PROFESSIONAL DIPLOMA IN

Professional Diploma in Industrial Technology

MODULE

Studying at Distance

NAME: Muhammad Zubair Bin Mydin Abdul Gany

I.C. NO.: 890917075459

LEARNING CENTRE: MUTIARA BIRU EHSAN

INTAKE JANUARY 2023

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENT
PAGE

Assignment Question 3

Introduction 4-5

Discussion 6-16

Conclusion 17

References 18
Assignment Question: -

Kindly explain the important lifelong learning skills - 60% Marks

Introduction - 10%

Discussion Points - 40%

Benefits of lifelong learning

• The Importance of Lifelong Learning

• The different ways of engaging in lifelong learning

• What schools should do to prepare young learners to be lifelong learners

• What are the challenges you have faced when engaging in lifelong learning

Conclusion – 10%
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Globalization and the growth of fast-changing knowledge economy lead to the need for

individuals to upgrade their existing skills and knowledge throughout their adult lives in

order to cope with modern life, both for the sake of their work and their private life. Davies

and Longworth argue that socio-economic changes such as demographic shifts, the

spread of information and communications technologies, and the emergence of a

knowledge-

based economy require the recognition for all forms of education and learning. In this ever-

changing technological universe, there is an increasingly important basic skills required to

ensure the survival of individuals namely the ability to learn and adapt to the needed new

knowledge and training. The concept and theory of lifelong learning was later established in

order to address this issue.

Lifelong learning is by European Commission as all learning activity

undertaken throughout life with the aim of improving knowledge, skills and competence

within all perspectives of life including personal, social and employment. Jackson

believed that lifelong learning can be broadly defined as learning that is pursued throughout

all stages of one’s life and should be flexible, diverse, and available at different times and in

different places for all individuals. (Hyland, 2012) on the other

hand provided a simple definition of the concept which defined lifelong learning as
the

development stage which occurs after one’s formal education and continues throughout
them

lives. This includes the continual development of skills and knowledge throughout one’s life

after they have completed their formal education. Lifelong learning therefore can
be

concluded as the concept of learning which builds on prior learning as it expands individuals’

skills and knowledge in depth and breadth.

(Marion Cartwright, 2001) argue that the basic premise of the concept of lifelong
learning

revolves around the idea that it is not feasible to equip either primary, secondary, college or

university students with all the knowledge and skills they require in order to
prosper

throughout their lifetimes. This led to the need for people to continue enhancing
them

knowledge and skills to enable them to address problems later in life which they have never

encountered in their early stages of life as well as to participate in a process of continuous

vocational and professional development to enable them to keep abreast of the ever-
changing

global environment. The concept of lifelong learning was therefore

established as a mean in empowering people to manage their own learning in variety of

contexts throughout their lifetimes. In order to provide a better understanding

about the

concept of lifelong learning, its importance, ways available to engage lifelong

learning,

responsibilities and duties of school in preparing young learners to become lifelong learners

as well as the challenges faced when engaging lifelong learning will be thoroughly discussed

and analysed in the subsequent paragraphs.

DISCUSSION

Benefits of lifelong learning

1.1 The Importance of Lifelong Learning

As discussed in the preceding paragraphs, lifelong learning is the concept that is essential in

ensuring that individuals can continue to upgrade their own skill sets and knowledge amidst

the rapidly-changing technological and global environment. There is several importance of

lifelong learning. These include providing equal opportunity of having decent work
for

everyone, enabling people to easily adapt themselves in the rapidly changing

global

environment, and to ensure that older generation are equipped with the necessary skills and

knowledge to fulfil various roles in the society in conjunction with the increase in global life

expectancy. According to the Global Education Monitoring Report published by UNESCO,

lifelong learning provides opportunity for everyone to improve their professional

development to ensure that everyone has the equal chance of having decent work even if
they

are deprived from formal schooling through various reasons such as poverty and gender

restrictions. Lifelong learning which emphasizes the concept that learning can be done not

only through formal education but also through non-formal channels throughout life can

contributes to the substantive gender equality by providing all women, girls, boys, and men

with timely, responsive and relevant learning opportunities. The report further elaborated that

good quality lifelong learning opportunities are especially essential for girls and women and

those who have been marginalized from formal education who make up the majority of those

