Assignment

Subject: Sociology
Class: BBA (HONS) Morning
Semester: Second
Session: 2021-25
Submitted to: Mam Saman Naz
Submitted by:

Muti-ul-Hassan Roll# BB-21-07

Adil Khar Roll# BB-21-66
Abdullah Mughal Roll# BB-21-61

Submitted on: 10-05-2022

 Sociology
Definition of sociology by different authors:
 “The science of society”(Ward and Graham Sumner)
 “The science of social phenomena.”(F.H.Giddiings)
 “The science of institution”(Durkheim)
 “The science of social organization and social change” (Kovalevsky)
 “The science of studying human relationship” (Simmel)
 “The study of social action” (Weber)
 “The science of collective behavior” (Park)

EARLY SOCIOLOGISTS:
 Auguste comet
 Herbert spencer
 Karl Marx
 Emile Durkheim
 Max weber
August Comte:
The French philosopher Auguste Comte coined the term sociology from the Latin
socius (“social, being with others”) and the Greek logos (“study of”) to describe a
new science that would engage in the study of society. Comte’s philosophy
became known as positivism—a belief that the world can best be understood
through scientific inquiry.
Herbert Spencer:
According to Spencer’s Theory of General Evolution, Society, like a biological
organism, has various interdependent parts (such as the family, the economy, and
the government) that work to ensure
Emile Durkheim:
French sociologist Emile Durkheim stressed that people are the product of their
social environment and that behavior cannot be understood fully in terms of
individual biological and psychological traits. He believed that the limits of human
potential are socially based, not biologically based.

NATURE OF SOCIOLOGY:
 Sociology is an independent science
 Sociology is social science not a physical science
 Sociology is categorical not normative discipline
 Sociology is an abstract science not concrete science
 Sociology is generalizing not particularizing
 Sociology is both rational and empirical science

SOCIOLOGY IS KNOWLEDGE:
The knowledge of sociology exists in the form of theories, principles, and laws.
The function of sociology to the solution of social problems is as same as biology
for medicine and math and physics for engineering.

BRANCHES OF SOCIOLOGY:
 Sociology is divided into several fields.
 Sociological theories
 Historical sociology
 Sociology of economic life
 Sociology of knowledge
 Sociology of terrorism
 Political sociology
 Sociology of law
 Human ecology and demography
 Sociology of family
 Sociology of community
 Sociology of religion
 Educational sociology
  SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF SOCIOLOGY:
Social science has two angles: humanism as information and social science as a
calling. Human science as information is an end itself. It makes sense of social
states of life and guides generally friendly peculiarities. The rise of social science
helped when the world social orders were dealing with the most recent issues.
Human science made sense of such issues and tackled them

Major Sociological Perspectives :

Functionalist
Society is composed of interrelated parts that work together to maintain order
and stability within society

Conflict
Society is characterized by social inequality. Social arrangements benefit some
groups at the expense of others due to scarce resources.

Symbolic Interactionist
Society is the sum of interactions of people and groups.

Post Modern
Social life in modern societies is characterized by post industrialization,
consumerism, and global communications.

Sociological Research Process:

Research:
Research is the process of systematically collecting information for the purpose of
testing an existing theory or generating a new one.
Types of Research :
 Quantitative research: sociological research methods that are based on the
goal of scientific objectivity and that focus on data that can be measured
numerically.
 Qualitative research: sociological research methods that use interpretive
description (words) rather than statistics (numbers) to analyze underlying
meanings and patterns of social relationships.
Research methods:
Research methods are specific strategies or techniques for systematically
conducting research.
1. Survey Research:
A survey is a poll in which the researcher gathers facts or attempts to determine
the relationships among facts.
2. Interviews:
An interview is a data-collection encounter in which an interviewer asks the
respondent questions and records the answers. Survey research often uses
structured interviews, in which the interviewer asks questions from a
standardized questionnaire.
3. Secondary Analysis of Existing Data:
In secondary analysis, researchers use existing material and analyze data that
were originally collected by others.

