RELATED LITERATURE

*NATIONAL
1 Abstract

In the Philippines, the supply of engineering graduates produced per year is lower than
the demand as local industries are becoming engineering-related. This poses a challenge
to academic institutions to fill this gap. Assessment reveals low graduation rate in the
Engineering programs in the Philippines, where approximately 35.4% of the students
are working at the same time. With the aim to help these students prevent possible
retakes, the proponents explored and analyzed the effects of workload on academic
performance and the factors associated with it. NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) was
utilized to measure students’ workload in this study. Recommendation presented in this
research are interventions to support physical and mental health to better cope in a high
workload environment, which will in return translate to better work and academic
performance thus an increase in graduation rate.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351978915004989

Kurata, Y. B., Bano, R. M. L. P., & Matias, A. C. (2015). Effects of workload on academic performance
among working students in an undergraduate engineering program. Procedia Manufacturing, 3, 3360-
3367.

2 ABSTRACT

This study explores how the student creates ways to maximize their time in working and in studying. The
said study also aims to investigate and identify students' experiences while working. They are starting at
how difficult their situation. Next, the problems they encounter. Then, how they deal and cope with such
difficulties. The purpose of this study is to investigate the experiences of working while studying. In this
study, a qualitative study is used. It is a subjective report which made utilization of a phenomenological
way to deal with accumulating important information. The method that is used in the process of making
this part of the study is the Snowball technique. Based on the participants’ responses on their
perceptions on working while studying, it is confirmed that financial support, self-development and
internal motivation to integrate theory and practice are among the driving forces of working while
studying at university. The findings also show that the participants have happy feeling and good time
management. Moreover, it shows that the effective ways of overcoming the problems they encounter is
through good time management and self-reflection. The last research question intended to ask the
participants their suggestions and recommendations for students who have similar condition. Among the
suggestions are the students who decide to work while studying must be first of all committed and
disciplined.
Abenoja, R., Accion, N., Aguilar, J., Alcasid, M., Amoguis, A., Buraquit, D., ... & Pame, J. (2019). The
experiences of working while studying: A phenomenological study of senior high school
students. University of Immaculate Conception.

3 Abstract
Time management is the ability of a person to balance things happening in their lives. It has a significant
impact on the lives of the students especially for those who are working. Sometimes, they lack the
supervision of parents and teachers and they work due to financial reasons. Working students do not have
enough time to study and spend most of their time working. The researchers conducted this study to
determine the effects of time management among working students of selected Grade 12 General
Academic Strand (GAS) and to find solutions that might help them to manage the given variables. This
research used descriptive design in such a way that the survey questionnaire was administered to fifty
(50) working students of Grade 12 GAS students that were chosen purposively. The survey questionnaire
was constructed to determine how time management affects the financial, academic performance and
health of working students. Moreover, the theory of Maslow stating that efficient use of time helps people
meet higher goals of fulfillment, spiritually and well being, but for the sake of interests, people gave up
bigger things like agenda and self-satisfaction in life was utilized in this study. The data collected were
analyzed qualitatively. Many respondents of this study agreed that there were effects of time management
among working students. Students responded that their thinking process might not function well because
of they are thinking of work and school activities at the same time. This is one of the most common
factors that affected the student's working nature. In the academic performance, respondents stressed that
they were unable to answer the questions given by their teachers due to lack of time for review. Lastly, in
terms of financial factors, they needed to budget their money wisely for their everyday expenses or needs.
The results ask for recommendations that may help working students manage their time well. The
researchers gave these recommendations: students should know their priorities and should focus on
important things that were needed completion the most and they should budget their time on study and
work.

https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/aasgbcpjmra/article/view/1254

Astudillo, M. L., Martos, R., Reese, T. M., Umpad, K. J., & Fuente, A. D. (2019). The effects of time
management among working students of selected Grade 12 general academic strand of senior high
school in Bestlink College of the Philippines. Ascendens Asia Singapore–Bestlink College of the
Philippines Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(1).

*INTERNATIONAL
1. Abstract This paper explores the determinants of university working-students’ financial literacy. It
further seeks to establish the relationship between financial literacy and certain demographic
characteristics. This study adopted a correlational research design as the framework to examine the
relationship between variables without determining cause and effect. Data were randomly collected
from 250 undergraduate and postgraduate students of a public university in Ghana. The paper found
that age and work experience were positively related to financial literacy. Also, mother’s education was
positively correlated with respondents’ financial literacy. However, level of study, work location, father’s
education, access to media and the source of education on money were all not significantly correlated
with financial literacy. A key recommendation is that given the positive correlation between mother’s
education and financial literacy, parents should be actively involved in designing educational programs
on financial issues at the basic and high school levels for their kids. It is believed that such a step forward
will help parents to guard and guide their children’s financial behaviors.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Gyensare-3/publication/
269849766_Determinants_of_University_Working-
Students'_Financial_Literacy_at_the_University_of_Cape_Coast_Ghana/links/
569f848408ae2c638eb7a908/Determinants-of-University-Working-Students-Financial-Literacy-at-the-
University-of-Cape-Coast-Ghana.pdf
Ansong, A., & Gyensare, M. A. (2012). Determinants of university working-students' financial literacy at
the University of Cape Coast, Ghana. International journal of business and Management, 7(9), 126.

