What was covered in the last lecture on ocean Wind-driven surface currents, Ekman currents and

circulation? transport, geostrophic flow, upwelling and

downwelling, western and eastern boundary
currents.

What is the topic of today's lecture on ocean General patterns of surface circulation.
circulation?

What are the two types of ocean currents? Surface currents and deep currents.

What drives surface currents? Wind.

What is the primary motion of surface currents? Horizontal.

What drives deep currents? Differences in density caused by differences in

temperature and salinity.

What causes differences in density in deep Differences in temperature and salinity.

currents?

What are the motions of deep currents? Vertical and horizontal.

How does wind force propagate in the ocean? Surface currents move at an angle (~45°) to the
wind.

What is the depth range of wind force propagation Around 50-200 meters.
in the ocean?

What is the balance that determines the movement Balance between friction and earth's rotation.
of surface currents in the ocean?

What is the Ekman spiral? It describes the speed and direction of seawater
flow at different depths.

What is the Coriolis effect? It causes each successive layer of the Ekman spiral
to move increasingly to the right in the Northern
Hemisphere.

What is Ekman transport? The average movement of seawater under the

influence of wind.
In which direction does Ekman transport occur in 90 degrees to the right of the wind.
the Northern Hemisphere?

In which direction does Ekman transport occur in 90 degrees to the left of the wind.
the Southern Hemisphere?

What is coastal upwelling? It is a process in which Ekman transport moves

surface seawater offshore, allowing cool,
nutrient-rich deep water to come up and replace
displaced surface waters.

What is Ekman transport? It is a process in which wind-driven surface currents

cause a net movement of water at a 90-degree
angle to the direction of the wind.

What happens during coastal upwelling? Cool, nutrient-rich deep water comes up to replace
displaced surface waters.

Where is an example of coastal upwelling found? North America's West Coast.

What is coastal downwelling? It is a phenomenon in which surface seawater is

moved towards the shore due to Ekman transport,
and then piles up and moves downward in the water
column.

What is Ekman transport? It is the movement of surface seawater in a specific

direction due to the combined effect of wind and the
Coriolis effect.

What happens to the water during coastal The water piles up and moves downward in the
downwelling? water column.

What is the impact of coastal downwelling on It can lead to a lack of marine life in the affected
marine life? area.

What is coastal upwelling? The movement of cold, nutrient-rich water from the
ocean depths to the surface near the coast.

Where does coastal upwelling occur in this context? Off the coast of California.

What does coastal upwelling look like? It appears as patches of cold water that are shaded
in purple.
What is the cause of coastal upwelling? It is caused by wind patterns that push surface
water away from the coast, allowing cold water to
rise from the depths to replace it.

What is the benefit of coastal upwelling? It brings nutrient-rich water to the surface, which
supports the growth of phytoplankton and other
marine life.

What is phytoplankton? Microscopic plants that form the base of the marine
food chain.

What is the significance of phytoplankton? They are an important food source for many marine
animals, and they also play a key role in the global
carbon cycle by absorbing carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere.

What is diverging surface water? Surface waters moving away from an area.

What is equatorial upwelling? The upward movement of cold, nutrient-rich water

from the depths of the ocean to the surface near the
equator.

What is coastal upwelling? The upward movement of cold, nutrient-rich water

from the depths of the ocean to the surface along
the coastlines.

What is Ekman pumping? The process by which wind-driven water movement

causes water to pile up or sink down, creating areas
of upwelling or downwelling.

What causes equatorial upwelling? The convergence of trade winds and the Earth's
rotation.

What causes coastal upwelling? The deflection of surface water by the Coriolis effect
and the presence of underwater features such as
canyons or ridges.

What are the benefits of upwelling? Bringing nutrient-rich water to the surface,
supporting the growth of phytoplankton and other
marine life, and contributing to the productivity of
fisheries.

What is converging surface water? Surface waters moving toward each other.
What happens when surface waters converge? Water piles up.

What is the biological productivity of converging Low.

surface water?

What is Ekman suction? A phenomenon where wind-driven surface water

moves away from an area, causing deeper water to
rise and replace it.