SOCIOLOGY AND OTHER SCIENCES:

Sociology has relations with many other fields of science.

 Sociology and economics

Economics is concerned with social life of people in the special field of production,
distribution, consumption of wealth and goods and services.

 Sociology and political science

Political science deals with the social life of people in their attempt to govern
themselves. Sociology also deals with governing institutions and organizations.

 Sociology and history

Historical methods used in social research is itself sign of relationship with
sociology. Historical sociology is an area of study of sociology.

 Sociology and stats

Statistics provide researchers with methods and techniques for measuring
qualitative aspects of events. In sociology we also collect data, manipulate and
interpret statistically.
SOCIAL ACTION AND SOCIAL
INTERACTION
SOCIAL ACTION:
"Action is social when the entertainer acts in such a way that his activity is
expected to impact the activity of at least one different person"

Types of social action:

Max weber has classified social action in four categories.
1. The rational orientation in a system of discrete individual ends.
2. The rational orientation to an absolute value.
3. Traditionally oriented action.
4. The effectual orientation.

SOCIAL INTERACTION:
Social Interaction:
Social interaction is the general process whereby two or more persons
are in a meaningful contact, as a result of which their behaviour is
modified however slightly.
Examples:
• A professor communicating information to their students.
• Two friends arguing over a restaurant.
Elements of Social Interaction:
• Two or more persons.
• Situation.
• Effect.
• Mass Media.
Types of Social Interaction:
• Direct or Physical Interaction:
It involves physical action among the individuals.
Examples:
Beating

• Symbolic Interaction:
Symbolic interactionism is a theoretical perspective in sociology that
addresses the manner in which society is created and maintained
through face-to-face, repeated, meaningful interactions among
individuals.
Examples:
Man uses following instruments to facilitate symbolic interaction:
• Telephone
Forms of Social Interaction:
• Between individual and individual:
The interaction between at least two persons.
Example:
The doctor and the patient.
The mother and the child.
• Between individual and group:
The interaction which operates between one person and more.
Example:
Teacher teaching his class.
Imam leading prayers.
• Between group and group:
The interaction between two groups of people.
Example:
Two teams playing match.
Two delegates discussing an issue.
• Between individual and culture:
This form of interaction is found when the people listen to radio, see
television and read newspaper.
SOCIAL PROCESSES:
Every one of the social cycles are the results of social cooperation. Human
existence is brimming with social cycles like participation, contests, and clashes.
As collaboration design changes the cycles additionally changes all the while.
These cycles are called example of social cycles.

 COMPETITION:
Contest is the battle for ownership of remunerations which are restricted in
supply, merchandise, status, power, love anything.

 ACCOMMODATION:
The suspension of conflicts between the get-togethers for a brief or very solid
period is comfort. The cycle could occur under conditions which may be standing
up to by and large to the two players and they putting their antagonistic direct to
the side get together to face what is happening.

 COOPERATION:
It is the type of human contact and relationship in the public eye. This is the least
complex of all friendly ways of behaving found in the rudimentary types of life. No
general public can foster its social association and social frameworks without
collaboration.

 CONFLICT:
Struggle is the social interaction wherein people or gatherings look for their
finishes by straightforwardly testing the main adversaries by savagery or danger
of viciousness.

 AMALGAMATION:
It is the adult phase of social dissemination and combination into each other. It is
the intermarriage between the two disparate gatherings.
 Social Groups
Social group:
A social category is a collection of people who do not interact but who
share similar characteristics.
A social group is a collection of people who interact with each other
and share similar characteristics and a sense of unity.
Example:
• Families
• Companies
• Circles of friends

Characteristics of social group:

The basis of grouping may be numerous but the division of population
on the basis of age, sex, income, profession and other gave them
various types of social groups. Following are the

1. Given number of Individual two or more.

2. Reciprocal Relations exists among the its members.
3. These are formed for Common Goals and Objectives.
4. Having Sense of unity and solidarity which results loyalty and
sympathy.
5. A strong sense of awe-feeling which develop cooperation.
6. Group Norms and regulations (written or unwritten) must be
followed for group control.
7. Similar Behavior to achieve common goals.
8. Awareness about its membership to differentiate them from
other groups.
9. These are dynamic instead static.
• Primary group
• Secondary group
10. Group Control (direct or indirect control) for member’s activities.

