d

'
·ctory
l:1 Of Architecture
I ··~r~ek
Arch 1tectu r~
""'ttng SOO BC - 600 BC .
•~ ed.In Greece & in the numerou .
-~itecture described as CLASSICAt islan~ of the cost. ·
·~ izatlon also famous for its Statua;n:; of coloumnar & trabeated style
•u,t,an civilization comprising of a numb c~lpture.
'CORINTH, , . . .. er of CITY STATES' such as ATHENS,
,crrv STATE IS a political unit · cont II' .
~remous for its Temples. . ' ro mg a number of villages around it.

nt Buildings are :-
enon at Athens (Temple)
tt,eion at Athens (Temple)
e Epidarus ( an open air theatre)
( market square & the city centre)
, • • I '

l(feveloped 3 architectural systems, called orders, ·each with their own

e·proportions and detailing.An Order.is the study of the FORM and PRO-
Nof a coloumn. The 3 Greek orders are ·:- .
11) Doric (b) Ionic ' (c) Corinthian

-
, ,·.
''
!·t
.i

Ii' I!!'I
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I,
....
f , <
• • t

1 ( Ii Ii;
I 'l I I!.

Corinthian
Ionic
The Corinthian style is sel-
. tyle is thinner
The Ionic 5 t Its capi- dom used in the Greek
e is rather elegan •
p {the cap- and more 'th a scroll- world, but often seen _on
tal is de~orat~d :1ute). This Roman temples. Its capital
ls style was is very elaborate and deco-
and Greece like design ( d in eastern
was foun rated with acanthus leaves.
In southern sty Ie d the islands.
Greece an
 ....,..__.. ........ , ......_.... . ,.,,.'It '
..... "l--, ·,
-, ,·1

Type : Greek Temple .

Type : Greek temple . Architectural style : Classical
Architectural style : Classical Location : Athens, Greece
Location : Athens, Gre~ce
Architect : Iktinos, Kalhkrates
Other designers : Phidias
(sculptor)

The agora was a

central spot in ancient .
Greek city-states.
The literal meaning of
the word is "gather-
• . I
ing place" or "assem-

~,,~.
_:, :
bly". The agora was :'':'::~j-·: ' .;:-> .___ }
the center of athletic, •..,;;,... ~.i... --a... :. ·. 1
artistic, spiritual and - ,,,. c,.. :~t:i{~f:0 ·\ i .
~5i~-~_jf.~
political life of the Theatre Epidarus
city. The Ancient Ag- . ···- ~-<:,.:_ Location: Epidauros, Greece;
ora of Athens was the ~ J ~:_:-:,.,,...:. Type: Greek Theatre
best-known example, Dimensions: cavea width 119 m, ·
birthplace of democ- Agora orchestra diameter 24.65 m
racy. Seating Capaci~y: 11, 750-14,700

Acropolis is a Greek word meaning 'high

city'. The Athenian Acropolis rises from
the plain of Attica to 500 feet above sea
level.
In times of attack the Acropolis beca~.:
the last fort of defense. The Acr0P01 •
hill, so called the "Sacred Rock" of Ath
e_ns, .Is the most important s1·te of thehe
city. The Acropolis contains some 0~: in
world's most famous structures bUI 1
the classical architectural style.
 Roman
··Architecture ·. I

I . l ;

400 BC - 400 AD ·
tered around Rome and spr · · · . .· ·
ern parts of Africa & West to the Whole of the E . · •
.. ncient Roman style . . s1a. uropean continent, .
ittte
11 a
" ' .
. .
· ·
1s said to b
ear
·
·•
EtfUS -·. , ·. · . eproductlve form of the Greek and ·
.· can1arch1~ectu_re. ; . _ · . . _
rogether they are considered to b b · ·
•Although the Romans have borrowe ody of classical architecture .
•their own knowled_ge in constructiin tm~ch of the Greek style, they have used
·chitectural comm_unity. . · 0 improve t~e arch and vault for the ar-

some. of the many achieve-

ments ,the Romans use9 in ·. • ·
die natu~e _of their _ archi- •
ticture are .the · arch, dome;
fault, column, ·and aqueduct. .·
lbese accomplishments were .
large steps'that added to the
understanding · of architec- .
ture today. By reaching these·
feats the Romans ·were able
to create many -impressive
building and structures .

