Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES

LAOANG CAMPUS
Laoang, Northern Samar
web: http://uep.edu.ph; email: ueplaoangcampus@gmail.com

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

1st Semester, S.Y. 2022 – 2023

MODULE 4

ALCOHOL
GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA,LPT
Special Lecturer
 MODULE NO. 4
ALCOHOLS
OVERVIEW
Alcohols are one of the most important molecules in Organic
Chemistry. They can be prepared from many different types of
compounds, and they can be converted into many different types of
compounds. Alcohols are molecules containing the hydroxyl
functional group (-OH) that is bonded to the carbon atom
of an alkyl or substituted alkyl. The hydroxyl functional group
strongly contributes to the physical properties of alcohols.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
 Identify and draw the structural formula of alcohol
 Classify types of Alcohol
 Name alcohol using the IUPAC system of nomenclature
 Understand the physical properties of alcohol.
 Familiarize with common Alcohol and uses.
 Understand the effect of Alcohol to Human Body
 Familiarize with different types of alcohol test

Hopefully, you understand our previous lessons, which is all about the
hydrocarbons. It is very useful here especially in IUPAC (International
Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) Naming of Alcohol.

ALCOHOL

Are organic compounds in which one or more of the hydrogen is replaced

with an – OH group. -OH group is called the hydroxyl group

GENERAL FORMULA OF ALCOHOL

HOW TO NAME AN ALCOHOL USING THE IUPAC SYSTEM STEP

1. Find the longest carbon chain containing the carbon bonded to OH group.
Change the –e ending of the parent alkene to the suffix –ol.
 Explanation:

PROPAN- 3 Carbons (recall our lesson in hydrocarbon)

OL- the function group of alcohol –OH is present

Explanation:
ETH- 2 Carbons
OL- the functional group of alcohol –OH is present.

2. Number the carbon chain to give the OH group the lower number, and apply all
other rules of nomenclature.
Example

1 2 3 1 2 3
(Condensed Formula) (Structural Formula)

2-propanol (old IUPAC naming) or propan-2-ol (new IUPAC naming)

Explanation:

PROPAN- 3 Carbons (recall our lesson in hydrocarbon)

OL- the function group of alcohol –OH is present.
2- the functional group –OH is in Carbon number 2.

Explanation:
BUTAN- 4 Carbons
OL- the function group of alcohol –OH is present.
2- the functional group –OH is in Carbon number 2. (The chain is numbered
from the end giving the -OH carbon the lower number)
HOW TO NAME AN ALCOHOL IN THEIR COMMON NAME
The common names for alcohols consist of the alkyl group name, a space, and the
word alcohol

Example:

ETHYL ALCOHOL (common name) Ethanol (IUPAC name)

Ethyl (alkyl name) recall our lessons in hydrocarbon about alkyl.

CLASSSIFICATION OF ALCOHOL
Alcohols are classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°) based
on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the carbon with the OH group.

PRIMARY ALCOHOL

In a primary (1°) alcohol, the carbon which carries the -OH group is only
attached to one alkyl group.

General formula: RCH2OH

SECONDARY ALCOHOL
In a secondary (2°) alcohol, the carbon with the -OH group attached is joined
directly to two alkyl groups.
 General formula: R2CHOH

TERTIARY ALCOHOL

In a tertiary (3°) alcohol, the carbon atom holding the -OH group is attached
directly to three alkyl groups.

General formula: R3COH

PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOL
ETHANOL, METHANOL AND GLYCERINE

COLOR Colorless

ODOR They have faint odor (alcoholic odor) except

glycerol that is odorless.

SOLUBILITY Completely miscible with water.

*Miscible- capable of being mixed

FLAMMABILITY Flammable with blue, non-smoky flame.

STATE Liquid except glycerol that is viscous liquid.

ACID-BASE PROPERTIES Neutral

BOILING POINT OF ALCOHOL (ETHANOL) 78.37OC(Ethanol)

INTERESTING ALCOHOLS

SOME COMMON ALCOHOLS

METHANOL (CH3OH), A.K.A “WOOD ALCOHOL”

 Is useful solvent and starting material for the synthesis of
plastics.
 Methanol is extremely toxic because of the oxidation
products formed when metabolized in the liver.
 Ingestion of as little as 15 mL (about half an once), causes
blindness and 100 mL causes death. Can be used as a fuel.
ETHANOL
 An odorless and colorless liquid
 Widely used as a solvent
  The alcohol in alcoholic beverages
 Derived from fermentation of carbohydrates

 Beverage produced varies with the starting material and the

fermentation process
 Fermentation of sugar and starches in grains
 12-15% alcohol, then yeast cells die.
 Distillation produces “hard” liquors
FERMENTATION

Ethanol fermentation, also called alcoholic fermentation, is a

biological process, which converts sugars such as glucose,
fructose, and sucrose into cellular energy, producing ethanol
and carbon dioxide as by- products. Process of making wine.

Oldest known organic synthesis:

fermentation

Sugar + yeast = ethyl alcohol + CO2

From Grape juice => “wine”

Barley => “beer”
Honey => “mead” (honey wine)
Rice => “sake”
5-11%
ethanol
DISTILLATION

for “hard” liquors

Distillation of fermented beverages to produce “distilled

spirits” with a greater percentage of ethyl alcohol (bp78.3 oC).