Types of social group:

• Membership group
• Non-membership group
• In-group
• Out-group
• Formal group
• Informal group
Primary group:
A primary group is a group in which one exchanges implicit items, such
as love, caring, concern, support.
Example:
• Family group
• Church group
Characteristics of social group:
• Face-to-face interaction
• Intimacy
• Mutual aid and help
• Consciousness of kind
• We-feeling
• Small in size
• Physical proximity or nearness
• Frequent interaction
• Personal relation
• Similarity of background
Secondary group:
A social group characterized by conscious collective interest and formal
association.
Example:
• Employment
• Vendor to client relationship
• A Doctor
Characteristics of secondary group:
• Large in size
• Less physical proximity
• Impersonal or secondary relation
• Membership
• Specific ends or interests
• Indirect communication
• Social control
In-Group:
A group of people sharing similar interests and attitudes, producing
feelings of solidarity, community, and exclusivity.
Example:
• Sports team
• Family members
Out-Group:
People outside one’s own group, especially as considered to be inferior
or alien; a group perceived as other than one’s own.
Example:
• Slice of bread
Organization:
In sociology, organization (or organisation) is planned, coordinated and
purposeful action of human beings to construct or compile a common
tangible or intangible product.
This action is usually framed by formal membership and form
(institutional rules).
Example:
• College
• Political parties
• Businesses
Characteristics of Organization:
• Specific functions
• Norms and codes
• Social statuses and division of labor
• Authority
• Bureaucracy
• Rationality
• Relative permanence
Bureaucracy:
An organization with formal procedures and standards; typically having
a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and a hierarchy of authority.
Example:
• Health maintenance organization (HMOs)
• Department of motor vehicles
SOCIO CULTURE CHANGE
Social change insinuates inconceivable change after some time in well
disposed characteristics,
guidelines, and approaches to acting, while social change is the
change of culture through exposure, development, and contact with
another culture. This is the chief difference among social and social
change.
• INTVENTION : Inventions are called fundamental by including the
disclosure of new norm, for example, the bow, and helper
incorporates only the use of a rule most certainly known as a bow to
push bolt and bow drill used to penetrate openings . ( BEALS AND
HOIJER )
• Diffusion : The spread of social characteristics beginning with one
assembling then onto the following
is called dispersal . ( HORTON AND HUNT )
• Acculturation : The patterns of progress in antiquated rarities,
customs, convictions, and guidelines that result from the contact of no
less than two social orders
.• Assimilation : The collaboration where two arriving at social affairs
become undefined for instance the greater social event immerses more
humble get-together .

