The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function

in the reproduction of new offspring. In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at
birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry a fetus to
full term.

Katulad po ng sinabi ni hizziel kanina. Its functions include producing gametes called eggs,
secreting sex hormones (such as estrogen), providing a site for fertilization, gestating a fetus if
fertilization occurs, giving birth to a baby, and breastfeeding a baby after birth.
To fully understand po kung paano nagiging possible po mangyari tong mga binaggit ko lets
proceed po sa internal and external parts of female reproductive system.

Lets start po muna sa external parts. For u to fully understand i will draw the structure of
external genitalia.

Ito pong parang Mountain is called Mons pubis. Mons pubis a cushion of fatty tissue covered by
skin and pubic hair.
Just below the pubis is a two lips like structure called labia majora. Labia means lip and majora
means big. These also contain fat and pubic hair. Labia majora are fleshy folds of tissue. It
encloses and protects the other external reproductive organs. During puberty, hair growth
occurs on the skin of the labia majora, which also contains sweat and oil-secreting glands.
. Now just below the labia majora is another two lip-like structures: labia minora are paired folds
of tissue just under the labia majora. It surrounds the opening of the vagina and urethra. This
skin is very delicate and can become easily irritated and swollen. Unlike labia majora walang fat
and pubic hair ang labia minora.
(draw on top)
Now this is the meeting point of labia minora, it is a tiny finger-like structure called clitoris. It is a
small, sensitive protrusion that’s comparable to a penis in men. Additionally, it is covered by a
fold of skin called the prepuce and is very sensitive to stimulation. It contains two bundles of
erectile tissue and (drawing) the space between libia minora is called vestibule, vestibule is a
small space or cavity at the beginning of a canal. The vulval vestibule is a part of the vulva
between the labia minora into which the urinary meatus (urethral opening) and the vaginal
opening open. (draw) And just below the clitoris on the opening is called urethral opening this is
where urine came out. (draw) Just below the urethral opening is another opening called vaginal
opening. This allows the menstrual blood and babies to exit one’s body. The female organ for
copulation consists of smooth muscular layers and contains many elastic fibers.
it is partially covered by a membrane called hymen. Ang hymen naman po is A thin piece of
tissue covering or surrounding the vaginal opening. It is formed during development and present
during birth.

These parts are considered as the least important parts of reproduction. Hindi po sila ganon
kaimportante for reproduction. Ang pinaka importante po talaga ay ang internal organs. Ito ay
binubuo ng…. Lets start po sa ovaries.
1. Ovaries- (ppt) Ito po yung responsible sa pagawa ng egg cell and sex hormones na
progesterone and estrogen later po natin iddiscuss yung meaning nan for now lets focus
muna sa ovaries. As you know ang egg cell po ay kinakailangan para mabuo ang isang
baby. Isa po itong haploid cell which means meron itong half number of chromosomes,
yung haploid cells po ay may 23 chromosomes at yung kalahati naman po ay
nanggaling sa sperm cells na isa din pong haploid cell na mula sa male reproductive
system. Now lets go back po sa progesterone at estrogen. Ano po ba ang function
nito? Ang Estrogen po ay ang responsable sa pagbabago ng katawan ng isang babae
kapag siya ay nasa puberty stage or kapag sexually matured na tulad ng Breast
development, body hair, their hips will widen, and start of menstruation. Ang
Progesterone naman ay ang naghahanda para sa pagbubuntis sa mammary gland
para sa lactation. At ang parehong estrogen at progesterone ay importante para sa
menstruation.

Ovaries also produce testerone for the development of muscle mass and bone strength.

2. Fallopian Tube- Meron ding dalawang fallopian tube. Ito ay makipot na tubes na
nakakabit sa uterus, ito ay nagsisilbing lagusan para makadaan ang egg cell mula ovary
papuntang uterus at kapag may nakapasok na sperm cell dito sa fallopian tube
nagtatagpo ang sperm cell at egg cell o ang tinatawag natin na fertilization. We will be
discussing pregnancy later po. Then ang fertilized egg ay baba naman sa uterus.
3. Uterus-(ppt) Ang uterus ay ang pinaka malaking organ ng reproductive system dahil dito
mapupunta ang fertilized egg na sa kalaunan ay magiging fetus at ganap na bata
hanggang sa ipanganak ito. Ang uterus ay may apat na segments or regions ang
fundus, body, cervix, at Cervical Canal. Then ang uterus naman ay konektado sa isa
pang part na tinatawag natin na vagina. Lets discuss first the regions of the uterus.