out of school or lacking in basic literacy. Lifelong learning opportunities can fill the gaps of

inadequate formal education through literacy and numeracy acquisition. This can be done by

attending various vocational training available which helps to provide skills for
work,

facilitate access to wage employment, improve women’s status in work, and equalize pay
and

working conditions. Women for an example can obtain professional qualifications outside of

the formal education system to give them the opportunity to improve their
professional

development.
1As discussed in the preceding
paragraphs, lifelong learning
is the concept that is essential
in
2ensuring that individuals can
continue to upgrade their own
skill sets and knowledge
amidst
3the rapidly-changing
technological and global
environment. There are
several importance of
4lifelong learning. These
include providing equal
opportunity of having
decent work for
5everyone, enabling people
to easily adapt themselves
in the rapidly changing
global
6environment, and to ensure
that older generation are
equipped with the necessary
skills and
7knowledge to fulfil various
roles in the society in
conjunction with the increase
in global life
8expectancy. According to the
Global Education Monitoring
Report published by
UNESCO in
92016, lifelong learning
provides opportunity for
everyone to improve their
professional
10 development to ensure
that everyone has the equal
chance of having decent work
even if they
11 are deprived from
formal schooling through
various reasons such as
poverty and gender
12 restrictions. Lifelong
learning which emphasizes
the concept that learning can
be done not
13 only through formal
education but also through
non-formal channels
throughout life can
14 contributes to the
substantive gender equality
by providing all women,
girls, boys, and men
15 with timely, responsive
and relevant learning
opportunities. The report
further elaborated that
16 good quality lifelong
learning opportunities are
especially essential for girls
and women and
17 those who have been
marginalized from formal
education who make up the
majority of those
18 out of school or lacking in
basic literacy. Lifelong
learning opportunities can fill
the gaps of
19 inadequate formal
education through literacy
and numeracy acquisition.
This can be done by
20 attending various
vocational training
available which helps to
provide skills for work,
21 facilitate access to wage
employment, improve
women’s status in work, and
equalize pay and
22 working conditions.
Women for an example can
obtain professional
qualifications outside of
23 the formal education
system to give them the
opportunity to improve
their professional
24 development.
25 As discussed in the
preceding paragraphs,
lifelong learning is the
concept that is essential in
26 ensuring that individuals
can continue to upgrade their
 own skill sets and knowledge
amidst
27 the rapidly-changing
technological and global
environment. There are
several importance of
28 lifelong learning. These
include providing equal
opportunity of having
decent work for
29 everyone, enabling
people to easily adapt
themselves in the rapidly
changing global
30 environment, and to
ensure that older generation
 are equipped with the
necessary skills and
31 knowledge to fulfil
various roles in the society in
conjunction with the increase
in global life
32 expectancy. According to
the Global Education
Monitoring Report published
by UNESCO in
33 2016, lifelong learning
provides opportunity for
everyone to improve their
professional
34 development to ensure
that everyone has the equal
 chance of having decent work
even if they
35 are deprived from
formal schooling through
various reasons such as
poverty and gender
36 restrictions. Lifelong
learning which emphasizes
the concept that learning can
be done not
37 only through formal
education but also through
non-formal channels
throughout life can
38 contributes to the
substantive gender equality
 by providing all women,
girls, boys, and men
39 with timely, responsive
and relevant learning
opportunities. The report
further elaborated that
40 good quality lifelong
learning opportunities are
especially essential for girls
and women and
41 those who have been
marginalized from formal
education who make up the
majority of those
42 out of school or lacking in
basic literacy. Lifelong
 learning opportunities can fill
the gaps of
43 inadequate formal
education through literacy
and numeracy acquisition.
This can be done by
44 attending various
vocational training
available which helps to
provide skills for work,