Theories OF SOCIO CULTURE CHANGE

There are three critical hypotheses of the socio culture change that are
referred to as follows :
• Extraordinary
• Functionalist
• Battle
• Money related
• Advancement
PARSON'STHEORY OF SOCIO CULTURE CHANGE
The parson's theory of socio culture change is communicated as :
"Change which emerges from cycles inside the
social structure, and moreover, the patterns of progress of
the social system "
Characteristics OF SOCIO CULTURE CHANGE
• Constant
• Common
• Environmental
• Social change is human change
• Social change is an objective term
• Social change results from the correspondence of a
number of components
• Social change may be sorted out or extemporaneous
 Culture
According to Taylor, “Culture is that complex-whole which includes
knowledge, belief, art, moral, law, custom and any other capabilities
and habits acquired by man as a member of society”
Culture of Pakistan:
The Culture of Pakistan comprises numerous ethnic groups with their
own distinct languages. There are differences among the ethnic groups
in cultural aspects such as dress, food, and religion. Their cultural
origins also reveal influences from Ancient India. Pakistan was the first
region of the Indian subcontinent to be fully impacted by Islam and has
thus developed a distinct Islamic identity.
Pakistani Literature:
Pakistani literature originates from when Pakistan gained its
independence in 1947.
Pakistani literature is unique written in the major languages, including
Urdu, English, Punjabi, Pashto, Seraiki, Balochi, and Sindhi. The Urdu
language has a rich tradition of poetry and includes the famous poets
Muhammad Iqbal (national poet), Mir Taqi Mir, Ghalib, Faiz Ahmad
Faiz, Ahmad Faraz. Apart from Urdu poetry, Pakistani poetry also has
blends of other regional languages.
Architecture:
The architecture of the areas now constituting Pakistan can be traced
to four distinct periods: pre-Islamic, Islamic, colonial, and post-colonial.
Mohenjo Daro, Harappa and Kot Diji belong to the pre-Islamic era
settlements. The arrival of Islam in today's Pakistan introduced the
classical Islamic construction techniques into Pakistan's architectural
landscape. The town of Uch Sharif contains the tombs of Bibi Jawindi,
Baha'is-Halim, and Jalaluddin Bukhari, which are considered some of
the earliest examples of Islamic architecture in Pakistan. One of the
most important of the few examples of the Persian style of architecture
is the tomb of the Shah Rukn-i-Alam in Multan. Lahore, occasional
residence of Mughal rulers, exhibits a multiplicity of important
buildings from the empire, among them the Badshahi mosque, the
fortress of Lahore with the famous Alamgiri Gate, the colorful, still
strongly Mughal-influenced. In the British colonial age, the buildings
developed were predominantly of European styles. Post-colonial
national identity is expressed in modern structures like the Faisal
Mosque, Pakistan Monument, the Minar-e-Pakistan and the Mazar-e-
Quaid.
Food:
Culinary art in Pakistan is mainly a mix of Indian cuisines with Middle
Eastern, Central Asian and Afghan influence. There are variations of
cooking practices across the country, mostly from spicy in Punjab and
Sindh to steamed and boiled in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan.
Different specialties exist throughout the country mostly different type
of rice like Biryani, Pulao or Boiled rice with vegetables and meat are
used with Korma and desserts. There are also local forms of grilled
meat or kebabs, Kheer desserts, and a variety of hot and cold drinks.
The consumption of tea in Pakistan, called chai (‫)چائے‬, in Urdu, is of
central significance to Pakistani culture.
Dress:
Men wear shalwar kameez, kurta, Pakistani Waistcoat, achkan and
sherwani, churidar or pajama. Other items of clothing include the jama
and the angarkha. Headgear includes the Jinnah Cap also called Karakul,
Fez also called Rumi Topi and Taqiyah (cap). Peshawari chappal and
Khussa are popular foot wear. Other items include traditional shawls
made of Pashmina or other warm materials especially in the Northern
regions of the country. Every province have a different and unique
cultural dress.

Social Stratification and Social

Mobility
Upper social class: They have high level of income and belong to be most high
paying profession. They live in most cleanest place of the country Their size is 2%
of the total society. They include:
a. Top management of the company
b. Big businessmen
c. High status leadership
Middle social class: Social mobility is found highest in this class. They live
comfortably than poor class, but are financially lower than upper class. They all
are employees. Their norms are likely to be similar to that of poor class due to
recent switching to middle class. This class is the best example of DEFERRED
GRATIFICATION PATTERN. Their population is 28% out of the total population.
Working social class: Social mobility is the lowest in them. ii. Rate of deviance is
high in them. They are most likely to be drug/narcotics addicted. They lack long
term planning. They are either unemployed, or get employment for short term
basis. Their size is 70% out total population of Pakistan.

