CREAM

A Project Submitted to

I.K.GUJRAL PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY JALANDHAR KAPURTHALA

(PUNJAB)

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF PHARMACY

Submitted By

Mr.Rohit dhiman
(Roll no.1808797)

Under the supervision of

Ms. Sonam Kaushal

Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutical chemistry

Rayat Institute Of Pharmacy, Railmajra. Distt, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar, Punjab,
(2018-2022)

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Rayat Institute of Pharmay

Rayat Technology Centre of Excellence,

Railmajra (6 km from Roper on NH-344A)

District Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar,

PUNJAB, Ph. +91-18812705

FORWARDING CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work contained in this project entitled "CREAM " submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of BACHELOR OF PHARMACY, embodies the
work carried out by Mr. Rohit Dhiman himself under the supervision of Ms. Sonam Kaushal
at the Rayat Institute of Pharmacy, Railmajra,Punjab.

(Director)
Di\ Naresh Singh Gill [M.Pharm., Ph.D.]
Rayat Institute of Pharmacy,
Railmajra-144533, Punjab,

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Rayat Institute of Pharmay

Rayat Technology Centre of Excellence,

Railmajra (6 km from Roper on NH-344A)

District Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar

PUNJAB,
Ph. +91-18812705

FORWARDING CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work embodied in the present project entitled "CREAM" submitted
in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor Of Pharmacy, embodies the
work carried out by Mr.Rohit Dhiman herself under the supervision of Ms. Sonam Kaushal at
the Rayat Institute of Pharmacy, Railmajra, (S.B.S.Nagar), Punjab.

(Guide/Supervisor)

Ms. Sonam Kaushal

Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutical chemistry

Rayat Institute of Pharmacy,

Railmajra-144533, Punjab.

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Rayat Institute of Pharmacy

Rayat Technology Centre of Excellence,

Ralmajra (6 km from Ropar on NB-324)

District Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar

PUNJAB , Ph 491-18812705

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work contained in this project entitled "CREAM” is my own work and
is original.This work has not been submitted in part or full for award for any other degree in
any other Institution/University.

Mr.Rohit Dhiman

Roll no: 1808797

Place: Rayat institute of pharmacy

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A journey is easier when we travel together. During my project work, I have been accompanied
and supported by so many people. I consider this an opportunity to express my gratitude to all
those who have been involved directly or indirectly with the successful completion of this
dissertation.

First of all I sincerely acknowledge my gratitude to ALMIGHTY for her comparison and
bountiful blessings which made me to see this wonderful moment. I would surely be short of
words while expressing my sincere regards to my guide, Ms.Sonam Kaushal, Assistant
Professor, Rayat Institute of Pharmacy, Railmajra I have the opportunity to work under the
esteemed guidance. Her consistent encouragements, fine observation, constant generation of
new ideas and lovely guidance have gone a long way in the completion and compilation of this
work.

My heartiest thanks to all faculty members of RIP It gives me immense pleasure to record my
humble gratefulness towards Dr. N.S. GILL, Director, Rayat Institute of Pharmacy, Railmajra,
for providing me the opportunity and all necessary facilities for carrying out my research works
successfully I am equally thankful to my lovely family and my all friends.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