What is Ekman transport? It is the piling up of water within gyres caused by

wind-driven surface currents.

In which direction does surface water flow in Downhill due to gravity and to the right due to
geostrophic flow? Coriolis effect.

What is geostrophic flow? It is the balance between Coriolis effect and

gravitational forces (pressure gradient).

What is Ekman transport? Ekman transport is the process by which

wind-driven water moves at an angle of 90 degrees
to the right of the wind direction in the Northern
Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern
Hemisphere, resulting in the piling up of water
within subtropical gyres.

What is the direction of surface water flow in Surface water flows downhill and to the right in
geostrophic flow? geostrophic flow.

What is geostrophic flow? Geostrophic flow is the balance between the

Coriolis Effect and gravitational forces that results in
the horizontal movement of water in the ocean.

What is ideal geostrophic flow? Ideal geostrophic flow is the theoretical flow of
water in the ocean that would occur in the absence
of friction.

What generates actual geostrophic flow? Friction generates actual geostrophic flow in the
ocean.

What is the unit of measurement for the given value The unit of measurement for the given value '2m' is
'2m'? not specified.
What is the layer of gases surrounding the Earth Atmosphere.
called?

What is the largest body of water on Earth? Ocean.

What percentage of the Earth's surface is covered About 70%.

by the Ocean?

What percentage of the Earth's surface is covered It covers the entire Earth's surface.
by the Atmosphere?

What is the percentage of the Earth's surface About 30%.

covered by land?

What is the percentage of the Earth's surface About 70%.

covered by water?

What is the percentage of the Earth's water that is About 97%.

saltwater?

What is the percentage of the Earth's water that is About 3%.

freshwater?

What are the general patterns of surface circulation The ocean surface currents are mainly driven by the
in the ocean? wind and the rotation of the Earth.

What are subtropical gyres? Large, circular loops of moving water.

What are the boundaries of subtropical gyres? Equatorial current, Western Boundary currents,
Northern or Southern Boundary currents, and
Eastern Boundary currents.

Around what latitude are subtropical gyres 30 degrees latitude.

centered?

What are Ekman currents? Ekman currents are ocean currents that are caused
by wind and the Coriolis effect.

What is the Coriolis effect? The Coriolis effect is the apparent deflection of
moving objects when viewed from a rotating
reference frame, such as the Earth.
What is western intensification? Western intensification is the process by which the
ocean currents in the western hemisphere become
stronger and narrower due to the Coriolis effect.

How does the Coriolis effect contribute to western The increase of the Coriolis effect with latitude
intensification? contributes to western intensification.

What are Northern Hemisphere Gyres? They are large systems of rotating ocean currents,
particularly in the Northern Hemisphere.

What is westward intensification? It is a phenomenon where the speed of ocean

currents increases as they move towards the
western side of an ocean basin.

What is the depth at which the westward Around 1000 meters.

intensification occurs?

What is Western Intensification? It is the intensification of western boundary currents

in both hemispheres due to the Earth's rotation.

Why are western boundary currents intensified in Due to the top of hill of water displaced toward the
both hemispheres? west because of the Earth's rotation.

What are the characteristics of western boundary They are faster, narrower, deeper, and warmer.
currents?

What contributes to the western intensification? The increase with latitude of Coriolis Effect.

What are Eastern Boundary Currents? Currents located on the eastern side of ocean
basins.

What are the properties of Eastern Boundary They tend to be cold, slow, shallow, and wide.
Currents?

Where are Western Boundary Currents located? On the western side of ocean basins.

How do Eastern Boundary Currents compare to Eastern Boundary Currents have opposite
Western Boundary Currents in terms of properties? properties to Western Boundary Currents.

What are the five subtropical gyres? North Atlantic, South Atlantic, North Pacific, South
Pacific, and Indian Ocean.
What is the name of the subtropical gyre in the Columbus Gyre.
North Atlantic?

What is the name of the subtropical gyre in the Navigator Gyre.

South Atlantic?