Castes system in Pakistan

In Pakistan the caste system is based on "jati," or birth. Castes are based on
the profession in the community. Zamindar, or landowner, is the highest; 8 In
Pakistan, the equivalents of Hindu untouchables are chammar, chura and bhangi,
or janitor. These people have separate plates and cups in all employee cafeterias.
They are mainly Christian, although some are Hindus and Muslims. Some famous
castes in Pakistan are Malik, Again, Butt, Mehar, memon, mughals, jutt.

Social Mobility

Definition Of Social Mobility

''Social Mobility is a development of an individual or gathering starting with one
condition then onto the next.''
• Social Mobility is reception of a change which might be social advancement.
• Social Mobility is the dismissal of past friendly circumstances and changing
into the new difference throughout everyday life.
• Social Mobility mean move from lower position to higher position.
• Social portability is a change in occupation or private spot and in status
vertical or descending.

 Pakistan is among top three countries with high upward social mobility
across Asia, Africa, and the Middle East region. Social mobility is the
 movement of an individual or group from one stratum of society to
another over time.A growing middle class is developing in the country,
which has triggered this upward social mobility in the country.

 The emerging affluent comprises consumers who experience impressive

earnings growth, and higher levels of education, employment, and
homeownership than their parents.The study, which examines the views
of 11,000 people from 11 markets across Asia, Africa and the Middle
East, shows Pakistan among top three along with India and China.
 According to the study, the average figure for social mobility among the
emerging affluent consumers across the markets is 59 per cent, and of
these 7 per cent are experiencing supercharged social mobility.

 In Pakistan, the socially mobile people are also better educated and
achieving higher levels of employment and homeownership than their
parents. As many as 89 per cent went to universities, compared to 66
per cent of their fathers and less than half (49 per cent) of their
mothers, while 83 per cent are in a management position or running
their own businesses compared to 65 per cent of their fathers and 28
per cent of their mothers. Similarly, as many as 88 per cent of the
socially mobile people own their own home, compared to 81 per cent of
their parents at the same age.
Kinds of Social Mobility
1) Territorial Mobility:
• "It is the difference in the home starting with one spot then onto the next"
• In Rural Areas individuals less energize this sort of versatility since they are
not able to leave their familial spot of living.
• While in Urban regions this kind of portability is average citizens used to
sell their homes and moved to another spot.

• They additionally Migrate starting with one city and then onto the next
• They empower individuals or gatherings to bring their kids up in a less
cutthroat climate or where amazing open doors are more

Model
• Individuals from Dera Ghazi Khan, Layyah, and Kott Addu relocate towards
Lahore, Karachi, and Islamabad to procure and improve their economic wellbeing.
• Certain individuals additionally move for further developed wellbeing
offices or instructive offices and sporting exercises.

2) Vertical Mobility
"It is characterized as any vertical or descending change in the outright or relate
position of any individual or gathering."
Models:
• Advancement in work
• Change in pay
• Wedding of a lady of high status
3) Horizontal Mobility
"A modification of calling with no huge development up or down in the
arrangement of societal position''
Models
1. A individual dealing with clinical store opens corner shop.
2. A agent from an instructive office at a similar compensation and office.
3) Inter-generational versatility
"Between generational versatility alludes to social portability that happens
between ages.''

Models
1. Plumber's child become the Nazim of their local area.
2. Bus guide's child turns into the main clergyman.

4) Upward Mobility
"The limit or office for ascending to a higher social or financial position"
 It is quick in metropolitan regions when contrasted with ghettos or ghetto
regions.
 In metropolitan regions advancements are more or formative rate is high.
 In rustic regions less advancement is available and formative rate is likewise
low.

5) Downward Mobility
' The development of an individual, gathering, or class to a lower status. ''
The people or gatherings who neglect to keep up with their social, political, and
financial status encounter this sort of versatility
Model:
• Squandering of acquired property
• Betting
• Finance manager put immense cash in business and face misfortune
because of certain reasons.