1. Introduction 7

2 Defination 8
3 Ideal properties 8

4 Classification 8

5 General ingridents used in skin cream 9-11

6 Types of cream 11-19

7 Manufacturing process 19

8 Evaluation parameters of cream 20-21

9 Test for stability 21

10 Advantages 22

Disadvantages 23
11

12 Reference 24-25

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 CREAMS

1. INTRODUCTION:
The word ‘cosmetic’ derived from a Greek word ‘kosmesticos’ that means to adorn. From
that time any materials used to beautification or promoting appearance is known as
cosmetic. The word “cosmetics” actually stems from its use in ancient Rome. They were
typically produced by female slaves known as “cosmetic” which is where the word
“cosmetics” stemmed from. Cosmetics are used to enhance appearance. Makeup has been
around for many centuries. The first known people who used cosmetics to enhance their
beauty were the Egyptians. Makeup those days was just simple eye coloring or some
material for the body. Now-a-days makeup plays an important role for both men and
women.
The importance of cosmetics has increased as many people want to stay young and
attractive. Cosmetics are readily available today in the form of creams, lipstick, perfumes,
eye shadows, nail polishes, hair sprays etc. Other cosmetics like face powder give glow
to the skin after applying the base cream. Then we have lipsticks, which are applied by
many women of all ages. They are made from wax and cocoa butter in the desired
amount. Cosmetics like creams, gels, and colognes are used on a daily basis by both
women and men. Creams act as a cleanser for the face in many circumstances. More
recently anti-ageing creams have been manufactured which can retain younger looking
skin for many years.
The best cleansing agents are cleansing cream, soap and water. Cosmetic creams serve
as a skin food for hard, dry and chapped skin. It mainly lubricates, softens and removes
unwanted dirt from the skin. Some popular fat creams that are used include Vaseline and
lanolin. Dry creams are used in the manufacture of soap and gelatin which is used as a
base for the skin. Hair care has become one of the fastest developing markets in the
beauty industry. Many young men turn to oils and gels to maintain and style their hair.
Products like hair gels, oils, and lotions have been introduced in the market to help protect
hair fall and dandruff. Some professions, like the show business industry, focus on the
importance of the outer appearance. Many personalities and artists have utilized makeup
to beat the harsh lights and the glare of camera flashes. They very well know the
importance of their looks and maintain them by using a variety of cosmetics. Recent

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 research has shown that makeup helps in protection from harmful rays of the sun. Many
beauty products manufacturers have utilized the needs of people to protect themselves
and their skin from the rays of the sun. Many beauty products manufacturers have utilized
the needs of people to protect themselves and their skin from the rays of the sun. The
importance of cosmetics today cosmetics help to enhance our appearance and make us
feel more confident. With more cosmetics on the market today than ever before, it
becomes obvious to us that they play a great role in our everyday life.

2 .DEFINATION

Creams are semi-solid emulsions that are mixtures of oil and water. They are divided into
two types: oil-in-water (O/W) creams which are composed of small droplets of oil
dispersed in a continuous phase, and water-in-oil (W/O) creams which are composed of
small droplets of water dispersed in a continuous oily phase. Oil-in-water creams are
more comfortable and cosmetically acceptable as they are less greasy and more easily
washed off using water. Water-in-oil creams are more difficult to handle but
many drugs which are incorporated into creams are hydrophobic and will be released
more readily from a water-in-oil cream than an oil-in-water cream. Water-in-oil creams
are also more moisturizing as they provide an oily barrier which reduces water loss from
the stratum cornea, the outermost layer of the skin.
2.1 IDEAL PROPERTIES:
1) It should liquefy at body temperature.
2) It should penetrate the epidermis via natural opening.
3) Its viscosity should be low enough to permit easy spreading.
4) It should be non-toxic.
5) It should be non-irritant.
6) It should be non-inflammatory.

3. CLASSIFICATION OF CREAM:

3.1 OIL IN WATER:

composed of small droplets of oil dispersed in continuous phase, oil in water cream are
more comfortable and cosmetically acceptable as they are less greasy and more easily
washed off using water.

3.2 WATER IN OIL :

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 Water in oil cream are more difficult to handle but many drugs which are incorporated
into cream are hydrophobic and will be released more readily from a water in oil then an
oil in water cream. Water in oil is also more moisturizing as they provide an oily barrier
which reduces water lose from the stratum cornea, the outermost layer of the skin.

4 . GENERAL INGREDIENTS USED IN SKIN CREAMS:

THE RAW MATERIALS WHICH ARE USED IN A MANUFACTURING OF SKIN CREAMS INCLUDE:

4.1 Water:
This is the most important and widely used raw material in any cream formulation. These
are the cheapest and easily available. In skin creams, water is used as solvent to dissolve
other ingredients of creams. Water, which is free of any toxins, pollutants, microbes, etc.,
is used in preparation of creams. Water can also form emulsions, it depends upon how
much quantity of water is used in the formulation and sometimes referred to as oil-in-
water emulsions and sometimes water-in-oil emulsions depending upon the quantities of
oil phase and water phase used.

4.2 Oil, fats and waxes:

Oil, fats and waxes and derivatives, there form comprises an essential portion of creams.
Waxes act as an emulsifier, fats act as a thickener and oil act as a perfuming agent,
preservative, etc. according to its function .Oil may be two types’ mineral and glycoside.

