TEST 18

LISTENING
Task 1. Fill in each gap with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS

Task 2.
Task 3. Answer each question with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS
1. What was the weather like at the marine reserve?
2. According to Mia, what did the group aim to check?
3. What skills was Mia hoping to improve during the trip?
4. What does Mia recommend other students work on before going on similar trips?
5. What distracted some people in Mia’s group in the marine reserve?
6. When Mia’s group went on an extra dive, what factor did they think might affect fish?
Task 4. T, F, NG
1. Referees become retired if they are no longer chosen for important matches.
2. Referees think they gain the respect of players by showing no tolerance to them.
3. It would be wrong to believe that referees are not passionately interested in football.
4. Martin says there need to be some changes to the system for assessing referees.
5. According to Martin, a referee should deal with the bad behavior of players deciding
rapidly what a player’s real intention was.
LEXICO-GRAMMAR
Multiple choices
 1. They live miles ______.
A. in every corner of the globe B. high on the list
C. off the beaten track D. into the spotlight
2. Employers provide healthy meals free of charge for employees, who will, therefore, take
less sick leave brought on by unhealthy eating habits. It is a _____ situation for all
concerned.
A. win-win B. altruistic C. nominal D. opulent
3. They should _____ themselves lucky to have got away with only minor injuries.
A. calculate B. include C. count D. accept
4. People were _____ out of the windows and waving.
A. craning B. hoisting C. heaving D. jacking
5. The senator pondered the question _____ for a moment.
A. jolly B. seriously C. overmuch D. archly
6. He left a note to the _____ that he would not be coming back.
A. effect B. impact C. influence D. consequence
7. David was the first to reach the summit, followed by Pat, leaving Fergus to bring _____
the rear.
A. out B. down C. on D. up
8. They had only a _____ idea where the place was.
A. slight B. vague C. faintest D. gauzy
9. He was an _____ traveler, being here and there all the time.
A. inveterate B. inculcated C. hard-core D. inbred
10.There are no _____ rules about this. We should be flexible.
A. safe and sound B. hard and fast C. home and dry D. fast and furious
11.After two days at sea, it was good to be back on _____ again.
A. reductio ad B. alma mater C. alias D. terra firma
absurdum
12.Guests are encouraged to _____ themselves of the full range of hotel facilities.
A. benefit B. profit C. aid D. avail
13.The plane _____ down through the thick clouds.
A. eyed B. mouthed C. nosed D. chinned
14.There was something odd about him but I couldn't _____ it.
A. cry my heart out of B. put my finger on
C. face the music from D. have my head in
 15.It was _____ cold, but he had found himself a vantage point on the boat deck where he
was shielded from the light piercing wind.
A. ruefully B. dejectedly C. severely D. bitterly
Word form
1. He was (capable) by old age and sickness.
2. The town was (person) largely by workers from the car factory and their families.
3. I tried to (persuade) him from giving up his job.
4. The (analyse) included data from nine cohort studies with 1 280 children.
5. He was imprisoned for two (current) terms of 30 months and 18 months.
READING
Passage 1

Density and Crowding

A. Of the great myriad of problems which man and the world face today, there
are three significant fiends which stand above all others in importance: the
uprecedented population growth throughout the world a net increase of 1,400,000
people per week and all of its associations and consequences; the increasing
urbanization of these people, so that more and more of them are rushing into
cities and urban areas of the world; and the tremendous explosion of
communication and social contact throughout the world, so that every part of the
world is now aware of every other part. All of these fiends are producing
increased crowding and the perception of crowding.

B. It is important to emphasize at the outset that crowding and density are not
necessarily the same. Density is the number of individuals per unit area or unit
space. It is a simple physical measurement. Crowding is a product of density,
communication, contact, and activity. It implies a pressure, a force, and a
psychological reaction. It may occur at widely different densities.

The frontiersman may have felt crowded when someone built a homestead a mile
away. The suburbanite may feel relatively uncrowded in a small house on a half-
acre lot if it is surrounded by trees, bushes, and a hedgerow, even though he lives
under much higher physical density than did the frontiersman. Hence, crowding is
very much a psychological and ecological phenomenon, and not just a physical
condition.

C. A classic crowding study was done by Calhoun (1962), who put rats into a
physical environment designed to accommodate 50 rats and provided enough
food, water, and nesting materials for the number of rats in the environment. The
rat population peaked at 80, providing a look at ramped living conditions.
Although the rats experienced no resource limitations other than space
restriction, a number of negative conditions developed: the two most dominant
males took harems of several female rats and occupied more than their share of
space, leaving other rats even more crowded; many females stopped building
nests and abandoned their infant rats; the pregnancy rate declined; infant and
adult mortality rates increased; more aggressive and physical attacks occurred;
sexual variation increased, including hypersexuality, inhibited sexuality,
homosexuality, and bisexuality.

D. Calhoun’s results have led to other research on crowding’s effects on human

beings, and these research findings have suggested that high density is not the
single cause of negative effects on humans. When crowding is defined only in
terms of spatial density (the amount of space per person), the effects of crowding
are variable. However, if crowding is defined in terms of social density, or the
number of people who must interact, then crowding better predicts negative
psychological and physical effects.

E. There are several reasons why crowding makes US feel uncomfortable. One
reason is related to stimulus overload there are just too many stimuli competing
for our attention. We cannot notice or respond to all of them. This feeling is
typical of the harried mother, who has several children competing for her
attention, while she is on the phone and the doorbell is ringing. This leaves her
feeling confused, fatigued and yearning to withdraw from the situation. There are
strong feelings of a lack of privacy – being unable to pay attention to what you
want without being repeatedly interrupted or observed by others.