45 facilitate access to wage
employment, improve
women’s status in work, and
equalize pay and
46 working conditions.
Women for an example can
 obtain professional
qualifications outside of
47 the formal education
system to give them the
opportunity to improve
their professional
48 development.
As discussed in the preceding paragraphs, lifelong learning is the concept that is essential in
ensuring that individuals can continue to upgrade their own skill sets and knowledge amidst
the rapidly-changing technological and global environment. There are several importance of
lifelong learning. These include providing equal opportunity of having decent
work for everyone, enabling people to easily adapt themselves in the rapidly
changing global environment, and to ensure that older generation are equipped with the
necessary skills and knowledge to fulfil various roles in the society in conjunction with the
increase in global life expectancy. According to the Global Education Monitoring Report
published by UNESCO in2016, lifelong learning provides opportunity for everyone to
improve their professional development to ensure that everyone has the equal chance of
having decent work even if they are deprived from formal schooling through various reasons
such as poverty and gender restrictions. Lifelong learning which emphasizes the concept
that learning can be done not only through formal education but also through non-formal
channels throughout life can contributes to the substantive gender equality by providing all
women, girls, boys, and men with timely, responsive and relevant learning opportunities. The
report further elaborated that good quality lifelong learning opportunities are especially
essential for girls and women and those who have been marginalized from formal education
who make up the majority of those out of school or lacking in basic literacy. Lifelong learning
opportunities can fill the gaps of inadequate formal education through literacy and numeracy
acquisition. This can be done by attending various vocational training available which
helps to provide skills for work, facilitate access to wage employment, improve
women’s status in work, and equalize pay and working conditions. Women for an example
can obtain professional qualifications outside of the formal education system to give
them the opportunity to improve their professional development.
As discussed in the preceding
paragraphs, lifelong learning is
the concept that is essential in
ensuring that individuals can
continue to upgrade their own
skill sets and knowledge
amidst
the rapidly-changing
technological and global
environment. There are several
importance of
lifelong learning. These
include providing equal
opportunity of having
decent work for
everyone, enabling people
to easily adapt themselves
in the rapidly changing
global
environment, and to ensure
that older generation are
equipped with the necessary
skills and
knowledge to fulfil various
roles in the society in
conjunction with the increase
in global life
expectancy. According to the
Global Education Monitoring
Report published by UNESCO
in
2016, lifelong learning
provides opportunity for
everyone to improve their
professional
development to ensure that
everyone has the equal chance
of having decent work even if
they
are deprived from formal
schooling through various
reasons such as poverty and
gender
restrictions. Lifelong learning
which emphasizes the concept
that learning can be done not
only through formal education
but also through non-formal
channels throughout life
can
contributes to the substantive
gender equality by providing
all women, girls, boys, and
men
with timely, responsive and
relevant learning opportunities.
The report further elaborated
that
good quality lifelong learning
opportunities are especially
essential for girls and women
and
those who have been
marginalized from formal
education who make up the
majority of those
out of school or lacking in
basic literacy. Lifelong
learning opportunities can fill
the gaps of
inadequate formal education
through literacy and numeracy
acquisition. This can be done
by
attending various vocational
training available which
helps to provide skills for
work,
facilitate access to wage
employment, improve
women’s status in work, and
equalize pay and
working conditions. Women
for an example can obtain
professional qualifications
outside of
the formal education
system to give them the
opportunity to improve
their professional
development.
Apart from that, lifelong learning is also important as it enables people to adapt to the

