and cons of online degree.

bestcolleges.com/articles/online-colleges-pros-and-cons/

Summary: This article provides a comprehensive exploration of the advantages and

disadvantages associated with online education. It offers valuable insights for individuals

navigating the decision-making process. The article begins by acknowledging the increasing

prevalence of online higher education and the flexibility it provides to learners. It explores the

potential benefits, highlighting factors such as flexibility in scheduling, accessibility for a diverse

range of students, and the opportunity for cost savings compared to normal on campus programs.

The convenience of asynchronous learning, allowing students to progress at their own pace and

self- discipline, is also emphasized.

 Conversely, the article critically examines the challenges essential in online education. It

discusses concerns related to the quality of online degrees, the potential lack of face-to-face

interaction leading to feelings of isolation, and the importance of self-discipline and the time

management skills for online learners. The article recognizes that online education may not be

suitable for everyone and underscores the importance of considering personal learning

preferences and needs. The article offers a balanced perspective, presenting both the advantages

and disadvantages associated with this mode of learning. The insights provided can be utilized to

support arguments, provide context, and contribute to a complex understanding. The article also

addresses concerns about the perceived quality of online degrees and potential limitations in

terms of networking and social connections.

Evaluation: This source is hosted on the US News website, a reputable platform for providing

reliable information on various topics, including education. The publication date is crucial for

assessing the currency of the information and ensuring its relevance to the current landscape of

online education.

Use: I can use this source to support arguments in my essay and it will also contribute to the

complex dynamic involved in online learning.

Source 6:

Mangan, K. (2019, May 1). Studies compare online vs face-to-face instruction. Inside Higher Ed.

insidehighered/news/2019/05/01/studies-compare-online-vs-face-to-face-instruction

Summary: The article provides an insightful exploration of online education, offering readers a

comprehensive overview of the advantages and disadvantages associated with online education.

The article delves into the disruptive potential of online learning and its capacity to transform the
normal higher education landscape. The article argues that online education has the power to

break down the various components of normal higher education, such as lectures, assessments,

and credentials. This breakdown, they position, allows for increased flexibility and customization

in educational experiences.

The article emphasizes the importance of considering online learning not merely as a replica

of traditional methods but as a catalyst for innovation and adaptation in response to the changing

needs of learners. Furthermore, the article also discusses the challenges and criticisms associated

with online education, acknowledging issues related to quality, accreditation, and the potential

division of labor involved in educational opportunities. Despite these challenges, the article

encourages a shift in mindset. Urging stakeholders to view online education as a force for

positive change rather than threat to established norms. The article provides a balanced view of

both the opportunities and challenges, it can be utilized in an essay to present a complex

understanding of the current state and future possibilities on educational innovation, urging

readers to critically assess the role of online learning in shaping the future of education

Evaluation: The source indicates that it provides complex perspective on the ongoing debate

surrounding online and face-to face education. It allows the exploration of the complexities of

the topic, considering actors like student engagement and completion rates.

Use: I’ll use the source to make a comparative analysis in my essay.

Source 7:

Perez-Pena, R. (2017, July 17). Does online earning work? The Washington Post

washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2017/07/01/does-online-learning-work/

Summary: The article explores the efficacy of online learning by examining various studies and
perspectives on the subject. The article delves into the ongoing debate regarding the

effectiveness of online education, considering both its promises and challenges.

The article discusses the potential advantages of online learning, such as increased flexibility and

accessibility for learners, especially those with busy schedules or geographical constraints.

However, the article also highlights the concerns and criticisms raised by skeptics, including

issues related to student engagement, motivation, and quality of online courses. The article

emphasizes the need for a complex understanding, acknowledging that the effectiveness of

online learning depends on various factors, including the nature of the course, the instructor’s

approach, and the characteristics of the students. The article suggests that successful online

learning experiences often involve well-designed courses, interactive elements, and effective

instructor-student interactions. The article also addresses the criticisms, making it a well-rounded

source. The article refrains from presenting a one-size fits all conclusion, recognizing the

multifaceted aspects that contributed to the effectiveness of online education.

The article also emphasizes on the quality of course design, the inclusion of interactive

components, and the effectiveness of instructor-student interactions are identified as crucial

elements for positive online experience

Evaluation: The Washington Post is a reputable and well-established news outlet, contributing

to the credibility. The author is a seasoned journalist and higher education expert, adding

expertise to the content.

Use: I will use tis source to lay more emphasis on the essay and strengthen my arguments.

Source 8:
Cite the source with a full reference citation in APA style and use a hanging indent so that it’s

clear where the source begins and ends.

Summary: Summarize the source.

Evaluation: Evaluate the source.

Use: Discuss how you might use this source in your Explanatory Synthesis paper.