4.3 Mineral oil:

Mineral oil consists of hydrocarbons derived, from petroleum oil .Mineral oil is clear,
odorless, and heavily refined oil and it is widely used in cosmetics. Mineral oil rarely
causes allergic reactions and it cannot become solid and clog pores of the skin. It is light
weight and inexpensive, it helps to reduce water loss from the body and keeps body
moisturized. A number of mineral oils are used in cream formulation. Examples: Light
liquid paraffin, Heavy liquid paraffin, Liquid petroleum.

4.4 Glycoside oil:

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 Glycoside oil is mostly vegetable oils. Examples of glycoside oils are almond oil, rachis
oil, castor oil, coconut oil, olive oil etc.

4.5 Vegetable oil:

Form a barrier on the surface of the skin and slow down the loss of water, helping to
maintain plumpness of skin. Vegetable oils may also be used to increase the thickness of
the lipid or oil portion of cream or personal care products.E.g. Almond oil, germ oil,
avocado oil, sunflower oil etc.

4.6 Fats:
Different types of fats are used in the preparation of creams.These materials can be
obtained from animals, plants or mineral origin. Glycosides oils and fats may be of
animals or vegetable origin. They consist of combinations of higher fatty acids and
glycerin. When saponified they form soap, or fatty acid and glycerin, depending upon
process used. The most common of this fatty acid are laurel, barbaric, plasmatic, static,
saturated group. Oleic acid is liquid and most popular unsaturated fatty acid. More
specially the oil most commonly used in other cosmetics are olive oil, almond oil, sesame
oil, peanut oil, coca butter fat, mutton tallow, lard and beef steering.

4.7 Lanolin:
It is derived from wool fat of a sheep. Lanolin is of two types- the hydrous lanolin
contains between 25%- 30% water. Anhydrous lanolin has point of 38°C 42°C and has a
slight odor. These ingredients act as a lubricant on the skin surface, which gives the skin
soft and smooth appearance. Lanolin helps to form emulsion and blends well with other
substances used in cosmetic and personal care products.

4.8 Colors:
Before the development of the modern technology, colors primarily came from
substances found in nature such as turmeric, saffron, indigo, etc. After the 19th century,
colors were made in the laboratory and were found to be much more stable with greater
coloring intensity. They also could be produced without using plants harvested in the
wild.
4.9 Emollients:

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 Emollients, also commonly referred to as moisturizers, are products that help to soften
skin or to treat skin that has become dry. Most emollients are forms of oil or grease, such
as mineral oil, squalling, and lanolin. They work by increasing the ability of the skin to
hold water, providing the skin with a layer of oil to prevent water loss, and lubricating
the skin.

4.10 Humectants:
These are important multi-functional ingredients found in most skin care formulations.
Humectants are hydroscopic organic compounds. These are the materials that can absorb
or retain moisture. These have many benefits such as miniaturization, exfoliation, etc.
Examples of humectants are glycerin, Hydroxyethyl urea, beanie, sodium PCA, Sodium-
Lactate, etc.

4.11 Perfumes:
Perfume is a substance that imparts a scent or order, including a sweet and pleasant smell.
Examples of natural perfumes used in creams are-White Blossoms: Rosy Dreams Orange
Blossom.

4.12 Vitamins:
Vitamins play an important role in maintaining the physiological function of whole body
and the skin. Vitamin A, B, C, E etc. are generally used in formulation of the creams.

4.13 Preservatives:
The use of preservatives in cosmetics is essential to prevent alteration caused by
microorganism and contamination during formulation, shipment, storage and consumer
use. Antioxidants can also be used to protect alteration caused by exposure to oxygen.
Synthetic preservatives when used in low concentration effectively preserve the products.

5 TYPES OF CREAM:

5.1 MAKE-UP CREAM (O/W EMULSION):-

• Vanishing creams.

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 • Foundation creams.

5.2 CLEANSING CREAM (W/O EMULSION)

5.3 WINTER CREAM (W/O EMULSION):-

• Moisturizing creams.
• Cold cream.