What is the name of the subtropical gyre in the Turtle Gyre.

North Pacific?

What is the name of the subtropical gyre in the Heyerdahl Gyre.

South Pacific?

What is the name of the subtropical gyre in the Majid Gyre.

Indian Ocean?

Is there any other subtropical gyre apart from these Yes, the Beaufort Gyre.
five?

What are the four main currents in a Subtropical Equatorial Currents, Western Boundary Currents,
Gyre? Northern or Southern Boundary Currents, and
Eastern Boundary Currents.

Where do Equatorial Currents flow? Along the equator, traveling westward.

What type of water do Western Boundary Currents Warm water.

carry?

In which direction do Northern or Southern Easterly across the ocean basin.

Boundary Currents flow?

What type of water do Eastern Boundary Currents Cool water.

carry?

What are the names of the five subtropical gyres? North Pacific, South Pacific, North Atlantic, South
Atlantic, Indian Ocean.

What is the name of the current in the North Pacific Kuroshio Current.
Gyre?

What is the name of the current in the South Pacific East Australian Current.
Gyre?
What is the name of the current in the North Atlantic Gulf Stream.
Gyre?

What is the name of the current in the South Atlantic Brazil Current.
Gyre?

What is the name of the current in the Indian Ocean Agulhas Current.
Gyre?

What are the five subtropical gyres? North Pacific, South Pacific, North Atlantic, South
Atlantic, Indian Ocean.

What is the direction of the North Pacific Gyre? Clockwise.

What is the direction of the South Pacific Gyre? Clockwise.

What is the direction of the North Atlantic Gyre? Clockwise.

What is the direction of the South Atlantic Gyre? Clockwise.

What is the direction of the Indian Ocean Gyre? Clockwise.

What is the name of the current that flows along the Gulf Stream.
eastern coast of the United States?

What is the name of the current that flows along the Brazil Current.
eastern coast of South America?

What is the name of the current that flows along the Canary Current.
western coast of Africa?

What is the name of the current that flows along the Peru Current.
western coast of South America?

What is the name of the current that flows along the East Australian Current.
eastern coast of Australia?

What is the name of the current that flows along the Leeuwin Current.
western coast of Australia?
What is the name of the subtropical gyre in the The North Atlantic Gyre.
North Atlantic Ocean?

What is the name of the subtropical gyre in the The South Atlantic Gyre.
South Atlantic Ocean?

What is the name of the subtropical gyre in the The North Pacific Gyre.
North Pacific Ocean?

What is the name of the subtropical gyre in the The South Pacific Gyre.
South Pacific Ocean?

What is the name of the subtropical gyre in the The Indian Ocean Gyre.
Indian Ocean?

What is the name of the warm ocean current that The Gulf Stream.
flows along the east coast of the United States?

What is the name of the cold ocean current that The Humboldt Current.
flows along the west coast of South America?

What is the name of the warm ocean current that The East Australian Current.
flows along the east coast of Australia?

What is the name of the warm ocean current that The Agulhas Current.
flows along the east coast of South Africa?

What are the five subtropical gyres? North Pacific, South Pacific, North Atlantic, South
Atlantic, Indian Ocean.

What is the direction of the North Pacific Gyre? Clockwise.

What is the direction of the South Pacific Gyre? Clockwise.

What is the direction of the North Atlantic Gyre? Clockwise.

What is the direction of the South Atlantic Gyre? Clockwise.

What is the direction of the Indian Ocean Gyre? Clockwise.

What is the name of the current that flows along the Gulf Stream.
eastern coast of the United States?

What is the name of the current that flows along the Brazil Current.
eastern coast of South America?

What is the name of the current that flows along the Canary Current.
western coast of Africa?

What is the name of the current that flows along the Peru Current.
western coast of South America?

What is the name of the current that flows along the East Australian Current.
eastern coast of Australia?

What is the Indian Ocean Subtropical Gyre? A large system of rotating ocean currents in the
Indian Ocean.

What are the three major currents in the Indian Agulhas Current, Australian Current, and Leeuwin
Ocean Subtropical Gyre? Current.