..
Building materials and tools

The Ror.nans used many materials to·create ·~verything from masonry pastes to
Walls and flooring. These are a few of the materials u~ed :- · ·
~Chalk . . . -. ·
:Sand · -- . -Wood
- Terracotta .
:~zzolanic· concrete -. Ceramics
~uken pottery ' ,

- Tin ·,
rnjce stone , ·_ Iron . ·

~tone ·
le . -· .
lte . 1
, •

--
 Greek orders

Roman orders
the ··3
inspired from orders,
original Grd~e~ 2 new
Romans a e
orders:-

I_I
TUSCAN & c~MPOSI_
TE

Doric Ionic . Corrintheaii

Tuscan Com posit~

. , .

The date in which the origin~! Pa:nth_eon was

constructed is unknown, but 1t was rebuilt in
126 AD.Roman temple built to h~~or all of
_1 the gods.Named for, all ;of the stat~~s placed
1
·,.' - around the building and its resemblance to the
' / • . ) . • • . l

; '. heavens.This circular building is .constructed

. with a gtand porch, three rows: o( columns,
and a dome witha centered oculus to the sky.
The Pantheons dome is still the largest unre-
inforced concrete dome in the world today.
I.

' ' ,
Colloseum . -~ : ' .
7" Colloseum was built, in 80 AD by
. Vespasian, Titus _ \ .. • I l I

- The Colosseum, or the coiiseum

ortginally the Amphitheatrum Flavi~
um , t~e largest amphitheatre in the _
world, 1s an elliptical amphitheatre in ·
the centre of the city of Rome Ital
the largest ever built in the Rom Y,
· Emp1re,
· bu1·1 t of concrete and stone.
an

· - It is considered on~ of the great t

works' of _Roman architecture and ·
man engineering; · ·
~i-
, 3 syzantine
0 Architecture
400 AD - 1000 AD
: ~ In the Country, what Is now called as 'Turkey', with the capital at con-
-" pie ( now ~Istanbul') • ·
• prevalent_ style ?f construction was 'ARCUATE ' style .
• Farnous for ,ts unique system of Dome construction with PENDENTIVE &
sQUINCHES. . . . ·
•TheY used Marble ~os.a,c & Glass mosaic mainly for Interior decoration .
•'Brid<' was the main material of construction.

important Buildings .
(a) Hagia Sophia at Constantinople
(b) St.Marks at Venice

Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia is a great architectural
beauty and an important monument .
both for Byzantine and for Ottoman
Empires. Once a church, later a mosque, and now a museum at the Turkish Re-
public, Hagia Sophia has always been the precious· of its time.

Exterior :-
The vast, airy naos, or central basilica, with its technically complex system of
vaults and semi-domes, culminates in a high central dome with a diameter of
ov~r 101 feet (31 meters) and a height of 160 feet (48_.s meters). This central
dome was often interpreted by contemporary commentators .as the dome of
heaven itself. Its weight is carried by four great arches, which rest on a series
tyry1pana and semi-domes, which in turn rest on smaller semi-domes and ar-
es. . -
rior :- ·. · .
interior ·of Hagia Sophia was paneled with costly colored marbles _and or~a-
tal stone inlays. Decorative marble columns were taken from ancient build-
and reused to support the in~erior ar~ades ..Initially, t~e upper p~rt of the
ding was minimally decorated in gold with a huge cross m a medallion at the
limmit of the dome. After the period of Iconoclasm (726-843), new figural mo-
saics were added, some of which have survived to the present day.
. '
 St Mark's Basilic~
St Mark's Basilica
(Basilica di San Marco
in Italian) is the most , .
famous of the m~ny M t
churches of V~nice l
?:_
and one of the finest ; .,t
examples of Byza~-
tine architecture ,n . -. . r;,r. ·.l.t;
the world.