5.4 ALL-PURPOSE CREAM AND GENERAL CREAMS .

5.5 NIGHT CREAM AND MASSAGE CREAMS .

5.6 HAND AND BODY CREAMS .

5.1 MAKE UP CREAM (O/W EMULSION):

These are mainly o/w type of emulsion. It is cream-based product which leaves a smooth
hydrated finish either stain matte or luminous on the skin. It nourishes skin ands basically
sweat-resistant and creates a dewy
• Vanishing creams:
They are called vanishing creams because they seem to disappear when rubbed onto the
skin. These formulations are based on static acid. After application, the cream leaves a
dry but tacky residual film which also has a drying effect on the skin. Because of this
reason, these are used particularly in hot climates which cause perspiration on the skin.
Vanishing cream are also known as day cream as they applied in the day time. The cream
provide emollient and protective action
To the skin against environmental condition by forming a neither greasy nor oily semi-
occlusive residual film.
Vanishing cream is oil in water type emulsion. They are named so as they speared as thin
oil-less film when applied on the skin and this film is not visible to the naked eye. They
are used to hold powder on the skin and to improve adhesion.

Formulation:
Quantity for 100
Static acid (lubricant) 24 g
Potassium hydroxide (softening agent) 1g

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 Water (vehicle) 64 g
Glycerin (humectants) 10.5 g
Perfume (odor) 0.5 g

Method of Preparation:

Stearic acid is melted in a container by using water bath. Potassium hydroxide is

dissolved in water and then glycerin is added. This mixture is heated to a temperature of
about 75° C. This is aqueous phase. Slowly aqueous phase is added to melted static acid
along with continuous stirring. Perfume is added to the preparation when it attains a
temperature of 40° C.

• Foundation creams:Creams which provide base make-up to hold the powder or other
make-up above it. . It varies in viscosity and available in the form of liquid to thicker
creams. The liquid foundation make-up is much easier to apply than powder and a smooth
appearance can be obtained.

Formulation:

Quantity for 100 g

Lanolin (emollient) 2g

Acetyl alcohol 0.50 g

Static acid (lubricant) 1g

Potassium hydroxide ( softening agent ) 0.40 g

Method of Preparation:
Lanolin, acetyl alcohol, static acid and potassium hydroxide are heated to a temperature
of about 75°C in one container. This is oily phase. In another container, water and
propylene glycol are heated to same temperature i.e., 75°C. Preservatives should be

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 dissolved in water be fore heating is carried out. This is aqueous phase. Then slowly
aqueous phase is added to oily phase along with continuous stirring until the preparation
becomes cold. Perfume is added to the preparation when the above mixture reaches a
temperature of 35°C.
Finally the preparation is passed through a triple roller mill for milling purpose, (milling
is carried out to obtain a good product).

5.2 CLEANSING CREAM:

These creams are used for body cleaning purposes and it is used for personal hygiene and
beautification which is important for cosmetics. Cleansing creams or lotions can be used
for the removal of make-up, surface grim, oil mainly from the face and neck.
Formulation:
Quantity 100 g
Mineral oil (lubricant) 28 g
Isopropyl microstate (lubricant and emollient) 14 g
Acetoglyceride (luster) 2.5 g
Petroleum jelly (lubricant) 7.5 g
Beeswax (emollient) 15 g
Borax (buffer) 1g
Water (vehicle) 32 g
Preservative q.s
Perfume (odor) q. s

Method of Preparation:

Mineral oil, isopropyl microstate, acetoglyceride, petroleum jelly and bees wax heated to
a temperature of about 75°C in a separate glass container (ingredients having least
melting point are melted first and then high melting point ingredients are melted).
This is mixture A. In other glass container borax and water are heated to same
temperature i.e., 75°C.preservatives is dissolved in water before him acting.
This is mixture B. Mixture B is added to the mixture A slowly, along with continuous
stirring. Stirring carried out until a thick stable emulsion is formed.
Perfume is added to the preparation when it attains a temperature of 35°C and stirring is
carried out. Then the preparation is passed through a triple roller mill for milling purpose.

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5.3 WINTER CREAM:
These are w/o type of formulation and in this formulation oil content will be more
than water content. These creams are mainly used for chapped and dry skin.