6) Intra-generational Mobility
"It alludes to change or changes in the societal position of an individual or
gathering of people with in a similar age.''
Model
The abundance and renown experienced by one individual might be very unique
in relation to that of their kin.

Reasons for Social Mobility

 Supply of Vacant Status
 Exchange of Ranks
 Primary Factors
 Persuasive
 Supply of Vacant Status
With the social versatility individuals attempts to fill the empty economic
wellbeing in the general public. Each individual talented or incompetent attempts
to find out administrative, administrative, or official work with the goal that they
can push forward in their life. Expanded individuals from lower-status of the
general public get upwards to fill the rising need and necessities of society which
advances social portability.

Trade of Ranks
The compatibility of positions is one more reason for social portability. The more
society gives the open door to the lower positions to contend with those of the
greater positions, the more will be the social versatility. On the off chance that
individuals of the general public can foster professional or expert capacities in
them then professional or expert social versatility will occur. Coming up next are
the purposes behind the compatibility of positions.

Primary Factors
It has a significant impact on affecting social versatility. Places of higher societal
position can't be procured exclusively by the wish of individuals. For this, the
individual should buckle down towards achieving this objective. With respect to
model individual having a place with center gathering utilized in taxpayer-
supported organizations endeavor to give exorbitant instruction to their
youngsters to advance and make them qualified for higher status occupations.
Simply wishing to give higher status occupation won't work except if there won't
be testing work around there. Climbing and plunging portability turns into a
typical peculiarity and experience because of those underlying elements.

Inspirational Factors

Inspiration and aspiration assume a crucial part for up friendly portability through
compatibility of positions. Each individual attempts to propel themselves vertical
from their current societal position. This desire for increasingly high status and
glory advances more noteworthy social versatility.
Collective Behaviour and Social
Movement
 Pakistani society had always showed great unity and collective behavior.
Especially at the moment s of crisis and wars. Huge crowds and gathering s
had been held in Pakistan. Some of the political crowds & fuernals included
more than one carore peoples. However public opinion is not respected
some times & their is less freedom of speech.

Social movements in Pakistan were primarily focused more on the state and its
institutions, nation-building, foreign policy, ideology and security.
Civil-military relations, political and democratic instability, constitutional
breakdown and development have been dominant themes of social
movements .The current interest and work on the movement takes different
lenses to approach the 2007-2009 Lawyers Movement.
The renewed focus on disparate contemporary movements, be it feminism or
land rights movement.Not that the social movements in the country have not
received attention, but the 2007-2009 'Lawyers Movement' constitutes a catalyst
in this regard.
The success of the Lawyers Movement sharpened the focus not only on the
lawyers, but also on civil society,political parties and media whose roles were
prominent in putting an end to the General Musharraf’s authoritarian regime.
The conflict over national language to centralization through One Unit, martial
law and accompanying unrepresentative rule in 70's & 80's created a movement
in East Pakistan which led to formation of Bangladesh. Movements for
Restoration of Democracy had been quite popular especially against Zia ul haq,
Musharraf and Ayub Khan were also very popular
 Social Problems of Pakistan
H. A Phelps defined social problems as:
“Social problems are abnormalities in social relationship which manifest
themselves when people live in groups which are considered dangerous
and intolerable and which must be eliminated to safeguard the society”
Major Social Problems of Pakistan :
1. Illiteracy:
According to census of Pakistan 1981 , Illiteracy has been defined as
reading a paragraph of a language with proper understanding. Literacy
rate is about 45% and the rest of the people 55% are illiterate according
to census of Pakistan 1998.
 Causes:
There are different causes of illiteracy like:
Culture:
The most common cause of illiteracy is our traditional culture based on
pure agricultural profession in which education is not considered to be
the foundation of life.
Illiterate parents:
Most of the time parents are illiterate so they don't send their children
to schools specially the daughters.
Ancestral Profession:
Sometimes children are forced to follow same profession as parents
e.g. if ancestral profession is farmer, children have to become farmer as
well.
 Solutions:
Awareness:
Government should spread awareness about the problem. People
should be provided information through mass media of
communication.
General social contact with educated people:
Educated people should visit rural areas and deliver lectures of impacts
of illiteracy to motivate illiterate people to get educated.

