Jayleen Ja 1-31-24 6

Earth atmosphere contains the mixture of grass that surround the

Nitrogen earth. The composition gasses within the atmosphere included
78% ____________ nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and other gasses.
Oxygen
21% ____________
Argon
0.9% ___________
Other gases
0.1% ___________

• The four layer of the atmosphere included

• Troposphere the lowest layer. This one concert us most ;15,000 meters (49,200 feet)
• Stratosphere- continues to about 50,00 meters (164,200 feet)
• Mesosphere-extends to about 90,000 meters (295,200 feet)
• Thermosphere- the top layer which goes out into space ;beyond 110,000 meters ( 360,800 feet)

• Life gets almost all its energy from the sun , it also provides the temperature conditions necessary for life.
• It drives the wind , and it gives currents in the ocean.
• About 50% of sunlight that reaches the atmosphere makes it to earth’s surface . The percentage is low since life
would not survive if earth became too hot .
 • Earth round shape and its tilted axis.
• The earth orbit is elliptical which means earth distance from the sun varies depending o the time
of year.
• Earth axial inclination . Earth rotates with an axis of 23.5 which rotates as earth obits the sun. Thus
also causes the seasons. The amount of sunlight falling on a particular location changes.
• The intensity and amount of color radiation received at higher latitudes is less then the lower
latitudes.

• The Coriolis effect is the tendency for the path of a moving object to shift the right in the northern
hemisphere . It changes the intended path of a moving body but does not affect the speed.
• It explains why we have winds in all directions.
• It gives wind a circular pattern.
• It is a caused by earth rotation relative to an object moving over its surface.

• Motion or lack of motion is relative to the place from which you observe it.
• Standing on the equator relative to anyone on the earth you’re motionless.
• Someone at a fixed point in space would you say moving because the earth is rotating.
• The corollas spin counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern
hemisphere.
• The air in the atmosphere is constantly moving. Wind is the movement of air molecules. Air always moves
from high pressure to low pressure.
• Convection cells are systems in which liquids are warmed, lose density and then are forced into a region
of greater density.motion is formed due to the cycling of this pattern.
• Low pressure areas are created when warmer,;less dense air and water vapor rises. High pressure areas
are caused when cooler , denser air sink.

• Major wind patterns on earth are created by air warmed by the sun rising and cooler air sinking.
• Trade winds are found between approximately 0 and 30 latitude and blow toward the equator and
moving north .
• Prevailing westerlies are found between approximately 30 and 60 latitude and blow toward the
poles.
• Polar easterlies are found between approximately 60 and 90. They are the most variable of the winds
are are formed at high latitude.
• Surface currents are driven by wind and tides.
• They are inclined by the corollas effect. They are masses of water that flow from place
to place. Seafloor topography has an affect as well.
• Wind causes surface crests through friction between the water and wind.
• Currents help to transfer heat from warmer areas of the earth to cooler areas. Surface
currents move water horizontally in the surface waters. Deep currents are caused by the
dense water that sinks beneath the surface.

• If the earth did not rotate , air and water would just move back and forth between
the equator and poles.
• As wind blows, the surface waters drag the deeper waters .
• Wind0driven surface currents combine into circular loops called dyers. They travel
clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern
hemisphere.
• The worlds five subtropical geyser are show in the image.
 • The Beckman serial is used t desire the direction and speed of surface waters at vinous depths. V.
Walfred Exman developed a model in 1901 to describe it. His model describes water as a series of
layers. The layers move independently of one another,b ut energy can transfer from later to layer. This
causes the speed of water to lessen at each depth due to energy loss. Carols effect deflates water to the
right hemisphere and left in the southern.

• The ekman layer is the layer of water at the upper portion of the water column that id affected by the
wind.
• From the eckman layer , each layer moves at a different direction until the bottom layer is at 90 angle
fro original wind direction .
• This movement of water is called Ekamn transport.

• Upwelling is caused by the woman transport and is the process of lard volumes of bottom water moving
towards the surface.
• It occurs when winds drive surface waters away and deep, colder ocean move upwards.
• Upwelling is beneficial because the water is full of nutrients. This is excellent for organisms such as a
phytoplankton which strongly contribute to marine ecology.
• Downwelling is downwards vertical current that pushes surface water to the bottom.
 • The Gulf Stream moves northward along the East Coast of the US. It helps to warm coastal
states along the US and brings warm water to Europe. This helps keep the climate milder during
the winter.
Oscillations are naturally occurring cyclical changes in ocean circulation that have an affect on
climate.
• El Niño-Southern Oscillation is a warm-water current that is recurring usually every 2-7 years. It
brings warmer water to the central and eastern tropical paci c ocean. It causes upwelling to
cease which leads to a decrease in primary production. It also increases storms, rainfall and
ooding on land.

• Monsoons are seasonal wind pattern changes caused by heating or cooling on the continents.
They cause summers with signi cant rainfall and winters with very little.
• Cyclones are large rotating storm systems of low-pressure air with converging winds at the center.
They form within a single atmospheric cell.
• They form where wind gets drawn into a low-pressure area at the earth's surface. This forms a
spiral pattern.
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• At the surface layer, or epipelagic zone (100 to 200m deep), water is mixed by wind, waves and
currents.
• When there is a sharp, sudden change in temperature change from warm water to cool water in
a small depth interval, it is called a thermocline.
• The intermediate layer (1,000 to 1,500m deep) is a permanent thermocline layer that transitions
from warm to cool water.
• • The bottom layer (below 1,500m deep)
• is typically cold uniformly.

• Thermohaline circulation describes the movement of ocean cUrrents due to differences

in density (temperature) and salinity.
• Thermo = temperature. Haline = salinity.
• The Great Ocean Conveyor is a global thermohaline circulation that helps to mix the
ocean. It is constantly moving so it helps to balance the climate and brings in nutrients.
1. What could happen if more than 50% of the sunlight that
reached the atmosphere made it to Earth’s surface?
Over 50% sunlight reaching Earth's atmosphere could cause
significant climate changes, including increased temperatures,
altered weather patterns, ecosystem disruption, polar ice caps
melting, impacts on agriculture, human health, and potential
feedback loops amplifying warming.
2. What are some factors that contribute to the uneven
heating of Earth? Scientists utilize various observational, experimental, and
Latitude, seasons, and daytime influence uneven heating of Earth modeling techniques to study air-sea interactions, which are
by the sun, with temperature differences being the most crucial crucial for predicting weather, assessing climate change
factor to consider. impacts, and managing coastal resources and ecosystems,
3. How do hurricanes spin in the northern and the southern thereby influencing Earth's climate system.
hemisphere? Why do they spin like this?
The Coriolis effect, influenced by Earth's rotation, causes
storms to rotate clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere
and counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere.
3. What are the differences between surface currents and
deep currents?
Ocean current systems consist of surface circulation, which stirs
the thin upper layer, and deep circulation, which sweeps along the
deep-sea floor.
3. What are the world’s 5 subtropical gyres?
The five major gyres are the North and South Pacific
Subtropical Gyres, the North and South Atlantic
Subtropical Gyres, and the Indian Ocean Subtropical Gyre
3. Why is upwelling beneficial?
Upwelling is a crucial process that shapes marine ecosystems,
supports coastal productivity and biodiversity, and contributes to
ecological and economic sustainability.