2. Abstract

Today's college students are less prepared for college-level work than their predecessors. Once they get
to college, they tend to spend fewer hours studying while spending more hours working, some even full
time (D. T. Smart, C. A. Kelley, & J. S. Conant, 1999). In this study, the authors examined the effect of both
time spent studying and time spent working on academic performance. The authors further evaluated
the interaction of motivation and ability with study time and its effect on academic performance. The
results suggested that nonability variables like motivation and study time significantly interact with
ability to influence academic performance. Contrary to popular belief, the amount of time spent studying
or at work had no direct influence on academic performance. The authors also addressed implications
and direction for future research.

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=related+literature+about+working+students+and+their+academic+performanc
e&oq=related+literature+about+working+students+and+#d=gs_cit&t=1698454692905&u=%2Fscholar
%3Fq%3Dinfo%3AEOhMBcCx12wJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26output%3Dcite%26scirp%3D0%26hl
%3Den
Nonis, S. A., & Hudson, G. I. (2006). Academic performance of college students: Influence of time spent
studying and working. Journal of education for business, 81(3), 151-159.

3. Abstract

A growing number of students are working while in college and to a greater extent.
Using nationally representative data from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of
Youth, I analyze the effect of working on grades and credit completion for
undergraduate students in the United States. Strategies to identify the causal
relationship between working and academic performance include student-level fixed
effects to control for permanent, unobserved characteristics that may affect both work
and study intensity, and system GMM models to account for potentially endogenous
relationships between working and academic performance that vary over time. I
examine the consequences of working for heterogeneous subgroups, with a particular
focus on differences between full-time and part-time students. I find no evidence that
students’ grades are harmed by marginal work hours, but that full-time students
complete fewer credits per term when increasing work.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272775713001544
Darolia, R. (2014). Working (and studying) day and night: Heterogeneous effects of working on the
academic performance of full-time and part-time students. Economics of Education Review, 38, 38-50.

4 Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between part time working, mental and
physical health and academic performance. Fifty per cent of the undergraduate full-time respondents
had part time jobs. Mean pay per hour was £4.25 and mean number of hours worked was 14 hours.
When the current state of students' health was compared to the sex‐ and age‐related norms for the
general population, it showed that seven of the eight areas of health measured were significantly poorer
than those of the general population. Results also showed that being in debt and part time working both
have a very slight (though significant), detrimental effect on both mental and physical health of students.
Accordingly, working more hours increased the probability that a student perceived a negative effect on
academic performance. In conclusion, it is recommended that several measures be implemented to help
students, to organize study and part time work to best effect.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03098770500353300
Carney, C., McNEISH, S., & McCOLL, J. (2005). The impact of part time employment on students' health
and academic performance: a Scottish perspective. journal of further and higher education, 29(4), 307-
319.

5. Abstract This study examines the effect of work (number of working hours) on college students’
satisfaction and GPA first by grouping the respondents into two categories: working and non-working.
The findings show that the average satisfaction and GPA of those students who did not work were found
to be slightly higher than those who did work. However, examining the effect of work on satisfaction and
GPA by grouping college students as working and non-working may lead to unrealistic conclusions.
Hence, we examined the effect of work on satisfaction and GPA by grouping students into 5 categories:
those who worked for 0 hours (unemployed), 1- 10 hours, 11-15 hours, 16-20, 21-30, and 31 hours or
more. An interesting finding of the current study is that work has positive effect on both satisfaction and
GPA, when students did work fewer than 10 hours. Thus, part-job may not always be detrimental to
students’ satisfaction. However, when students work for more than 11 hours a week, students’
satisfaction and GPA were found to decline for each additional category of work, although the change is
very small. Both theoretical and practical implications of these findings and future research directions
are discussed.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mussie-Tessema/publication/
271077619_Tessema_M_Ready_K_Astanie_M_2014_Does_Part-
Time_Job_Affect_College_Students'_Satisfaction_and_Academic_Performance_GPA_The_Case_of_a_Mi
d-sized_Public_University_International_Journal_of_Business_Admin/links/
57769e4408aead7ba071cf1e/Tessema-M-Ready-K-Astanie-M-2014-Does-Part-Time-Job-Affect-College-
Students-Satisfaction-and-Academic-Performance-GPA-The-Case-of-a-Mid-sized-Public-University-
International-Journal-of-Business.pdf
Tessema, M. T., Ready, K. J., & Astani, M. (2014). Does part-time job affect college students' satisfaction
and academic performance (GPA)? The case of a mid-sized public university. International Journal of
Business Administration, 5(2), 50.