2. Poverty:
Poverty is derived from the word 'paurve' meaning poor. According to
Bargata & Borgata " Material possessions of having little or no more
means to support one self is called poverty"
Who is poor?
According to world bank, “a person earning less than one US dollar a
day is called poor"
 Causes:
Unemployment:
It is most important cause of poverty. The young people who are
unable to get jobs can do works of low standards available to them.
They can work in farms, factories and at business centers at low wages
Wastage of economic resources :
It is another cause of poverty. If saving is not protected, the family
faces problems in future.
Lack of hard work:
Such people who avoid hard work or don't get out of their comfort
zone usually face financial crises and lead life of a poor man. They can
get indulge in crimes as well or maybe in drug addiction etc.
 Solution:
Elimination of unemployment:
Government should make efforts to eliminate unemployment.
Everyone should earn a living and meet his or her own expenses.
Women Empowerment:
Women are fifty percent of the population but a very little of women in
our society is educated. Women empowerment should be promoted in
society. They should be taught professional skills so that they also play
role in development of the country.

3. Environmental Pollution:
Excessive presence of impurities in the breathing atmosphere is called
pollution.
Causes:
Pollution is a social problem of Pakistan due to:
 Expansion of industry, transportation.
 Increase in population in urban areas due to migration of people
from rural areas.
 Increasing number of automobiles.
 Solution:
To reduce pollution, we can't decrease the pace of industries. We will
have to adopt measures to neutralize the unwanted effects of
pollution. Such measures include:
 Natural forestry, plants, grass, and planting greenery.
 Avoiding congested living areas
 Controlling smoke and dust especially CO2 emissions of vehicles.

4. Health Sector:
Health care availability is one of the major social problems of Pakistan.
According to the World Health Organization, Pakistan is ranked 122 out
of 190 countries regarding healthcare. And if we look at infant
mortality, Pakistan stands third-highest ranked country in the world.
Even after decades of Pakistan’s existence, there is no equal
distribution of resources and wealth. Many of us still suffer from
emotional and physical issues, but no proper healthcare system exists.
There are still many children suffering from malnutrition because of
widespread poverty. Many patients with an emergency condition only
visit a physician when they get a violent and nervous breakdown.

5. Social Problems of Women in Pakistan:

Gender discrimination:
Gender inequality in Pakistan, and its influence, begins at the time of
childbirth. Despite significant shifts in beliefs, a girl’s birth is still not
celebrated today. It is undisputed that men enjoy unfair advantages
over women in certain circumstances. Many private and government
institutions have unofficial policies regarding hiring women since it is
widely believed that they will either get married and quit or take
maternity leave days. As a result of this discrimination, women are
deprived of many opportunities that place them at the bottom and
there are many other examples as well that exist in our society.
Education:
Many parents ask why their daughter wants a higher degree when she
is at the perfect age for marriage. Marriage is the only and ultimate
destination for any Pakistani lady. Be it death threats from her brother
or physical abuse from her parents, the majority of Pakistani girls are
likely to be compelled to give up their dreams of getting an education
overseas or in their nation because of early marriage pressure from
family.
 Solution:
Level the law:
Governments have the legislative power to remedy gender
discrimination enshrined in laws, but often, that power is not used.
Equal protection under the law matters women should be given certain
protection laws by the government.

Elevate her:
There are women in every country ready and qualified to serve, inform,
and improve their governments. Actively search them out and elevate
them. Do not confine them to their homes.