rapidly changing environment more effectively. It cannot be denied that change and learning

occur throughout our lives whether it is large or small. These changes forced us to adapt.

Indeed individuals have the ability to adapt to small changes almost unconsciously. We often

develop routines that work and apply these routines as coping mechanisms for other similar

changes. Usually behaviours that work in one setting apply equally well in
others or a
different situation with the help of minor adaptations. However, when we are thrust into a

totally new situation which involves transition that we are uncomfortable and unfamiliar

with, we are required to learn new behaviours and skills that lead to transformational
changes

within ourselves (Collins, Mar 1 2009). If we failed to learn and to make these
transformational

changes, we are likely to be mired in the past and stuck on a plateau while others continue
to

move forward. This is where the concept of lifelong learning is needed. It

helps us to

transition into lifelong learners that continually improving our skills and knowledge so that

we will be able to adapt and be part of the changes when it happened. Lifelong

learning ensures that the skills and knowledge that we have are continuously
developed

throughout our lives to prevent it from becoming obsolete and of no value due to the change

in the global knowledge and information environment.

Lifelong learning also is an

important concept considering
the increase of global life
expectancy. According to
Boseley (2016), global life
expectancy was estimated to
be at 71.4
years in 2016, an increase of 5
years from the data released in
2000 which represents the
fastest rise in lifespans since
the 1960s. The striking
increase in life expectancy has
led to the
global debate on the
importance of older learning
considering that the population
is ageing
and young generation is
getting smaller as days
passed. This brings the
attention to the
concept of lifelong learning in
which it is seen as the only
way available to maintain and
ensure the quality and quantity
of active labours amidst the
continuously ageing
population.
According to Coleman (2017),
it is now well-established that
learning in any form
contributes
strongly to mental and
physical well-being. Learning
is therefore regarded as a
powerful
vehicle for active ageing
whereby it enables these older
generations to remain active
mentally
and physically to perform
various work and activities
(Ates & Alsal, 2012). The
unprecedented demographic
shifts towards ageing
population leads to the need
for employers
to employ the full potential of
adult learning with a view to
extending the participation of
older workers in the workforce
and allowing their better
integration into all spheres of
life
and work (Vitelli, 2012). In
order to remain competitive
and active, older people
require the
Lifelong learning also is an important concept considering the increase of global life

expectancy. According to Boseley, global life expectancy was estimated to be at 71.4

years in 2016, an increase of 5 years from the data released in 2000 which represents the

fastest rise in lifespans since the 1960s. The striking increase in life expectancy has led to
the

global debate on the importance of older learning considering that the population is ageing

and young generation is getting smaller as days passed. This brings the attention to the

concept of lifelong learning in which it is seen as the only way available to maintain and

ensure the quality and quantity of active labours amidst the continuously ageing population.

According to Coleman, it is now well-established that learning in any form contributes

strongly to mental and physical well-being. Learning is therefore regarded as a powerful

vehicle for active ageing whereby it enables these older generations to remain active
mentally

and physically to perform various work and activities. The

unprecedented demographic shifts towards ageing population leads to the need for
employers

to employ the full potential of adult learning with a view to extending the participation of

older workers in the workforce and allowing their better integration into all spheres of life

and work. In order to remain competitive and active, older people require the

essential skills to survive in this knowledge and information era which underpin the modern
society such as language, technology, literacy, and numeracy. Lifelong learning

is therefore important to ensure that older people’s skills are appropriate for them to remain

active and meet the functional demands of life in the current society. Older people’s learning

means that they can continue developing on a personal level, have greater
individual

autonomy and make a more active and productive contribution to the society and national

economy.
1.2 The different ways of engaging in lifelong learning

Since the importance of lifelong learning as discussed above is paramount, everyone should

start embracing the trend by engaging in lifelong learning. There are countless of
ways

available which may help individuals to continuously learn throughout their lives. The first

and probably one of the most popular ways of engaging in lifelong learning is through an

online course. Due to the immense growth in the Internet and information
technology,

learning can now be done at anytime and anywhere as long as an individual is connected to

the Internet. The growth of online courses over the years is contributed to the fact that most

adults are restricted by their time and finances making the idea of pursuing an additional

formal education such as pursuing a degree or a master at local university

an almost

impractical and impossible decision. This is driven by many reasons, some of

which include busy time schedules which do not allow working adults to spend much time in

the classroom as well as the programs offered by university which are unfit for the learning

needs of the adults. These constraints in terms of time and finances have led to the demand

for flexible courses among adults leading to the growth in the number of online courses

offered to cater to this growing demand. The establishment of Massive Open

Online Courses (MOOCs) for an example is a platform which served the need for the lifelong

learning of adults by revealing opportunities to resolve the constraints which

limit the

opportunity for adults to continue learning while connecting education and employment in

new ways. This online platform allows individuals to follow high-quality courses from top

universities online which participants are given the freedom to follow them whenever and

wherever they want thus eliminating the element of time constraint which limits
adults’

participation in additional learning. Not only that these courses are often cheap or offered for

free. MOOCs are abundant and accessible by anyone making it easier for lifelong learning to

occur. This platform offered all individuals the opportunity to pursue intellectual

development in ways which empower individuals to arrange and select their own learning
schedule and courses thus eliminating all the possible constraints in pursuing
additional

learning among adults.