RELATED STUDIES
*NATIONAL
1. Abstract
The Pandemic took its toll on many industries. Focusing on the Academe, students were forced to transition to a highly
experimental modality. Many students have been affected, more specifically the working students. Working students have to
manage their time, so their academic performance will likely be affected. This study was initiated to assess the academic
performance of working students. The study is quantitative by nature. The study identified 150 working students of UM Tagum
College (UMTC). Results revealed that working students had an average descriptive level on their Academic performance. From
the results, recommendations were made.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
365716175_Assessing_the_Academic_Performance_of_Working_Students_During_Pandemic

2. Abstract

Working while studying is having part-time jobs while studying to have extra income. It has a
big impact on the academic performance of students. This condition has a possible positive
and negative effect. The researchers gathered information about this particular topic to help
working students deal with this situation. This study focuses on the effects of working while
studying in senior high school. This research used a descriptive design to determine the effects
of working while studying. The survey questionnaire was administered to fifty (50) senior high
school working students that were chosen through purposive sampling. The survey
questionnaire was constructed to determine how family, time management, class activities,
and academic achievements affect the working students. Based on Simon Willison's Pickle Jar
Theory on Time Management, it represents our daily life; what keeps us busy and how to
divide the time and task during the day. Most respondents agreed that working while studying
had effects on their academic performance. The most common effect was poor participation in
class activities. However, they could relate work skills to some school activities. Likewise, the
students learn to balance time for work and study. Lastly, the most common factor that affects
them was the family and how that serves as motivation to work and study hard. Also, academic
achievement could be effective in getting high grades as payback for hard work. The results
have enumerated some solutions to address the situation and avoid the negative effects of
working while studying. Parents and teachers need to work hand in hand to motivate the
students to stay focused in their work and their studies.

https://www.ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/aasgbcpjmra/article/view/1244
Acaso, M., Insopido, A. H., Tan, M. J. G., Vega, R. J. F., & Fuente, A. L. D. (2019). The Effects of Working
while Studying to Senior High School Students at Bestlink College of the Philippines Academic Year 2018-
2019. Ascendens Asia Singapore–Bestlink College of the Philippines Journal of Multidisciplinary
Research, 1(1).

3Abstract

This study explores the effects of being working students on the academic performance of
Education students in Bestlink College of the Philippines, especially different factors that upset
their academic performance in school. The descriptive method was used in this research to
describe different reasons why students work while studying. This study will give students
consciousness about how they are going to deal with these factors as they find it a burden.
Working students’ work schedule usually do not fit their school schedule; hence, they have
difficulty regarding their schedule. Thus, in addition to time, other factors, such as distance,
financial aspect, physical aspect, and psychological environment, also affect the students’
performance.
https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/aasgbcpjmra/article/view/1720
Amor, J., Allauigan, J., Martinez, J. A., Zapanta, J. L., & Ablen, A. (2020). Working Students: Its Effect on
Academic Performance of Education Students in Bestlink College of the Philippines. Ascendens Asia
Singapore–Bestlink College of the Philippines Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(1).

4. Abstract
In tertiary education, success is not purely about intelligence; self-discipline, diligence, initiative, and determination are pillars
that one keeps there. This study delves into the academic challenges of working scholars at Northeastern Mindanao State
University (NEMSU), a state university in Surigao del Sur, Mindanao, Philippines. This exploration sought to explore the
academic challenges of working scholars in terms of financial, social, psychological, teachers' factors, and classroom
environment. The study utilized a mixed methods approach where a researcher-made checklist survey questionnaire was
employed to come up with the quantitative result. Further, the researchers also conducted a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with
the working scholars in which the responses were thematically extracted to derive an elaborated result from the quantitative data,
leading this study a mixed method design-an explanatory approach. It has been found out that university students are working
while studying to support their underprivileged families; sustain their scholastic expenses for their dreams of having a better life;
lack of financial support from their families due to unemployment, death, and health concerns; and to prove to others that poverty
is not a predicament in education if one is determined to succeed. The primary academic challenge of working scholars in their
daily lives is financial problems, which are attributed to school-related expenses (requirements), needs, and wants. In addition,
working scholars are also psychologically challenged because of external discouragement and a lack of moral support from their
families.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
361627711_WORKING_WHILE_STUDYING_THE_ACADEMIC_CHALLENGES_OF_WORKING_SCHOLARS

*INTERNATIONAL
1. Nearly half of all full-time working college students are working enough hours to hurt their
academic achievement and the overall quality of their education. At the same time, the majority
of these students report that they would not be able to attend college if they did not work. As
college costs have risen, federal grant-aid has failed to keep pace, and students in the future
face even greater pressure in paying for college. Data about student employment are from
1,031 surveys completed by students across the United States. They show that 46% of all full-
time working students work 25 or more hours per week, and 42% of these students reported
that working hurt their grades. Fifty-three percent of all full-time working students who work 25
hours or more per week reported that employment limited their class schedule, and 38% said
that work limited their class choice. Sixty-three percent of all full-time working students who
work 25 hours or more each week reported that they would not be able to attend college if they
did not work. One in five full-time working students works 35 or more hours each week.
(Contains 16 figures and 17 tables.) (SLD)

https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED470026
King, T., & Bannon, E. (2002). At What Cost? The Price That Working Students Pay for a College
Education.

THEORY
1. Simon Willison's Pickle Jar Theory on Time Management

2. Maslow's hierarchy of needs