PARTS OF THE UTERUS

1. Fundus - top of the uterus, above the entry point of the uterine tubes

2. Body – main part of the uterus – usual implantation site of blastocyst Uterine Cavity –
space in the fundus and body

3. Cervix – lower, narrow part of the uterus – structurally different from the rest of the
uterus – passage of sperm into the uterine cavity – maintains sterility

4.Cervical Canal – space that opens into the vagina

4. Vagina- (ppt) Ito ay isang lagusan na may tatlong functions for sexual intercourse,
childbirth, at menstruation. Ito ay may hymen isang membrane ng tissue na nasa vaginal
opening. Itong hymen ay napupunit at some point sa buhay ng isang babae kahit walang
pagtatalik na nagaganap. Sa madaling salita ang hymen ay hindi basehan sa virginity ng
 isang babae. Sometimes ang hymen ay natatakpan niya ng buo ang vagina in this case
kailangan niyang mapunit upang makadaloy ang dugo palabas during menstruation.

Meaning ng FUNCTIONS OF THE VAGINA

● Sexual intercourse – female organ of copulation; receives the penis and ejaculate,
assisting in its transport to the uterus

● Childbirth – expands to provide a channel for delivery of a newborn

● Menstruation – serves as a canal for menstrual fluid

5. Cervix- (ppt) Katulad po ng sinabi ko kanina part po siya ng Uterus. Sometimes called
the “neck of the uterus,” yung cervix po plays an important role in allowing fluids
to pass between your uterus and vagina. It enables a baby to leave the uterus so
that it can travel through your vagina during childbirth. During pregnancy, the
cervix helps keep the baby in place until it’s fully developed. At kapag naman
ikaw ay hindi buntis, cervix helps keep unhealthy things out of your body, like
bath water from swimming, tampons, at iba pa.
6. Uterine Cavity- (ppt) The uterine cavity is important in the act of sex, fertilization,
and pregnancy. This space allows for sperm to travel towards eggs, and it also
allows for a fertilized egg to implant and develop during pregnancy.
7. Endometrium-(ppt) The endometrium is the inner lining of your uterus. This tissue is
what you shed during a menstrual period. Think of endometrium as layers of tissue that
build up along the inside lining of your uterus.
8. Myometrium- (ppt)This is the thick middle muscle layer of the corpus or fundus. It
expands during pregnancy to hold the growing baby. It contracts during labor to push the
baby out.

Breast engorgement is swelling, tightness, and an increase in size of the breasts. It usually
occurs in the early days of breastfeeding, between day 3 and 5, but may occur as late as day
9-10. Moderately severe breast engorgement results in hard, full, tense, warm and tender
breasts with throbbing and aching pain.

MAMMARY GLANDS – organs of milk production located in the breasts – modified sweat
glands. The mammary gland is a highly evolved and specialized organ present in pairs, one on
each side of the anterior chest wall. The organ's primary function is to secrete milk. Though it is
present in both sexes, it is well developed in females and rudimentary in males. Rudimentary po
means undeveloped, or basic form.

● Nipple – raised projection, provides exit for milk during breastfeeding – contains smooth
muscle, sensitive to tactile stimulation – becomes erect in response to stimuli (touch, cold,
arousal).
How do female nipples work po ba?
The nipple is a raised region of tissue on the surface of the breast from which, in females, milk
leaves the breast through the lactiferous ducts to feed an infant. The milk can flow through the
nipple passively or it can be ejected by smooth muscle contractions that occur along with the
ductal system.
● Areola – pigmented area around the nipple; rich in modified sebaceous glands. Areolae have
glands called Montgomery's glands that secrete a lubricating oil. This oil protects your nipple
and skin from chafing during breastfeeding.
● Adipose tissue – gives female breasts its form – covers 15-20 glandular lobes in the
mammary glands. The main function of breast adipose tissue is to store the excess energy and
release it when required by the body. However, breast adipose tissue also plays a major role in
breast development and maturation.
● Lactiferous duct – opening at the surface of the nipple. collects the milk from the lobules within
each lobe and carries it to the nipple. At ang lobules naman po ay
● Lobules – grape-like structures (also called alveoli) that contain specialized gland cells that
produce and secrete milk. The lobules are in clusters and form lobes. There are between 15–20
lobes embedded in the breasts' fatty tissue, and they radiate around the nipple. Some breast
cancers start in the lobules and are known as lobular cancers.