What is the Agulhas Current? A warm, fast-moving current that flows southward
along the east coast of South Africa.

What is the Australian Current? A warm, fast-moving current that flows eastward
along the west coast of Australia.

What is the Leeuwin Current? A warm, slow-moving current that flows southward
along the west coast of Australia.

What is the direction of the Indian Ocean Clockwise.

Subtropical Gyre in winter?

What is the direction of the Indian Ocean Counterclockwise.

Subtropical Gyre in summer?

What is the Indian Ocean circulation affected by? Monsoons and heat capacity differential.

What are monsoons? Seasonal reversal of winds over the northern Indian
Ocean.

What is the Northeast monsoon? The winter monsoon.

What is the Southwest monsoon? The summer monsoon.

What is affected by the seasonal land weather? The Indian Ocean current circulation.

What is affected by the Indian Ocean current Phytoplankton productivity.

circulation?

What are the five subtropical gyres? North Pacific, South Pacific, North Atlantic, South
Atlantic, Indian Ocean.

What is the direction of the North Pacific Gyre? Clockwise.

What is the direction of the South Pacific Gyre? Clockwise.

What is the direction of the North Atlantic Gyre? Clockwise.

What is the direction of the South Atlantic Gyre? Clockwise.

What is the direction of the Indian Ocean Gyre? Clockwise.

What is the name of the current that flows along the Gulf Stream.
eastern coast of the United States?

What is the name of the current that flows along the Brazil Current.
eastern coast of South America?

What is the name of the current that flows along the Canary Current.
western coast of Africa?

What is the name of the current that flows along the Peru Current.
western coast of South America?

What is the name of the current that flows along the East Australian Current.
eastern coast of Australia?

What are subpolar gyres? They are ocean currents that rotate in the opposite
direction to subtropical gyres.

How do subpolar gyres differ from subtropical They rotate in the opposite direction and are smaller
gyres? and fewer in number.
What is the Beaufort Gyre? It is a subpolar gyre located in the Arctic Ocean.

What are the North Atlantic currents? Labrador Current, East Greenland Current, Irminger
Current, Norwegian Current, and North Atlantic
Current.

What are the climate effects of north-moving They warm the regions they flow into.
currents?

Which current warms the East coast of the United Gulf Stream.
States and northern Europe?

Which currents warm northwestern Europe? North Atlantic and Norwegian Currents.

What are the climate effects of south-moving They cool the regions they flow into.
currents?

Which current cools eastern Canada? Labrador Current.

Which current cools the north African coast? Canary Current.

What are Equatorial currents? Currents formed by trade winds near the equator.

How many Equatorial currents are there? Two, North and South Equatorial currents.

What causes the formation of Equatorial currents? Trade winds.

What are Equatorial Countercurrents? Eastward flow between North and South Equatorial
currents.

What does the image show? The mean, upper-ocean, thermal structure along
the equator in the Pacific.

Where did the data for this image come from? The World Ocean Atlas 1998.

Who is the source of this image? NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration).

What is the Equatorial Thermocline? A layer of ocean water in the equatorial region that
separates warm surface water from cold deep
water.
Where is the Western Pacific located? In the western part of the Pacific Ocean.

What is the Warm Pool in the Western Pacific? A region of the western Pacific Ocean where the
sea surface temperature is higher than the
surrounding areas.

What is the significance of the Warm Pool in the It is an important source of heat and moisture for
Western Pacific? the atmosphere, affecting global weather patterns.

What is the Antarctic Circumpolar Current? It is a current that completely encircles the Earth
and moves more water than any other current.

What are some other names for the Antarctic It is also called the West Wind Drift and Penguin
Circumpolar Current? Gyre.

What is the approximate volume of water moved by Around 130 Sverdrups (106 cubic meters).
the Antarctic Circumpolar Current?

What is the Subtropical Convergence? It is the boundary of the Antarctic Circulation.

What is the Antarctic Convergence? The point where cold, dense Antarctic waters
converge with warmer, less dense sub-Antarctic
waters.