• Moisturizing cream:
It is known as moisturizer or moisturizing cream. Cold cream must have an emollient
action. It should produce a cooling sensation in use and the oil film on the skin should be
non-occlusive.
Formulation:
Static acid 4.0%
Liquid paraffin 8.0%
Lanoline 1.0%
Glycerol monostearate 3.0%
Glycerin 4.0%
Propylene glycol 4.0%
Isopropyl microstate 2.0%
Triethanolamine 0.2%
Methyl paraben 0.03%
Propel paraben 0.07%
Perfume q.s.
Water to make 100.0%

Method of Preparation:
Moisturizing cream formulation were developed from a prototype moisturizing cream
formulation based on triethanolamine using static acid and sunflower wax alone and in
combination of both. Oil in water emulsion cream was prepared by initially melting
sunflower wax at 70-80 °C and to the molten mass added static acid, liquid paraffin,
lanoline, glycerol monostearate. Aqueous phase along with propylene glycol, isopropyl
microstate, triethanolamine, glycerin and water heated at same temperature as oil phase.
Both the phases were mixed slowly with continuous stirring to form the homogenous
dispersion. Perfume was added when the temperature downs at 35 °C. Preservatives
added in the water phase before mixing.

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 • Cold cream:
Cold cream is water-in-oil or oil-in-water type emulsion added with certain fats and
perfuming agent. These are applied on skin to provide smoothness and remove makeup.
In cold cream, the major portion is the oil phase. Simply, the cold cream is an oil-based
semisolid preparation. Generally, it contains mineral oil, beeswax, borax, and water. It is
a soothing and cleansing cosmetic typically of oily and heavy consistency, used to soothe
and cleanse the skin.Cold creams that contained a high percentage of mineral oil were
regarded primarily as cleansers, to be spread on thickly, and then removed with a cloth
or tissues. However, depending on the formulation, they could be used for a variety of
purposes and were often advertised as beauty creams or night creams.

Formulation:
Quantity for 100g
White beeswax (emollient) 20g
Mineral oil (lubricant) 50g
Distilled water (vehicle) 28.8g
Borax (buffer) 0.7g
Perfume (odor) 0.5 g

Method of preparation:

Beeswax is melted in a container by using water bath to a temperature of about 70° Cather
mineral oil is added to the melted beeswax. This is mixture A. In another container, water
is heated to a temperature of about 70° C and borax is dissolved in it. This is mixture
B.Mixture B (aqueous phase) is added slowly to mixture A (oily phase) along with
stirring. Stirring is carried out until a creamy emulsion is formed. Finally, perfume is
added to the preparation when it attains a temperature of about 40°.

5.4 ALL PURPOSE CREAM:

These creams are used more nowadays than before. These creams are somewhat oily but
non-greasy type and can spread on the skin easily. This can also be used as a night creams,

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 nourishing creams, and protective creams for prevention or alleviation of sunburns or for
the treatment of roughened skin areas. All-Purpose creams in current times there have
been a tremendous increase in consumption of preparations which are normally known
as all purpose creams. These were also known as 'Sports Cream' as they were used by
sportsmen in skiing and outdoor activities. They are somewhat oily but not greasy type
and can spread easily on the skin to give protective film. They act nourishing or night
cream when applied excessively, they function as hand creams when applied sparingly,
and thus they are called All-purpose creams.

Formulation:
Mineral oil 18%
Water 61.3%
Lanolin 2%
Glycerol 5%
Petroleum jelly 2%
Magnesium sulphate 0.2%
Ozokerite 7%
Perfume,preservatives q.s
Paraffin wax 3%
Method of Preparation:
Disperse Lubrajel DV in room temperature water with propeller agitation. In a separate
container, add the oil phase ingredients and heat to 75°C.Add the water phase at 75°C to
the oil phase at 75°C, mix for ten minutes, then begin cooling while mixing to room
temperature

5.5 NIGHT MASSAGE CREAM:

These creams are mainly used for the nourishing the skin or as a treatment to dry skin.
Creams which are generally applied on skin and left for few or several hours over night
are mainly known as night creams. Creams which acts as an emollient by rubbing the
cream on the skin with massage is known as massage cream.
Skin nourishment is important and required to preserve the normal characters of skin or
as a treatment to dry skin. To supplement foods for the skin ant to treat the dry skin
nutritive, manage or emollient creams are used. Creams which are generally applied on
skin and left for few or several hours mostly overnight, known as Night creams. Creams

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 which act by providing emollient action by rubbing the cream on the skin with massage
like action are called as Massage creams.