Exterior :- . Romanesque and Gothic art, the west facade is com-

Decorated with Byzantm~, recessed arches, supported. by clusters_ of columns
posed of ~o orders of fiv;. the 12th and 13th centuries. The delicate pinna-
whose
cles andcapitals
other dwere ,on a'tn the top of the facade are Gothic additions of the
ecoract~rves
14th and 15th centuries. ·

Interior :-
The narthex, an architectural feature common to Byzantine churches, wraps
around the west end of the basilica. It has a beautiful marble mosaic pavement
of the 11th and 1'2th centuries and splendid gilded mosaics that are easier to see
than those in the main interior.
 ~ 0 manesque
_Architecture .
. ared during the Middle Age. ( 1000-1200 AD ) .
rt 8PP: style that can be found all over Europe, even when regional differ-
efl~ /
I .
. .
• -= ·5100 - of the style was linked to the pilgrimages, mainly to Santiago.
'• .t ., " . . .

5 that led.to t~e ~evel~pment of Romanesque art :·

end of Barbarian mvas,ons ·.
•fhe decomposition of Cordoba's caliphate
: ; : establishment of ~eace in the Christian_world, with the development of the
dtles, .c~:':!'merce and m~ustry. _ , . · •

Major .regions of Romanesque in_fluence in Europe :~

• France
-Italy
-Germarw ...
• Engla~cl '. '. .
-Spain :_, ~. _ · ·
. ' .
Distinguishing Features of Romanesque style : -
. • lndude Turrents
Rounded Arches .
·• Hipped or pointed Roofs
• Very heavy rusticated Stonework . .. . .
• fr?portions in the Romanesque style tend to run large, both in the overall Form
& Size of the details. · · - ·. ·

Monasteries
OS Gothic
Architecture
• From 1200 AD· 1600 AD · · d s succeeded b R
- It evolved from Romanesque architecture an wa Y enaissa Cl
architecture. . b f · · b . 0 I
- It Is In the great churches and cathedrals and m a num er O civic U1ldings tha ,
the Gothic style was expressed most powerfully. . t
1
Characteristics of Gothic churches and cathedrals . .
In Gothic architecture, a unique c~mbination of existhing te~hnologies established ·
the emergence of a new building style. Those tee no1ogies were theogiva1
·pointed .arch, the ribbed vault, and the flying buttress. · 0r
·• High, "floating" walls
- Arcade ·
-Triforium
- Windows

• Tracery:
impost linegeometrically
from windowsconstructed building ornament to divide arch
- bay above
- Fo_
il &triskele form trefoil, quatrefoil . ·
- Rose window

• Flying Buttresses: arch rising at an angle to take the vault thrust from the
clerestory wall of the have directly above the_aisles into the buttresses

I
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~·

. .. 1;

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.. !\ . ..:., '.·"

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Diff~renc~ betw~en Gothic and Romanesque

• Pointed (m Gothic) vs. round arch (in Romanesque)
• Narrower, taller nave ·
.• Linked transept & choir ·
 _.Me§SinQ broke up massive walls
,P\,ws & trace~.
·-
·.m
.'. .·.
,~ eXterior detail & ornamentation
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• I
I

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t

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. - •.•
bOlism in Cathedrals
7
.
••

~ne &. beautiful = good ·

.seauty is manifestation of harmony & perfection of God
Completeness / perfection . . ·
1
Proportion harmony · /

Clarity &. color:' . . ..

,Perfection &. order bring you closer to understanding God and His idea of cre-
ation .
,cathedral is part of liturgy

Celogne Cathedral

e cathedral is a Roman Catholic.church in Cologne, .Germany.

