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Lecture 1:
Introduction to Integral Calculus
Anti-differentiation
dgm.ppt.intro 1
26/01/2023
∫ f(x) dx = F(x) + C
↓
Integral sign
Integration Constant
integrand
antiderivative
differential/variable
of integration
dgm.ppt.intro 2
26/01/2023
Types of Integral
• Definite:
Upper
b
limit
f(x)dx = F(x) |ab ; F(x) is anti-derivative of f(x)
lower a
limit
F(b) - F(a) Specific answer
• Indefinite:
∫ f(x) dx = F(x) + C General solution
PROPERTIES / THEORIES
• ∫ dx = x + C
• ∫ adx = a ∫dx ; a is a real number
x n 1
• ∫ xn dx = C where n≠ -1
n 1
• ∫ [ f(x) ± g(x)]dx = ∫ f(x) dx ± ∫ g(x) dx
• ∫[𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 ]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑎 ∫ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
dgm.ppt.intro 3
26/01/2023
EXAMPLES
(1) dy y C
(𝟐) 𝟑𝒅𝒔 = = 3 (s + c) = 3s + 3c
= 3s + C ; Note : C = 3c
𝟑
𝒕𝟑 𝟏
(𝟑) 𝐭 dt = +𝑪
𝟑+𝟏
𝐭𝟒
= + C
𝟒
(4) ∫ (x3 + 2) dx
x 3dx 2dx
x
= + C + 2𝑥 + C , where C1+C2 = C
4
x4
2x C
4
dgm.ppt.intro 4
26/01/2023
y y 5/2 y 3/2
= − 2 +
3 5/2 3/2
simplify
y 4y 5/2 2y 3/2
= − +
3 5 3
= ∫ x6 dx – 3∫x4 dx + 3 ∫x2dx – ∫ dx
Integrate each integral
= – 3 + 3 –x +C
simplify
= – + –x +C
dgm.ppt.intro 5
26/01/2023
= ∫ dx – ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 - ∫ dx
Cancel common factor
= 2 - 3 + - +C
= - - 2x + C
(3) 10 3 8 x 2 dx
(4) y 3 ( 2 y 2 3 y -5 ) dy
( y 4 2y 2 - y)
(5) y
dy
dgm.ppt.intro 6