Formulation:
Quantity for 100g
Mineral oil (lubricant) 38g
Petroleum jelly (lubricant) 8g
White beeswax (emollient) 15g
Paraffin wax (base and lubricant) 1g
Lanolin (emollient) 2g
Borax ( buffer ) 1g
Water (vehicle) 1g
Perfume (odor) q.s
Preservatives q.s
Antioxidant (to prevent oxidation ) q. s

Method of Preparation:

Mineral oil, petroleum jelly, white beeswax, paraffin wax and lanolin are heated to a
temperature of about 75°C in a one container. This is mixture A. Borax, water and
antioxidant are heated in another separate container to same temperature i.e. 5°C.
Preservative is dissolved in water before heating the mixture. This is mixture B. Slowly
mixture B is added to mixture A along with continuous stirring. Perfume is added after
the preparation has attained a temperature of about 35°C.

5.6 HAND AND BODY CREAM:

Hands are one of the first places to show signs of aging. We tend to wash our hand
several times a day, stripping off moisture. Applying cream softens and protects the
skin and it keeps the skin looks younger. Since the skin on our palms and fingers
needs oil to stay supple and to prevent it from chapping and cracking, it is sensible

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 to use hand creams that puts plenty of oil back in. It is used on the hands more than
other parts of the body. Hands and other body part's skin may be exposed to water,
water soap, detergents causes’ removal of lipids and other secretions from the skin.
Cold and dry winds take out moisture resulting in chapping of the skin. Skin dry,
scaly, infection due to microbes can leads to dermatitis. So to control all these hand
and body creams are applied.

Formulation:

Quantity for 100g

Isopropyl microstate (lubricant and emollient) 4g
Mineral oil (lubricant) 2g
Static acid (lubricant) 3g
Emulsifying wax (emulsifier) 0.275g
Lanolin (emollient) 2.5g
Glycerin (humectants ) 3g
Triethanolamine (emulsifying agent) 4g
water (vehicle) 84.2g
Perfume (odor) q.s
Preservatives q.s

Method of Preparation:
Isopropyl microstate, mineral oil, emulsifying wax and lanolin are heated in a container.
This is a mixture A. Glycerin, triethanolamine and water are heated in a separate
container .preservative is dissolved in water before heating the mixture. This is a mixture
B.Mixture B is added to mixture A along with continuous stirring until cream is formed.
Perfume is added to the preparation when it reaches a temperature of 35°C.Finally, the
preparation is passed through a triple roller mill for milling, which provides good texture.

6. MANUFACTURING PROCESS:

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 ➢ Preparation of oil phase: Flake powder ingredients some time dry blended in advance
are dispersed in into mineral oil or silicone oil. Heating may be required to melt some
ingredients.
➢ Hydration of aqueous phase ingredients: Emulsifier’s thickeners and stabilizer are
dispersed into water in a separate vessel. Heating may be required to accelerate hydration
➢ Forming the emulsion: The two phases are blended under vigorous agitation to form
the emulsion.
➢ Dispersion of the active ingredients: The active ingredients often make up only a small
proportion of the formulation. This must be efficiently dispersed to maximize yield and
effectiveness.

7.EVALUATION PARAMETERS OF CREAMS:

7.1 Physical appearance:

The physical appearance of the cream can be observed by its color, roughness and graded.
7.2 Determination of pH:
The pH of the cream can be measured on a standard digital pH meter at room temperature
by taking adequate amount of the formulation diluted with a suitable solvent in a suitable
beaker.
7.3 Spread ability:
Adequate amount of sample is taken between two glass slides and a weight of 100gm is
applied on the slides for 5 minutes. Spread ability can be expressed as, S= m*l/t Where,
m = weight applied to upper.
7.4 Saponification value:
2gm of substance refluxed with 25ml of 0.5 N alcoholic KOH for 30min, to this 1ml of
phenolphthalein added and titrated immediately, with 0.5N HCl, note the reading as ‘a’.
Repeat the operation omitting the substance being examined. Note the reading as ‘b’.
Saponification value = (b-a)*28.05/w Where, w = weight of substance in gram.
7.5 Acid value:
10gm of substance is dissolved in accurately weighed 50ml mixture of equal volume of
alcohol and solvent ether, the flask was connected to reflux condenser and slowly heated,