What is the northernmost boundary of the Antarctic The Antarctic Convergence.

Ocean?

What is the East Wind Drift? Polar Easterlies that create surface divergence with
the opposite flowing Antarctic Circumpolar Current.

What is the Antarctic Divergence known for? Abundant marine life.

What is the Antarctic Circulation? The movement of water around Antarctica driven by
the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and other factors.

What is the Arctic Circulation? It is a system of ocean currents and atmospheric

circulation that moves heat and moisture throughout
the Arctic region.

What is the Arctic Oscillation? It is a climate pattern characterized by changes in

atmospheric pressure over the Arctic and
mid-latitudes.
What controls the Arctic Circulation and Arctic Atmospheric pressure patterns.
Oscillation?

What are the Beaufort Gyre and Transpolar Drift? They are two major ocean currents in the Arctic that
are influenced by the Arctic Oscillation.

How does the Arctic Oscillation influence the The Arctic Oscillation can affect the strength and
positions and size of the Beaufort Gyre and direction of winds, which in turn can impact the size
Transpolar Drift? and position of these ocean currents.

What is the Gulf Stream? A warm ocean current that originates in the Gulf of
Mexico and flows into the North Atlantic.

What is the mean circulation in the ocean? The average movement of ocean currents around
the world.

What is mesoscale variability? Small-scale oceanic features, such as eddies and

fronts, that occur within larger ocean currents.

What are the Azores? A group of islands in the North Atlantic that are
located on the subtropical high-pressure zone and
are an important location for studying oceanic and
atmospheric circulation.

What is the Gulf Stream? The Gulf Stream is an ocean current that is the best
studied of all ocean currents.

What are the warm-core rings generated by the Gulf Warm-core rings are generated by the Gulf Stream
Stream? and are loops of warmer Sargasso Sea water
surrounded by cool water.

What are the cold-core rings generated by the Gulf Cold-core rings are generated by the Gulf Stream
Stream? and are loops of cold water surrounded by warmer
water.

What is the Sargasso Sea? The Sargasso Sea is an area of the North Atlantic
Ocean that is circled by the Gulf Stream and is
known for its unique biology, including Sargassum
seaweed.

What is unique about the Sargasso Sea? The Sargasso Sea is the world's only sea without a
land border, with its boundaries defined by ocean
currents.
Where can more information about the Sargasso More information about the Sargasso Sea can be
Sea be found? found at http://www.sargassoseacommission.org/sa
rgasso-sea/about-the-sargasso-sea.

What is the Gulf Stream? A warm ocean current that originates in the Gulf of
Mexico and flows into the North Atlantic.

What is the nature of the ocean system? Fundamentally turbulent.

What are small-scale eddies and meanders? Small-scale swirling patterns in the ocean.

Where does the Gulf Stream originate? In the Gulf of Mexico.

Where does the Gulf Stream flow into? The North Atlantic.

What is the temperature of the Gulf Stream? Warm.

What is the impact of the Gulf Stream on the climate It helps to keep the climate of Western Europe mild.
of Western Europe?

What happened in May 1990? 60,000 shoes were spilled.

What is the story of the Lost Nikes? It is a story about 60,000 shoes that were spilled in
May 1990 and tracked by oceanographers using
drifters.

What are drifters? Instruments used by oceanographers to track ocean

currents.

When were the shoes spilled? May 1990.

When were the drifters used to track the shoes? Between 1990 and 1994.

When were the first drifters used to track the shoes? Between 1990 and 1991.

When was the last drifter used to track the shoes? 1994.

What is the significance of the Lost Nikes story? It demonstrates the use of drifters to track ocean
currents.
How long before debris might reach the US/Canada Approximately 730 days or 2 years.
west coast via the North Pacific Current?

What is the speed of the North Pacific Current? Approximately 10 cm/s.

How much distance does the North Pacific Current Approximately 10 km/day.
cover in a day?

What is the distance between the North Pacific Approximately 7300 km.
Current and the US/Canada west coast?

How long does it take for the debris to reach the About 2 years.
North Pacific Garbage Patch?