 Distillation means taking the fermented ethanol and water

mixture and adding heat to separate them. Since ethanol
evaporates faster than water, the ethanol rises through a
tube, collects and condenses into another container. The
water is left behind.
PERCENT VS. PROOF

Alcohol proof is twice the volume percentage of ethyl alcohol

(ethanol) in an alcoholic beverage. It is a measure of the
ethanol (a specific type of alcohol) content of an alcoholic
beverage.

In the United States, the modern definition of alcohol proof is

twice the percentage of ABV.

Alcohol Proof Example: An alcoholic beverage that is 40%

ethyl alcohol by volume is referred to as being '80 proof'.
100-proof whiskey is 50% alcohol by volume. 86-proof whiskey is 43%
alcohol by volume. Pure alcohol or absolute alcohol is 200 proof.
However, because alcohol and water form an azeotropic mixture, this
purity level cannot be obtained using simple distillation.
(https://www.thoughtco.com/alcohol-proof-definition-and-examples-
607431)

Example: Tanduay Rhum Dark Brand: Tanduay

Distillery: Tanduay Distilleries
Alcohol by volume: 40%, Alcohol proof: 80
Proof, Age: 5 Years

2-PROPANOL A.K.A ISOPROPYL

ALCOHOL
• Is the major component of rubbing alcohol. When rubbed on the
skin it evaporates readily, producing a pleasant cooling
sensation. 2-Propanol is used to clean skin before medical
procedures and to sterilize medical instrument.
 Colorless, but has a slight odor
 Commonly called rubbing alcohol
 Toxic when ingested
 Used as a:
o Disinfectant
o Astringent
o Industrial
solvent

1,2-ETHANEDIOL A.K.A ETHYLENE

GLYCOL

 Used as automobile antifreeze

 Has a sweet taste, but is extremely poisonous
 Lowers the freezing point
 Raises the boiling point
GLYCEROL

 is a triol used in lotions, liquid soap, and shaving cream. Since it is

sweet tasting and nontoxic, it is also and additive in candy and some
prepared foods. Its three OH groups readily hydrogen bond to water, so
its help to retain moisture in these products.
 Used in:
Cosmetics
Pharmaceuticals
Lubricants

FOCUS ON HEALTH AND MEDICINE

ETHANOL, THE MOST WIDELY ABUSED DRUG

Throughout history, humans have ingested alcoholic
beverages for their pleasant taste and the feeling of euphoria
they impart. Although we think of alcohol as a stimulant,
largely because small amounts decrease social inhibitions, the
ethanol (CH3CH2OH) in an alcoholic beverage actually depresses
the central nervous system. the chronic and excessive consumption of
alcoholic beverages has become a major health and social crisis, making
ethanol the most widely abused drug in the u.s. one estimate suggests
that there are 40 times more alcoholics than heroin addicts.

HEALTH EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION

• Alcohol consumption has both short-term and long-term effects. in small
amounts it can cause dizziness, giddiness, and a decrease in social
inhibitions. in larger amounts it decreases coordination and reaction
time and causes drowsiness. Intoxicated individuals have
exaggerated emotions, slurred speech, amnesia, and a lack of
coordination. coma and death can result at even higher concentrations.
• Ethanol affects many organs. it dilates blood vessels,
resulting in a flushed appearance. it increases urine production
and stimulates the secretion of stomach acid. chronic excessive alcohol
consumption damages the heart and can lead to cirrhosis of the liver,
an incurable and fatal disorder in which the liver is scarred and loses
its function.

Reference:

• Smith, J.,. et. al.,, McGraw Hill Int’l Edition, Pte,

Ltd., 2nd Edition, 2013.
• A Work/Textbook in General Chemistry
Tonog, Merle N., University of UEP, 2012
 General Organic Chemistry
 MODULE ASSESSMENT

ALCOHOL

1. What is Alcohol?

2. Give the physical and chemical properties of Alcohol.

3. Draw the process of fermentation and distillation. Give an

example.

4. Differentiate proof and Alcohol percent. Give an example.

5. How can you assess if the person is alcohol intoxicated?(In a

vehicular accident settings and/or Emergency settings)

6. What are Blood Alcohol Level (BAL) Test, Phosphatidylethanol

(Peth) Test and Breath Alcohol Test? What are their purpose? What
is the sample required? What do the result mean?

7. Complete the table below.

a. Effect of Alcohol to the different Organ/Organ System

Effects of Alcohol
Liver
Central Nervous System
Digestive System
Skeletal and Muscle System
Immune System
Cardiovascular System
Psychological Effect

b.Complete the table below.

ORGANIC USES IUPAC NAME COMMON STRUCTURAL HAZARDS

COMPOUND NAME FORMULA IDENTIFICATION/
SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS.
(Examples:
Carcinogenic,
Flammable, Eye
Irritant)
ALCOHOL IN
ALCOHOLIC
BEVERAGE
WOOD
ALCOHOL
RUBBING
ALCOHOL
ETHYLENE
GLYCOL
GLYCEROL
c.
STRUCTURAL FORMULA IUPAC NAME CLASSIFICATION OF ALCOHOL
(PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND
TERTIARY)