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 until sample was dissolved completely, to this 1ml of phenolphthalein added and titrated
with 0.1N NaOH, until faintly pink color appears after shaking for 30 seconds. Acid value
= n*5.61/w Where, n = the no. of ml of 0.1 N KOH solution. w = the weight of substance
in gram.
7.6 Viscosity:
Viscosity of formulated creams can be determined by using Brookfield Viscometer.
7.7 Homogeneity:
The formulation was tested for the homogeneity by visual appearance and by touch.
7.8 Removal:The ease of removal of the creams applied was examined by washing the applied
part with tap water.
7.9 Dye test: The scarlet dye is mixed with the cream. Place a drop of cream in a slide and
cover with a cover slip and examine it under a microscope. If the disperse globule appears
red and the ground colorless then it is o/w type and the reverse condition appears in w/o
type of creams.
7.10 After feel:
Emolliency, slipperiness and amount of residue left after the application of fixed
amount of cream was checked.
7.11 Type of smear:
After application of cream, the type of film or smear formed on the skin were checked.
7.12 Irritancy study:
Mark an area of 1sq.cm on the left hand dorsal surface. The cream was applied to the
specified area and time was noted. Irritancy, erythematic, edema was checked, if any, for
regular intervals up to 24hrs and reported.
7.13 Accelerated Stability Study:
Accelerated stability study is conducted for formulation according to ICH guidelines.

8 TEST FOR STABILITY:

➢ Globule size:1 ml of cream was diluted to 10 ml with glycerin.A few drop of this were
transferred onto a glass slide and was focused in a microscope.By using eyepiece
micrometer, the diameters of 200 particles were determined randomly.

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 ➢ Phase separation:The formulated cream was kept intact in a closed at 25-30c not
exposed to light.Phase separation was observed carefully every 24hr for 30 days.Any
phase in separation was checked.

➢ Moisture absorption study:About 50mg of cream was taken on a watch glass.A beaker
was taken with full of water and was kept in a desiccators without absorbent.Watch glass
with cream was introduced into the desiccators.It was left for 24hr.

➢ Shelf life:The formulated product was stored in different temperature condition like
room temperature 45 c and 55c to accelerate degradation for 1 month.Sample were
withdrawn periodically every week and observed for drug decomposition by taking the
absorbance under UV spectrometer.From the concentration, and the temperature, the
shelf life of the product can be estimated.

➢ Spread ability: The spread ability was expressed in terms of time in seconds.Take two
slides to slip off from the cream, placed in between the slides, under certain load.Lesser
the time for separation of the two slides, better the spread ability.

9. ADVANTAGES OF CREAM:
• They gives prolong contact in their site of application than any other pharmaceutical semi
solid dosage forms.
• Injured area can be dried quickly by creams than other semi-solid preparations.
• Non-irritating when applied to the skin.
• Easily water washable. Easy to wipe away.
• Less greasy compared to ointment.
• Easy to spread on the skin's surface (i.e. easy to apply).

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 • Prompt local action is got.
• Fewer side effects.
• Manufacture is process is does not involve any sophisticated equipment.
• Beautification of the external body part is possible in an easy and convenient way.
• Easily water washable, easy to wipe away.
• Less greasy compared to ointment.
• Easy to spread on the skin surface.
• Suitable for sensitive, dry and fair skin.
• Suitable for acute lesions.
• They interfere less with skin function.
• Evaporation water from oil to water type cream causes cooling sensation.
• Lower risk of side effects.
• Creams are more acceptable to the patients because they are less greasy and are easier
to apply.
• They interfere less with skin functions.
• O/w type of creams (superior to w/o type) can be rubbed onto the skin more readily and
are easily removed by washing.
• W/o can be spread more evenly.
• O/w type of cream is less likely to soil clothes.
• Evaporation of water from o/w type of cream causes a cooling sensation.
• O/w creams absorb the discharges from the wound (liquid exudates) very quickly.
• w/o creams (e.g. cold creams) restricts evaporation from the skin, it can be used on
non-weeping surfaces to prevent dehydration ( in the dry season), restore suppleness
(softness).
10 DISADVANTAGES OF CREAM:

• Stability is not as good as ointment.

