Assignment#2

glAucomA And its types

submitted by:

bAsit Ali fA22-phm-047

submitted to:
muAzzAm zAhid
 Glaucoma: Types, Symptoms, and Treatment

❖ Introduction:

Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that pose a significant threat to vision. It is often referred to
as the "silent thief of sight" because it typically progresses slowly and without noticeable
symptoms until it reaches an advanced stage. In this assignment, we will explore what glaucoma
is, its various types, symptoms, risk factors, and the available treatments for this condition.

❖ What is Glaucoma?

Glaucoma is a term used to describe a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve,
which is responsible for transmitting visual information from the eye to the brain. The most
common cause of glaucoma is increased intraocular pressure (pressure within the eye). If left
untreated, glaucoma can result in permanent vision loss and even blindness.
✓ Optic Nerve
The optic nerve, also known as the second cranial nerve or simply CN II, is a critical part of the
visual system that connects the eye to the brain. It plays a fundamental role in transmitting visual
information from the retina to the brain, allowing us to perceive and process visual stimuli.
✓ Intraocular
pressure:
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is
the pressure inside the eye,
specifically within the
eyeball. It is measured in
millimeters of mercury
(mmHg) and is a critical
parameter for maintaining
the structural integrity and
health of the eye. Intraocular
pressure is a dynamic
balance between the
production of aqueous
humor (the clear fluid inside
the eye) and its drainage.
 ❖ Types of Glaucoma:

There are several types of glaucoma, but the two primary categories are:

1. Open-Angle Glaucoma:

• Description: Open-angle glaucoma is the most common form of disease, accounting for
about 90% of all glaucoma cases. It develops slowly over time.

• Mechanism: In open-angle glaucoma, the drainage angle where the cornea and iris meet
remains open but does not function properly. This results in a gradual increase in
intraocular pressure, which can damage the optic nerve over time.

• Symptoms: Initially, there may be no noticeable symptoms, but as the condition

progresses, peripheral vision is gradually lost. Without intervention, central vision may be
affected, leading to blindness.

2. Closed-Angle Glaucoma (Angle-Closure Glaucoma):

• Description: Closed-angle
glaucoma is less common but more
acute and severe. It occurs when
the drainage angle between the
cornea and iris becomes blocked,
leading to a sudden increase in
intraocular pressure.

• Mechanism: The blockage of the

drainage angle causes pressure to
rise rapidly, resulting in symptoms
such as eye pain, blurred vision,
nausea, and vomiting. This type of
glaucoma is considered a medical
emergency.
 • Treatment: Immediate medical intervention is required to reduce the elevated pressure
and prevent permanent vision loss.

❖ Common Symptoms of Glaucoma:

The symptoms of glaucoma can vary depending on the type and stage of the disease. Common
symptoms include:

• Gradual loss of peripheral vision (open-angle glaucoma).

• Acute symptoms like severe eye pain, headaches, blurred vision, and halos around lights
(closed-angle glaucoma).
• Tunnel vision (in advanced stages).
• Frequent changes in eyeglasses or contact lens prescriptions.
• Difficulty adapting to low light conditions.

❖ Risk Factors:

✓ Several factors can increase the risk of developing glaucoma, including:

• Age: The risk of glaucoma increases with age, with individuals over 60 being more
susceptible.
• Family History: If you have a family history of glaucoma, your risk is higher.
• Elevated Intraocular Pressure: High intraocular pressure is a significant risk factor.
• Thin Corneas: Thin corneas may be associated with a greater risk.
• Ethnicity: People of African, Hispanic, and Asian descent are at a higher risk.
• Medical Conditions: Conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease
may increase the risk.
❖ Treatment and Management:

✓ The goal of glaucoma treatment is to reduce intraocular pressure, slow down the
progression of the disease, and preserve vision.

❖ Treatment options include:

• Medications: Eye drops, or oral medications are often

prescribed to lower intraocular pressure.

• Laser Therapy: Procedures such as selective laser

trabeculoplasty (SLT) and laser peripheral iridotomy
(LPI) can help improve drainage.

• Surgery: In cases where medications and laser therapy are insufficient, surgical
procedures like trabeculectomy, or minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) may be
necessary.

❖ Conclusion:

• Glaucoma is a serious eye condition that can lead to vision loss or blindness if left
untreated. Early detection and timely treatment are crucial for preserving vision.
• Regular eye exams, especially for those at higher risk, are essential for diagnosing and
managing glaucoma effectively.
• By understanding the types, symptoms, and risk factors, individuals can take proactive
steps to protect their eye health and reduce the risk of vision loss.

❖ References:
✓ https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-
diseases/glaucoma#:~:text=What%20is%20glaucoma%3F,a%20comp
rehensive%20dilated%20eye%20exam.
✓ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430857/
✓ https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glaucoma/symptoms-
causes/syc-20372839