What happens to the debris that enters the North Much of it will sink.
Pacific Garbage Patch?

How long does it take for the debris to reach the It depends on various factors such as ocean
US/Canada west coast? currents, wind patterns, and the size and weight of
the debris. It is difficult to predict an exact time
frame.

What drives surface currents in the ocean? Winds.

What forces result in oceanic gyres? Coriolis and pressure forces.

What is the geostrophic balance? A balance between Coriolis and pressure forces.

How deep can wind-driven currents reach? Several hundred meters up to 1 km.

What are the speeds of wind-driven currents? 10-200 cm/s (0.1-2.0 m/s ~ 0.2-4 knots).

Where are the strongest wind-driven currents On the western sides of ocean basins.
found?

What is Ekman flow? A flow away from the coast that leads to coastal
upwelling and plankton blooms.

What is the NASA website for more information? http://oceanmotion.org.

What is the Great Conveyor Belt? It is a system of deep ocean circulation that moves
water around the globe.

What drives the Great Conveyor Belt? Differences in water density caused by differences
in temperature and salinity.

How does the Great Conveyor Belt affect climate? It helps regulate global climate by transporting heat
from the equator to the poles.

What is the role of the North Atlantic in the Great It is where the dense, cold water sinks and begins
Conveyor Belt? the circulation process.

What is the impact of climate change on the Great It could slow down or even stop the circulation,
Conveyor Belt? leading to significant changes in global climate.

What is the time period for a complete cycle of the It takes about 1000 years for a complete cycle of
Great Conveyor Belt? the Great Conveyor Belt.

What helps move heat from the equator to the pole? Surface and Deep Ocean Circulation.

What is responsible for about half of the heat Atmosphere and Ocean.
transfer from the equator to the pole?

What is the approximate ratio of heat transfer 2/3 by Atmosphere and 1/3 by Ocean.
responsibility between Atmosphere and Ocean?

What has to happen for water that flows north/south It has to encounter eastern boundary currents and
to return? deep ocean circulation.

What is the Great Ocean Conveyor Belt? It is an idealized ocean circulation system.

What happens in the polar regions in the Great Surface water sinks and deep water upwells to
Ocean Conveyor Belt? replace it.

What is the importance of surface water flow in the Surface waters must flow to high latitudes to
Great Ocean Conveyor Belt? replace water sinking in polar regions.

Is there any discussion about the importance of Yes, there is much discussion about it.
mixing in the Great Ocean Conveyor Belt?

What is the result of the main gyres moving heat They cause density variations in the water mass
and salt? distributions.
What does the density variation in water mass It leads to vertical flow or sinking.
distributions lead to?

What is the formation of 'water masses' It is characterized by temperature, salinity, and

characterized by? density.

What are the factors that determine the density of Temperature and salinity.
water masses?

What is the relationship between temperature, Temperature and salinity determine the density of
salinity, and density in water masses? water masses.

What are Isopycnals? Lines of constant density in seawater.

What is the significance of Isopycnals? They help in understanding the ocean's circulation
patterns.

What is the Freezing Line in seawater? The temperature at which seawater freezes, which
is typically -1.8°C.

What is the significance of the Freezing Line? It helps in understanding the formation of sea ice
and its effect on ocean circulation.

How does the density of seawater vary with As temperature and salinity increase, the density of
temperature and salinity? seawater also increases.

What is the unit of measurement for seawater kg/m³.

density?

What is the average density of seawater? 1025 kg/m³.

What is the importance of understanding seawater It helps in understanding ocean circulation, climate
density variation? patterns, and marine life distribution.

What causes density variation in sea water? Temperature and salinity.

What is the temperature of nearly all the water in Cold.

the oceans?

What is density-driven water flow? Water flow that is driven by differences in water
density.
What is Thermohaline Circulation? It is the circulation of seawater driven by differences
in temperature and salinity, which together
determine the density of seawater.

What does 'Thermo' mean in Thermohaline It means temperature.

Circulation?

What does 'haline' mean in Thermohaline It means salt.

Circulation?