• They are less hydrophobic than other semi solid preparation, so risk of contamination is
high than the others.
• In many cases, it favors microbial growth and cause product spoilage.
• A shorter shelf life because of the presence of flavoring agent and coloring agent.

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 • Since it is a semisolid preparation and contains oil in large amounts, some of which are
inedible, hence creams are not used for internal use. Basically creams are meant for
application onto the skin.
• The aqueous phase is prone to the growth of moulds and bacteria hence preservatives
should be used.
• Sometimes acidification of oils takes place.
• By regular cleansing the face can harm the skin barrier and makes the skin more
vulnerable to rashes and other skin problems.
• As excessive face was rinse away the natural oils of the face which give rise to
problems like skin dryness.
• Apart from dry and lifeless skin too much face washing can also cause acne and
pimples.
• LY Many moisturizers contain oils such as petrolatum (Vaseline), lanolin (sheep wool
oil), and mineral oil which block water evaporation and generally clog pores and
increase acne.
• They can inhibit the use of drugs like retinoic (Retina-A) and Alpha Hydroxyl Acids
(AHAS).
• Moisturizers quicken skin aging because dry skin reflects more ultraviolet light than
hydrated skin.
• However, as they contain petroleum, that might block the evaporation of water, they
often clog pores resulting in pimples.
• They might also dark the complexion if overused.
• It might cause skin allergies.
• It cause skin itching.
• It causes peeling.
• It causes irritation.
11. References:-

1. Ray R, Proudly AP, Das S, Pharmaceutical Creams,, and their use in wound healing: A
Review, Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 2019;9

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 2. Shaun T, Patel T, Shaun S, Gawain B, “Skin cream as Topical Drug Delivery System: A
Review” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, 2016; 4

3. Mohiuddin AK, “Skin Care Creams: Formulation and Use” American Journal of
Dermatological Research and Reviews, 2019, 2:8

4. Semi-solid dosage forms. In: Alekha Dash, Somnath Singh, and Justin Tolman.
Pharmaceutics: Basic Principles and Application to Pharmacy Practice, published by
Academic Press, 2013.

5. Hero E, Jacob SE. Menthapiperita (peppermint). Dermatitis. 2010; 21

6. Modarresi M, Farah pour MR, Barbadian B, “Topical application of Menthapiperita

essential oil accelerates wound healing in infected mice model” Inflammopharmacology,
2018.

7. Saidi M, Aouacheri O, Saka S, “Protective Effect of Curcuma against Chromium

Hepatotoxicity in Rats” Phototherapy. 2019.

8. Pal A, Sony M, Patina K, “Formulation and evaluation of polyhedral cream”

International Journal Pharmaceutical and Biological Archives, 2014; 5: 67-71

9. Aswan a, Karla M, Rout A, “Preparation and evaluation of polyhedral cosmetic cream”

Deer Pharmacia Letter, 2013; 5.

10. Pal A, Sony M, Patina K, “Formulation and evaluation of polyhedral cream”

11. International Journal Pharmaceutical and Biological Archives, 2014; 5:

12. Patel RP, Kamahi, “Formulation Optimization and Evaluation of Mometazone Furcated
Cream” Journal of Pharmacy Research, 2009; 10.

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 13. Aswan a, Karla M, Rout A, “Preparation and evaluation of polyhedral cosmetic cream”
Deer Pharmacia Letter, 2013; 5

14. Nadine AT, Mire R, Shadier N, Tabandeh MR, Oryan A, and Nazify S, “Effects of topical
application of Calendula officinal is gel on collagen and hydroxyproline content of skin
in rats” Comp Clan Pathos, 2012; 21.

15. Jamshiya S, “Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Skin Cream for Wound Healing”
(Doctoral dissertation, RVS College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Coimbatore.

16. Biswas TK, Mukherjee B, “Plant medicines of Indian origin for wound healing activity:
a review” The international journal of lower extremity wounds,

17. "Fact Sheet: Cosmetic Testing : The Humane Society of the United
States". www.humanesociety.org. Archived from the original on 2022-02-21.
Retrieved 2018-05-01.

18. Osborne, D.W., 2008. Review of changes in topical drug classification. Pharm. Tech. 32,
66–74.

19. Preparation of cold cream Archived from the original on June 10, 2011.

20. "Makeup Science". Science News for Kids. 16 March 2005. Retrieved 3
September 2010.

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