The second ways of engaging in lifelong learning is to watch and learn. Some people

are born as visual learners whereby watching and paying attention to our surroundings may

help us to gather and learn new information and knowledge. Since lifelong
learning

emphasizes on the concept of informal learning, watch and learn is therefore an important

way in which lifelong learning can be engaged. People can learn by watching how others

behave or act. According to Cartwright, Edwards and Reeve, employees in an

organization often learn from watching how their managers or supervisors handled people,

crisis or situations or from tuning into their managers’ expertise. They further elaborated that

negative models could also be a source of learning as well as positive models, and often
there

were elements learnt by individuals from both of these models. People have learnt from

watching since infancy whereby we used the memories of what we watched to help us
predict

outcomes and make decisions in the future. With the growth of the Internet, learning by

watching has become significantly easier especially with the availability of various video-

hosting platforms such as YouTube and TED which contains millions of videos
on

innumerable subjects from something as common as how to improve one’s interpersonal

skills to something more elaborate such as how to build your own website. Instead of looking

for user’s manual guide for instructions, we now look for videos in YouTube to learn how to

use the appliance that we bought. All these videos present the opportunity for
lifelong

learning to people of all ages for free and at our own convenience.

Lastly, lifelong learning can also be engaged at work by finding a job that encourages

learning and knowledge sharing among its employees. Most professional roles include

some degree of learning whether it is on the job training, workshops or other

educational encouragement. Pursuing a career in an evolving area will ensure

that individuals will have the opportunity to constantly learning and

developing their skillset after they have finished with their formal education. Professional
development training for an example has now become one of

the common strategies applied by many organizations in supporting the lifelong learning of

their employees. This training can encompass anything from leadership training to building

of new skills which enable the employees to acquire new skills or polish their existing ones

thus, allowing them to remain competitive and effective in performing their

duties and

responsibilities at workplace. Besides professional development training, there are various

ways in which an individual can engage in lifelong learning at workplace. This include

knowledge sharing that occurs between colleagues as well as senior managers on daily
basis

through the informal communication and interaction that they engaged with one another as

well as the experience that an individual gain from their daily work routine such as the skills

of handling difficult customers and time management skills. All

these activities enable employees to continuously learn and improve themselves during them

employment period through the various informal learning channels as mentioned above.
1.3 What schools should do to prepare young learners to be lifelong learners

Schools undeniably play an important role in preparing young learners to be lifelong

learners.

In preparing young students to be lifelong learners, schools should shift its

education

approach from teacher-centred to student-centred learning approach. Moving

towards

student-centred learning approach is an essential precondition towards a successful lifelong

learning strategy. This is because in order to empower

students to assume responsibilities to engage in a lifelong learning after they have finished

with their formal education at schools, these students should be put as the centre of the

learning process itself. According to Tengku Sarina Aini and Furbish, student-centred

learning approaches are intended to motivate lifelong learning, strengthen self-discipline,

awaken curiosity, and encourage creative in people of all ages. Lifelong learning is
not

simply the extension of the learning period but also signifies a paradigm shift in the learning

process. Teaching that requires a shift in focus from knowledge

content to the learners’ engagement supports the formation of lifelong learning

competencies.

Learning is viewed as an interactive process for the learner, who needs to be an active agent

in the act of learning and knowledge construction. A hallmark of student-centred approaches

is the building of capacity for learners to use and engage knowledge.

The term student-centred learning refers to a wide variety of educational programs,

learning experiences, instructional approaches, and academic-support strategies that

are

intended to address the distinct learning needs, interests, aspirations, or cultural

backgrounds

of individual students and groups of students. To accomplish this

goal, schools and teachers involved should employ a wide variety of educational methods,

from modifying assignments and instructional strategies in the classroom to

entirely

redesigning the ways in which students are grouped and taught in a school. According to
McKenna, these student-centred environments emphasize supportive relationships

between students and teachers in academic environments that are challenging,

relevant,

collaborative, student-directed, and connected to real-life situations. Students are assessed

on

their mastery of knowledge and skills and have multiple opportunities to demonstrate that

mastery. Educators are supported in creating a student-centred learning environment

through

opportunities for reflection, collaboration, and leadership. This was supported by Smidt and

Sursock who argued that student-centred learning refers to pedagogies focused on the

learner and what is learned, rather than on the teacher and what is taught. In other words,
the

learning process is not primarily about the transfer and reproduction of knowledge, but about

deeper understanding and critical thinking. The student-centred approach to learning

involves

a different relationship between teacher and learner, in which the teacher

becomes a

facilitator and responsibility for learning is shared.