Heritage Site and is Germany'~ mo.s~ yisited landmark~ attracting an
~,000 people a· day. . ,· ,< ,· ,...: .. . .
pl~n of Cologne cathedr~I is in th~ sha~e of a Latin Cross, as is usual
c cathedrals. It has twq aisles on either side, which help to support one
highest Gothic vaults in the world~ much of which collapse·d.
. . .
· • tW

st of the vault is taken up by flyin

• Externally the outward th ~ end has a single ambulatory, the g buttresses
in the French manner. The eaSteradiating chapels. second aisi
resolving into a chevet of se~e; more varied and less mechanical 1 . e
Internally, the medieval ':~~'~ It presents a French style arrange;: •ts deta;i
than the 19th century buil ,n t~iforiurn gallery lit by windows and _ent of ve~
tall arcade, a delicate narr~~he windows above. with detan/
O
tracery merging with that d
·ndows are tall and retain some old figurative 91
• e c eres
Th . I The torywhole . by the taII shafts th at sweep unb ass in
W' ; united . the
ower sect,ans.
the
I floor to
5 . roke
their capitals at the spring of the vault. The vault is of plain n fron,
partite arrangement. · QUadri-
The nave has many 19th century stained glass windows.
Externally, particularly from a distance, the building ·is dominated b .
spires, which are entirely Germanic in charatter. Y its huge
 Egyptian !77

·,Architecture
-rchltecture of the ancient E ·
ri9 thr0U9~ the Ptolemaic Pert~J~~~;~3~ormulated Prior to 3000 B.C. and
B.C.) . .
t egyptian architecture Is one f
,nden which devel d o the mo t ·
"''t hist~rY, , t 5 I ope a Vast array of/ influential civilizations through-
~ural rnonumen a ong the Nile, among th iverse structures and great archi-
are·... . _
tp· , · largest and most famous of which
the Gr~at Pyra_mid of Giza
(a) the Great Sphinx of Giza
(b)

) The Great Pyramid of Giza · .

~e Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the Pyr- , .. . . ,:,.,
.
arnid of. Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops) is the f / -·:
-,,.,. __ _

oldest- and
. largest
b d .
of the threepyramids in the G"
h . iza
\
Necropolis or enng_ w at 1s now El Giza, Egypt. .
Itis constructed during 2560-2540 BC &is the ·old-
est of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and
the only one to remain largely intact. · '

Initially,at 146.5 metres (48tfeet), the Great Pyramid was thetallest man-made
structure in the world for over 3,800 years.Originally, the Great Pyramid was
covered by casing stones thatformed a smooth outer surface; what is seen to-
day is the underlying core structure. · ·

Method of Construction : ·
There have been varying scientific and alternative theories about the Great Pyra-
mid's construction techniques. Most accepted construction hypotheses are based
on the idea that it was .built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging
and lifting them into place. -

..
(b)The Great Sphinx of Giza: . · . . .. . . :
The Great s hinx of Giza , commonly referred t~ as the Sphm~, 1s a_ lm~eston-
estatue of a ~eclinin or couchant sphinx (a mythical creature with a hons bo~y ·
.and a uman head) gh
h-
t at st an ds.on the Giza Plateau on the west
, . bank of the N1\e
in Giza, Egypt. . ,

L
I
 In the world,
onolith statue 9 3 metres
It is the largest m (241 ft) long, 1 h'gh. [ 1] It
35
standing 1 . 4
22 m (66.3 ~) tu~e and is
~63 ft) 1~!~' k~~wn rr',onumental s~~iit by 'ancient
~o:~~nly believed toKl~a~~~e~~rlng the reign of
Egyptians of the Old( 2§ss-2S32 BC)
the Pharaoh Khafra c.

The Great Sphinx of Giza

. . . materials used in ancient Egypt were sun-
• The two predominant bu1l?ing. (fig-1) .
baked mud.brick and stone, mainly limestone.

s and temples while bricks were used for

• Stones were reserve d f or t Omb f b ·d· b ·1d·
royal palaces, fortresses, wa II so f temple precincts , and or su s1 1ary u1 mgs.
(fig-2)

• Houses were made out of mud from Nile River.(fig-3)

Egyptian architecture is based mainly on religious monuments, _massive s~ruc-

tures characterized by thick, sloping walls with few openings, possibly echoing a
method of construction used to obtain stability in mud walls.