Six main types of birth control (listed from most effective to least effective)
- Long-acting reversible contraception
-type of birth control that provides the highest rate of effectiveness with typical use
-methods that do not require daily action with each incidence of sexual intercourse.
1. Intrauterine devices (IUD)
– a medical device that is placed in female’s uterus through the cervix by a medical caregiver
– two main types: copper IUDS (effective for 10 years) and LNG-IUDS (effective for 5 years)
2. Birth control implant
– a small capsule containing etonogestrel, or synthetic progesterone, that a female’s medical
caregiver places under the skin of the upper arm
– slowly releases hormone for a period of 3-5 years
-Permanent Methods of Birth Control
● a male or female may choose a surgical sterilization method as a form of permanent
birth control
● None of these listed methods reduce the risk of STIs
1. Female sterilization
– tubal ligation is the most common for females, where the uterine tubes are blocked or cut
2. Male sterilization
– vasectomy is the most common for males, where the ductus (vas) deferens is blocked or cut
-Hormonal Methods of Birth Control
● some of these methods require daily attention and none of these reduce the risk of
STIs
1. Injectables
– must be injected under the skin every 2-3 m,months for progesterone-only injectables
– progesterone-only injectable acts to thicken cervical mucus to prevent sperm cell entry into
the uterus as well as preventing ovulation
2. Pills
– oral contraceptives that are taken mostly by females since male contraceptives are not
currently available. Hindi ko naman po siguro kailangan mag show ng example kung ano yung
pills kasi alam niyo naman po ata yon, pero ito po yung tinatake ng mga babae every day (give
situation na hindi lang kapag nakikipagtalik)
3. Patch and vaginal ring
– releases progesterone and estrogen for 3 weeks and then a new one is put into place –
prevents ovulation and results in about 9 unintended pregnancies/100 females
Barrier Methods of Birth Control
● a barrier method is a device that physically prevents the sperm cells and oocyte from meeting;
only contraceptive methods that also reduce the risk of STI transmission
1. Female condom
– made of thin, small plastic, which fits inside the female’s vagina
2. Male condom
– a covering that is placed over a male’s erect penis
3. Diaphragm
– a flexible latex dome that a female inserts into her vagina along with a spermicide before
each instance of sexual intercourse
Fertility-Awareness-Based Methods of Birth Control
● require focused attention
● estimated that only 25-30% of females know when their most fertile period occurs
1. Standard days method
– a female tracks her fertile period using a tracking tool such as cycle beads, or an app for
her smartphone (tracking your periods)
2. Two-day method
– females monitor their cervical mucus traits such as color and consistency; 14 in 100
females become unintentionally pregnant using this method Emergency Contraception
● if unprotected intercourse occurs, ingestion of emergency contraceptive pills or injection of a
copper IUD significantly lowers the possibility of an unintended pregnancy (situation).
Traditional Methods of Birth Control
● Some traditional birth control methods are still in use; however, only abstinence is 100%
effective in prevention of unintended pregnancies

May sexual intercourse

Walang birth control
May fertilization na naganap
Boom nabuntis
Dinala for 9 months
Yehey mangangnak ka na

Doon na papasok ang childbirth

Childbirth

● also known as labour, parturition and delivery, is the completion of pregnancy where
one or more babies exits the internal environment of the mother via vaginal delivery
or caesarean section.

Cesarean
● C-section, or Cesarean birth is the surgical delivery of a baby through a cut
(incision) made in the mother's abdomen and uterus. Health care providers use
it when they believe it is safer for the mother, the baby, or both. The incision
made in the skin may be: Up-and-down (vertical)

Abnormalities of the female repro