The effectiveness of student-centred learning approach in improving the learning

process of students at schools is supported by research conducted by the Stanford Centre

for

Opportunity Policy in Education (SCOPE) in 2014 on the four student-centred schools in

Stanford. The findings of the research show that there is a clear evidence of engaging and

developing high levels of proficiency for students of colour, English learners, and
low-

income students at levels that far exceed traditional schools serving similar students in the

four schools that use the student-centred learning approach. In addition, the schools in the

study was also found to provide the types of learning experiences that prepare students for

college and meaningful careers as well as graduating students of colour, English learners,
and

low-income students at rates that exceed similar students in their districts and California.

Such a new approach requires the cooperation from motivated teachers who
are
committed to teaching and who are ready to experiment with new teaching methods in which

critical thinking is a central building block of the learning objectives along with the goal of

attaining higher level of skills and knowledge. It also

requires a flexible, modularised curriculum that gives the students the freedom to choose the

mode of delivery as well as pace and intensity of the learning process. Besides that, student

support services such as advising and counselling should be made available whenever the

students need them by teachers who are able to understand and address the specific needs
of

lifelong learners. This therefore requires the cooperation from every party involved in the

schooling system especially the teachers.

1.4 What are the challenges you have faced when engaging in lifelong learning
The development of a new skill or understanding of a new knowledge requires an extensive

amount of time to be invested and effort to be undertaken. This therefore poses a challenge

for me considering that the process of learning a new skill or knowledge is not easy and can

take up to several months, if not years for the skill or knowledge to be mastered. It requires

considerable amount of energy especially if the new skill or behaviour runs counter to the

deeply ingrained habits. Since the journey of learning is often elaborate and
requires

extensive amount of effort and time, there were instances when I decided to give up on the

learning process considering that it is difficult for me to develop positive attitude, enjoyment,

and motivation towards achieving the learning objectives.

In addition, learning often occurs from confusion, problems and the realization of

lacking in adequate skills and knowledge. Learning means undergoing a certain amount of

change and change implies risks. This therefore implies that learning requires for the
courage

to take risks. For someone who is afraid of taking risk like me, learning is a journey that is

often challenging and difficult to embark on. The beginning of the journey in learning new

skills or behaviours requires a certain amount of tolerance towards uncertainty and this is

what I am lacking with. People differ in their tolerance towards uncertainty. While some

people who are uncertainty-oriented may feel challenged by new, contradictory information

or situation, people like me who have low tolerance of uncertainty will often stick with what I

have already knew and do not like to investigate what is unknown to me. This therefore

makes the first step into the learning process difficult since I am often too afraid of the risk of

uncertainty.
3.0 CONCLUSION
Whether it is in schools, at home, on the job or in the community, people always find new
opportunity to learn and improve themselves by gaining new knowledge and skills. Lifelong
learning is a concept introduced which aimed at addressing the need for people to learn
continuously throughout their lives even after they have finished with their formal education.
Lifelong learning promotes the opportunity for people to learn outside of the classrooms,
through various informal means available as they move from one stages of life to another so
that they can continuously improving themselves amidst the ever-changing global
environment. The importance of lifelong learning and the different ways which people can
engage in it has been discussed thoroughly in the previous paragraphs in order to provide a

deeper understanding about this concept. While the implementation of lifelong learning has
been a global agenda since decades ago, the concept still failed to be acculturated to the
people to date. Schools therefore play an important role in shaping the young learners to
ensure that these young learners will be able to transform into lifelong learners once they
leave schools. In doing so, schools should shift from their traditional teacher-centred learning
approach to a student-centred learning approach which put the students at the centre of the
learning process. A revamp of the national education system is also necessary to ensure
that
lifelong learning approach can be integrated into the current education system to ensure that
every young learners are aware of its importance and how they can effectively be a lifelong
learner in the future. The cooperation and commitment from all parties involved, from the
government leaders to the school teachers are the integral key of ensuring that more
students
will engaged in lifelong learning in the later stages of their lives.
4.0 LIST OF REFERENCES

References

Collins, J. (Mar 1 2009). Lifelong Learning in the 21st Century and Beyond.

Hyland, T. (2012). Lifelong Learning, Mindfulness and the Affective Domain of Education.
Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer Press.

Marion Cartwright, R. E. (2001). Supporting Lifelong Learning. 232.