• All ·monumental buildings are post and lintel constructions, with flat roofs
constructed of huge stone blocks supported by the external walls and the closely
spaced columns.(fig-4) ·

• There ~ere Hypostyle halls where columns flanking the central avenue are
of greater height than those of the side aisles a d th· • ·n the
II b
wa a ove th e sma II er columns, through which, .n h . 1s a 11 ows
. openingsh 1 isle
roof.(fig-5) 119 t 1s admitted over t e a
.. .

• . Exterior and interior walls as well a d

with hieroglyphics and pictorial frescoes sJhe c~lumns and piers, were covere
(fig-6 a,b) an carvings painted in brilliant colours,

• Ancient Egyptian temples were r .

events, such as solstices and equinoxes a IQne_d_ with astronomically significant
moment of the particular event. (fig- 7 ~'~~quiring Precise measurements at the
07 Hindu rernple : i ·,

Architecture
. . . I .,ed from the creativity ~f Stha ' ·. th . ·
India's temple architecture IS d~~e r:rger community of craftsmen at: ls a11!
Shllpis, both of whom belong to e . · . , artisa~
called Vlshwakarma (caste). · .. ' , . I
n th
A ~mall Hindu temple consi~ts of a~ i~ner sa ctum, e gar~ha 9raha
. womb-chamber, in which the idol or,~e1ty 1s housed1,,often called c1rcumamb Or
.tion, a congregation hall, and somet1~es an antechamber and porch. The Ula-
bhagriha is crowned by a tower-like sh1kara. • 9ar.
two major types of te'Tlples existed
·At the turn of the first millennium CE
northern or Nagara style and the southern or Dravida type of temple Th ' the
distinguishable by the shape and decoration of their shikhara. · ey are

• Naga_ra style: _The tower/shi~har is bee~ive/curvilinear shaped.

• Drav~~a style. The tower/sh1khar consists of progressively sm 11
reys of pav,llons. . . . a er sto-
In design/plan of a te
considered, most comm~~
I
!:n~:~8:t!tie~Z:
. .: . .. . . . •
r: Temple architE!cture are

Jagati _
Jagati is a term u· d t .
face, platform ors~ o refer a raised sur-
temple is placed. errace upon which the
Antarala
Antarala is a small a t· . .
between the garbha ~i ichamber or foyer
. (shrine) and the man~a ha/ garbha graha
north Indian tempi pa, more typical of
1 es.
Mandapa .
~andapa (or Manda . : . . . . .
ts a term to refer pa_m) (in Hindi/San . .
Sreekovil or G to pillared outdoor sknt, also spelle
Sreekovil or Ga !~bha_griha hall orpavilion fo d ma~tapa or mandaparnl
is installed · Sr agnha the part• . . r publtc rituals.
• 1.e. anctum in Which ·
S~khara or Vimana sanctorurn. . the idol oft .
S1khara or Viman· ml. he deity in a Hindu temple
o am 1tera11
ver the sanctum sanct Y means "m , . . .
ro · orum h ount · ·
P minent and visible part of w a Hindu te Presiding deit' ~efer to the rising tower
ere the ~in Peak"
,. · .· mples. Y is enshrined is the rnost
I
7
281 · I
.
'

iaka . tone disk, often with ridges, that sits on a temple's main tower
~a a\aka ,s a s --
AO An1 -
5ikhara) - - - -
~0pura111 GOpurams) are the elaborate gateway-towers of south Indian tem-
Gopuras (orb confused with Shikharas. ·
s not to e - - . -
~e,
1 . a _
urushrtn~ a is a subsidiary Sikhara, lower and narrower, tied against the main
An urushnng - -
sikhara.
08 Renaissance
Architecture .
· . cture of the period between the e
. the archIte ar1y
Renaissance architecture 15 • t regions of Europe 1S~
and early 17th centuries in d1fferen . . ,

The person generally credite~ w(

tecture is Filippo Brunelleschi,
t~n-
. bringing about the Renaissance view of
. ,
l 446). The underlying feature of th arc1I
eWo~
of Brunelleschi was "order"·
' . '.I I' nd development of certain elements
Demonstrating a conscio~s re~ ;:n~ material culture. Stylistically, Renai Of an,
cient Greek and Roman t oug d s succeeded by B ssanee
architecture followed Gothic architecture an wa aroque arctu• .
tecture. t oportion g
Renaissance style places emphasis on symme ry, pr ' eometry and ~e
regularity of parts. ·

The style was carried to France, Germ~ny, England, ~ussia and other Parts Of
Europe at different dates and with varying degrees of impact. .