F. Field studies done in a variety of settings illustrate that social density is

associated with negative effects on human beings. In prison studies, males
generally became more aggressive with increases in density. In male prison,
inmate; living in conditions of higher densities were more likely to suffer from
fight. Males rated themselves as more aggressive in small rooms (a situation of
high spatial density), whilst the females rated themselves as more aggressive in
large rooms (Stokols et al., 1973). These differences relate to the different
personal space requirements of the genders.

Besides, Baum and Greenberg found that high density leads to decreased
attraction, both physical attraction and liking towards others and it appears to
have gender differences in the impact that density has on attraction levels, with
males experiencing a more extreme reaction. Also, the greater the density is, the
less the helping behavior. One reason why the level of helping behavior may be
reduced in crowded situations links to the concept of diffusion of responsibility.
The more people that are present in a situation that requires help, the less often
help is given. This may be due to the fact that people diffuse responsibility among
themselves with no-one feeling that they ought to be the one to help.
G. Facing all these problems, what are we going to do with them? The more
control a person has over the crowded environment the less negatively they
experience it, thus the perceived crowding is less (Schmidt and Keating). The
ability to cope with crowding is also influenced by the relationship the individual
has with the other people in the situation. The high density will be interpreted
less negatively if the individual experiences it with people he likes. One of the
main coping strategies employed to limit the impact of high density is social
withdrawal. This includes behaviors such as averting the gaze and using negative
body language to attempt to block any potential intrusions.

Questions 1-7

Reading passage 1 has seven paragraphs, A-G

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A -G from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
List of headings

i Other experiments following Calhoun’s experiment offering a clearer indication

ii The effects of crowding on people in the social scope

iii Psychological reaction to crowding

iv Problems that result in crowding

v Responsibility does not work

vi What cause the upset feel of crowding

vii Definitions of crowding and density

viii Advice for crowded work environment

ix Difference between male and females’ attractiveness in a crowd

x Nature and results of Calboun’s experiment

1 Paragraph A
2 Paragraph B
3 Paragraph C
4 Paragraph D
5 Paragraph E
6 Paragraph F
7 Paragraph G

Questions 8-13
Show Notepad

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.

Being disturbed repeatedly, the harried mother feels frustrated for the lack
of 8
Inmates in high density settings were more aggressive in 9
The different result between male and female is associated with the varying need
of 10
Especially for male, Baum and Greenberg found that 11 declined
with high density.
The idea of responsibility diffusion may explain a person’s reluctant
to 12
Schmidt and Keating suggest that if more 13 was present there
would be a reduction in crowding stress.
Passage 2
Passage 3

Answers
0. 12.
9. 13.
9.2. 14.
10. 15.
11. 16.
Passage 4
 59

line 76
37. How did the author feel about their coming move on May 24, 1950?
A. completely lost B. wonderful C. anxious D. confused
38. What is the word “party” in line 59 most likely to refer to?
A. a meal B. a tool C. a person D. a meeting
Passage 5

Missing paragraphs
WRITING
Summary

THERE’S no animal that symbolises rainforest diversity quite as spectacularly as

the tropical butterfly. Anyone lucky enough to see these creatures flitting
between patches of sunlight cannot fail to be impressed by the variety of their
patterns. But why do they display such colourful exuberance? Until recently, this
was almost as pertinent a question as it had been when the 19th-century
naturalists, armed only with butterfly nets and insatiable curiosity, battle through
the rainforests. These early explorers soon realised that although some of the
butterflies’ bright colours are there to attract a mate, others are warning signals.
They send out a message to any predators: “Keep off, we’re poisonous.” And
because wearing certain patterns affords protection, other species copy them.
Biologists use the term “mimicry rings” for these clusters of impostors and their
evolutionary idol.

But here’s the conundrum. “Classical mimicry theory says that only a single ring
should be found in any one area,” explains George Beccaloni of the Natural
History Museum, London. The idea is that in each locality there should be just the
one pattern that best protects its wearers. Predators would quickly learn to avoid
it and eventually, all mimetic species in a region should converge upon it. “The
fact that this is patently not the case has been one of the major problems in
mimicry research,” says Beccaloni. In pursuit of a solution to the mystery of
mimetic exuberance, Beccaloni set off for one of the mega centres for butterfly
diversity, the point where the western edge of the Amazon basin meets the
foothills of the Andes in Ecuador. “It’s exceptionally rich, but comparatively well
collected, so I pretty much knew what was there, says Beccaloni.” The trick was
to work out how all the butterflies were organised and how this related to
mimicry.
Graph
Goods transported in the UK (1974-2002)

Essay
People often do not interact with their neighbours and this is harming community
building. What are the possible causes and solutions?
Listening
Task 1
https://www.bing.com/videos/riverview/relatedvideo?
q=cae+listening&mid=09F359AEBFA6F39F864709F359AEBFA6F39F8647
Task 2
 Task 3
https://www.google.com/search?
q=cae+listening&oq=&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqCQgBEEUYOxjCAzIJCAAQRRg7GMIDMgkIARBFG
DsYwgPSAQ05MjE3MTk1NmowajE1qAICsAIB&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-
8#fpstate=ive&vld=cid:f0e3cbc2,vid:958izU99CUE
1. (really) windy 2. size of fish 3. identification (skills) 4. fitness (training) 5. (juvenile) dolphins 6. light/ darkness

Task 4.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkpqitC6yO4&t=1198s
1NG 2F 3T 4NG 5T
Multiple: 1C 2A 3C 4A 5B 6A 7D 8B 9A 10B 11D 12D 13C 14B
15D
Word form
1. incapacitated 2. peopled 3. dissuade 4. meta-analysis
5. concurrent
Reading
Passage 1
 1iv
 2vii
 3x
 4i
 5vi
 6ii
 7viii
 8privacy
 9male prison
 10personal space
 11attraction
 12help
 13control