TERMINOLOGY

Air movement is the change in the position of air regardless of cause or degree.
Wind is the natural form of air movement (which is usually horizontal).
Ventilation is the process of supplying unconditioned or conditioned air to and removing it from a given space by any method.
• Natural: Depends on natural forces
• Induced: Influencing natural forces to perform specific tasks
• Forced: Depends on mechanical forces
Buoyancy is the tendency of air to rise due to change in temperature. Reverse buoyancy may occur when air tends to fall due to
thermal differences.

Fall due to reverse

Rise due to Variations in air density due to thermal
buoyancy
buoyancy differentials
Pressure is the shifting of air caused by force differentials. Positive pressure occurs when the force and air density are high;
negative pressure occurs when the force and air pressure are low. Air travels from positive to negative through neutral pressure.
Climate is the prevailing weather conditions of a given region.
• Macroclimate: Weather conditions of a large region such as country or continent.
• Mesoclimate: Weather conditions of a region that is neither large nor microscopic, such as a
state or a city.
• Microclimate: Weather conditions of a microscopic region such as a leaf, or a blade of grass.
• Micro-climate: Weather conditions of a small region such as a city block or an acre.
Air movement is created by uneven heating of the atmosphere. The exchange of air creates a cycle known as general circulation
(the major wind system of the earth).

As the sun heats the air, it expands, rises and is replaced by cooler air.
Land is heated by the sun quicker than water, and water retains more heat for
longer periods of time. As a result, land and water always differ in temperature,
causing the air masses above them to move.
As a result of the uneven heating, there are three main global belts of the general
circulation in each hemisphere.

Trade winds travel to the equator from the equator from the 30 deg latitude in
both hemispheres.
Prevailing westerlies abut the trade wind belts in both hemispheres. The cycles
are opposite to that of the trade winds.
The polar easterlies is the third global belt. The air moves from the north or
south pole to the 60 deg latitude zone.
The global belts do not move direct north-south or south-north fashion; instead
they are curved. The cause of this curving is the earth’s rotating faster than the
atmosphere, which is slowed by the friction of the earth’s surface, known as the
Coriolis force.
The force is zero at the equator and increases towards the poles.

There are several air movement patterns that have lesser intensities. They occur over small area that usually involve positive and
negative pressures. The air movement from positive to negative pressure areas is circular. These systems are called secondary
circulation systems.
Positive pressure areas causes air movement to spiral downward and outward. Negative pressure areas causes the air movement
to be in downward and inward spiral, causing the air in the center to rise. In these negative pressure areas, the rising sir cools,
condenses and creates fog, clouds and rain.
These secondary circulation systems are only affected by major landforms on the earth such as plains, mountains, valleys and
seas.
When these secondary circulation systems develop variations within themselves that are due to cities, housing developments,
industrial centers and so forth, meso-climatic systems are established.
Air pollution remains an important issue, in residences as well as factories and plants. The solution is to stop it at its source and
dilute the pollutants so that the air can be cleansed easily.
Control can begin at home using alternative building materials which are not pollutants, as many of the finishing materials used
in construction introduce pollutants, for e.g., formaldehyde.
Household product pollution can be alleviated by proper selection and adequate ventilation.
People are the final major source of interior air pollution; metabolism produces byproducts discharged in respiration.

Proper air movement control lessens the demand for energy, thus reducing expenses. This can be done my directing heat loads to
cool the home environment, using shading techniques, avoiding reflective surfaces around the building, protecting mechanical
cooling systems. Interior heat loads can be reduced by turning off unneeded lights and using heat producing appliances.

FACTORS ON WHICH COMFORT CAN BE MEASURED:

• Ambient air temperature can be used to measure comfort.
• Mean radiant temperature modifies the effect of the ambient air temperature. It is the effect of the surrounding surface
temperatures, which can vary with space and time.
• Humidity affects the body’s capacity to dissipate heat through evaporation.
• Air movement removes excessive heat by increasing convection and evaporation rates. Cooling rates increase with increase
in air movement.
• Clothing affects the body’s sensitivity to climatic variations because it interferes with evaporation and forms a barrier to
convention.

Unit of clothing is clo. This is the scale on which clo is based.

• Metabolic rate of the body is the key to comfort. Heat losses that are too great cause freezing or death; heat gains that are too
great cause stroke or death.

• Psychological elements also influence perception of comfort. People may be comfortable if they think that their environment
provides comfort.
• Personal attitude can produce psychological comfort. The Human Comfort Chart has two comfort zones. The smaller is the
range of the effective temperatures over which 50 percent of the people tested feel comfort. The larger zone is the ventilation
comfort zone, the range in which air movement is effective in creating human comfort.

Bioclimatic chart by Victor Olgyay Human comfort chat with summer winter zones and ventilation comfort
zone.
 Fitments For Male Public For Female Public For Male Staff For Female Stuff

1 Water closet 1 for 50 seats upto 1 for 50 seats upto 1 for 15 persons 1 for 1 to 12 persons
200 seats 200 seats 2 for 16 to 35 2 for 13 to 25
persons persons

2 Ablution taps 1 in each water 1 in each water 1 in each water 1 in each water
closet closet closet closet

3 Urinals 1 per 50 seats 1 for 7 to 20 persons

2 for 21 to 45
persons

4 Wash basins 1 for every water closet provided

5 Kitchen sinks and 1 in each kitchen
dish washers

6 Slop or service sinks 1 in the restaurant