What are NADW and AABW? They are the deepest waters involved in
Thermohaline Circulation.

What determines the density of seawater in Temperature and salinity together determine the
Thermohaline Circulation? density of seawater.

What is the significance of Thermohaline It plays a crucial role in regulating the Earth's
Circulation? climate.

What is the full form of NADW and AABW? NADW stands for North Atlantic Deep Water and
AABW stands for Antarctic Bottom Water.

What is Thermohaline Circulation? It is a deep ocean current driven by differences in

temperature and salinity.

What are some examples of deep-water masses Antarctic Bottom Water, North Atlantic Deep Water,
involved in Thermohaline Circulation? Antarctic Intermediate Water, and Oceanic
Common Water.

What is the relationship between deep-water Deep-water masses are related to cold surface
masses and cold surface seawater? seawater sinking at polar regions and moving
equator-ward.

What are the three deep/bottom water formation Weddell and Ross Seas and Adelie Coast in
sites? Antarctica, and North Atlantic.

Where is Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) formed? In Weddell and Ross Seas and Adelie Coast in
Antarctica.

What is the other name for Antarctic Bottom Water Southern Ocean Bottom Water.
(AABW)?
What is the temperature of Antarctic Bottom Water Around -0.8°C.
(AABW)?

What is the salinity of Antarctic Bottom Water Around 34.7 psu.

(AABW)?

Where is North Atlantic Deep Water formed? In the North Atlantic.

What is the temperature of North Atlantic Deep Around 2-4°C.

Water?

What is the salinity of North Atlantic Deep Water? Around 34.9-35.1 psu.

What is AABW? Antarctic Bottom Water, the deepest layer of water

in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Ocean basins.

Where is the major site of AABW formation? Weddell Sea.

In which direction does AABW flow? Northward, in circles around Antarctica.

What is the extent of AABW flow? Extensive, up to 45°N in the Atlantic and 50°N in the
Pacific.

What is the speed of AABW flow? 0.03-0.06 km/hour.

How long does it take for AABW to flow 10,000 km? 250 years.

What is NADW? North Atlantic Deep Water.

Where is NADW formed? In the coastal Greenland (Labrador Sea) site.

What percentage of the deep water in the world's About 50%.

oceans does NADW comprise?

Where does NADW sink directly into? The western Atlantic.

Where does NADW form? In Norwegian Basins.

What happens to NADW after it sinks in Norwegian It is dammed behind sills.

Basins?
Where are the sills located that dam NADW? Between Greenland and Iceland and Iceland and
the British Isles.

What happens when NADW periodically spills over It spills over into the North Atlantic.
the sills into the North Atlantic?

What is CTD? CTD stands for Conductivity, Temperature, and

Depth.

What is the significance of CTD measurements? CTD measurements are used to determine water
masses and ocean mixing.

What does conductivity measurement determine in Conductivity measurement in CTD determines the
CTD? salinity of the water.

What does temperature measurement determine in Temperature measurement in CTD determines the
CTD? temperature of the water.

What does depth measurement determine in CTD? Depth measurement in CTD determines the depth
of the water.

What is the full form of CTD? CTD stands for Conductivity, Temperature, and
Depth.

What is the importance of measuring water Measuring water masses helps in understanding
masses? ocean circulation and climate.

What is the importance of ocean mixing? Ocean mixing helps in the distribution of heat,
nutrients, and gases in the ocean.

What is the significance of salinity measurement in Salinity measurement in CTD helps in

CTD? understanding the density and circulation of water
masses.

What is the relationship between ocean Ocean temperature affects climate on long
temperature and climate? timescales.

Where is most of the water in the ocean located? In the deep ocean, which accounts for
approximately 90% of the total volume.
What factors determine the average temperature of The average temperature of the ocean is
the ocean? determined by the process of bottom-water
formation at high latitudes and the transport of
water around ocean basins.

What is the approximate deep water recycle time? The approximate deep water recycle time is around
1000 years.

What is the role of thermohaline circulation in Thermohaline circulation moderates climate over
moderating climate? time periods of approximately 1000 years.