Characteristics of Renaissance architecture-

Plan .
Th: plans of Renaissance buildings have a square, symmetrical appearance in
which proportions are usually based on a module.·within a church the moduleis
often the width of an aisle. ·

Facade
Facades are symmetrical around their ve.rtical axis.
Columns and Pilasters
The Roman orders of columns are used._ li ·. . . .
Composite. The orders can either be t · uscan, Done, Ionic, Cormth1an an_~
trave, or purely decorative. · s ructural, supporting an arcade or archi·

Arches .
Arches are semi-circular or (in the Ma · .
used in arcades, supported on piers nnenst style) segmental. Arches are often .
or columns with capitals.
Vaults
Vaults do not have ribs. They are s . . . •. ·
plan, unlike the Gothic vault which i:~i-circular or segmental and on a squa~
requently rectangular.
 I
· oomes , · · . · _ ..
The dome is used frequently, both as a very large structural feature that 1s v1s1bl
from the exterior, and also as a means of roofing smaller spaces where they ar
only visible internally. _
09 The Indus Valley
Civi I ization
The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization (3300- 3
mature period 2600-1900 BCE) in the northwestern region of the/nd0o BQ.
continent, consisting of what Is now mainly present-day Pakistan and "n ,ui;
India. Flourishing around the Indus River basm, northwe,i
2
1
The civilization was spread over some 1,260,000 km , making it the
known ancient civilization. . ••!,st
. t E urban
The Indus Valley is one of the world's earliest t .
civilizations, along With
. i+.
contemporaries, Mesopotamia an d Anc1en gyp · . ·•
At its peak, the Indus Civilization maY have had a population of well over fi
million. · ··
Inhabitants of the ancient Indus river valley developed new techniques in had-
icraft ( ca rne lia n products, sea I carving) and metali urg Y (copper, bronze, i~d
and tin). _The civi Iizati_on is noted for its cities bu, It of brick, roadside drainag;
system, and mult1stoned houses. ·
'rhe Indus Valley Civilization is also known as the Harappan Civilization, as the
first of its cities to be unearthed was located at Harappa, excavated in the 191~
in what was at the time the Punjab province of British India (now in _Pakistan).

The 3 major architectural structures of the Indus valley civilization are:

• Great Granary, Harappa :

" This "building" is a similar to
the one in Mohenjo-Daro. It is
almost about 50 m long and is
build using massive bricks and
mud bricks. The individual rooms
are called " sleeper room" and
the area of the room is 15m x 6m
long. (1-S to whom used the gra-
nary, 1t could be the state ·official
and the rulers.
 Great Bath, Mohenjo-Daro:
• ~reat bath somewhat looks
11'8 8 sWlmming pool, but it is
~- It has been suggested that
used for ritual ~athing and/
it religious ceremonies. The cer-
~n1es are conducted by official -
prtestS· The Great Bath is 12 me-
tefS tong, 7 meters wide, to-
gether with t~e depth of 2.4 me-
ters in some places. -

• Citadel, Mohenjo-Daro: It
is situated at the western end of "·'. "}
the Mohenjo-Daro. The Citadel - .-_··· ·ii

was built on top of a mound of

bricks almost 12 meters high and
has a large staircase at the side.
several large buildings on the cit-
- adel mound have suggested that
this area may have been used for -
pub gatherings, religious and im-
portant administrative activ~ties.
The building · in the pictures are ·
called_Stupa.
. ..