ESCUELA PROFESIONAL:

INGENIERÍA MECÁNICA, MECÁNICA – ELÉCTRICA

CENTRALES ELÉCTRICAS I

Ing. Juan Carlos Valdez Loaiza

Arequipa – Perú
The Rankine cycle, also called the
Rankine vapor cycle, is a
thermodynamic cycle that
converts heat into mechanical
energy…
 Diagram of a typical coal-fired thermal power station
http://indianpowersector.com/home/power-station/thermal-power-plant/
The Brayton Cycle is a thermodynamic
cycle that describes how gas turbines
operate. The idea behind the Brayton
Cycle is to extract energy from flowing air
and fuel to generate usuable work which
can be used to power many vehicles by
giving them thrust
 COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT
The gas-steam turbine, combined cycle consists of
three basic components:
GAS INLET

(1) gas-turbine generator set,

P=10bar (2) waste-heat recovery boiler, and
CC (3) a steam turbine-generator set.
T=1500C T=8500C

P=10bar
G
T=1000C
T=500C
P=2bar
P=1bar STACK
T=5500C HP IP LP
AIR
INLET T=5000C HRSG
P=170bar
T=500C
TURBINE

G PUMP

P=.1 bar P=1bar

T=600C T=500C
CONDENSER
 COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT
This technology evaluation is intended to provide the pertinent performance, environmental impacts,
and cost, considerations necessary to evaluate the incorporation of a gas-steam turbine combined cycle into
an Integrated Community Energy System (ICES). The Figure shows a schematic of the major variables that
describe the energy and material inputs, outputs, environmental variables, and the system performance
characteristics necessary to simulate the combined cycle.

Schematic of Gas-Steam Turbine Combined-Cycle Variables

 SIZE RANGES
The smallest conventionally available, packaged, combined-cycle system offered by manufacturers contacted
has a base-loaded capacity of around 22 MWe; however, smaller combined-cycle units are available, and
some, as small as 5 MW, have been installed. At least one turbine manufacturer is developing smaller
combined-cycle units in the size range from 1.4 to 7 MW. Table 1 lists various manufacturers of combined-
cycle units, and avail• able size ranges.
 SPACE REQUIRE ME NTS

Examination of 25 and 100 MW combined-cycle plant

layouts indicates a floor space requirement of about
0.24 ft 2/kW.

INSTALLATION TIME

Although typical installation times for currently

manufactured combined-cycle plants are about two to
three years, smaller packaged combined• cycle plants
(1-7 MW) could be installed in considerably less time.
However, allowance for the acquisition of special
permits for local, state, and federal regulatory agencies
may add as many as two years to the installation time.

Generally
it is possible· to have a two-phase· installation in which
the gas turbine generators and: waste-heat recovery
boilers can be in service. in approximately 12 to 18
months. ·The steam system. then· can be instalIed
while the gas turbines are in operation.
STANDARD PRACTICE

Nominal performance refers to that at the International Standards Organization (ISO) standard day , i.e., 59°F
and 50% relative humidity at sea level. Standard fuel consists of liquid distillate with a 1ower heat• ing value
(LHV) of 18,400 Btu/lb.

2.1 EFFECT OF AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE

Ambient air temperature affects both the heat rate and the continuous base-loaded electric power generating
capacity. This relationship can be estimated by Eqs. 1 and 2.
STANDARD PRACTICE

Nominal performance refers to that at the International Standards Organization (ISO) standard day , i.e., 59°F
and 50% relative humidity at sea level. Standard fuel consists of liquid distillate with a 1ower heat• ing value
(LHV) of 18,400 Btu/lb.

2.2 EFFECT OF ELEVATION

The heat rate is not significantly affected by changes in the Barometric pressure; however, the electric power
generating capacity of a combined• cycle plant is affected by elevation as indicated by Eq. 3.
MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCE
'
3. l FULL LOAD

The electrical power generating conversion efficiency, defined as the output electric energy, divided by the total
input fuel energy, varies as a function of the combined-cycle unit size as indicated by Eq. 4

Equation 4 is based on a number of unfired combined-cycle power plants with the steam portion contributing
about SO% of the electrical power output of the gas turbine output. Supplemental firing of the exhaust heat
recovery boiler increases the steam turbine output; however, the additional capacity is added at an efficiency of
only 20-25%
MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCE
'
3. l FULL LOAD

The electrical power generating conversion efficiency, defined as the output electric energy, divided by the total
input fuel energy, varies as a function of the combined-cycle unit size as indicated by Eq. 4

Equation 4 is based on a number of unfired combined-cycle power plants with the steam portion contributing
about SO% of the electrical power output of the gas turbine output. Supplemental firing of the exhaust heat
recovery boiler increases the steam turbine output; however, the additional capacity is added at an efficiency of
only 20-25%
MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCE
3.2. PART LOAD

The part-load conversion efficiency curve of a combined-cycle system varies

considerably with design. Two representative part-load efficiency curves for two
different combined-cycle designs can be estimated by Eq. 5 and 6, which indicate
that efficiency decreases as load decreases. Equation 5 estimates part-load
efficiency for an unfired combined-cycle system (without supplemental heat); Eq. 6
estimates the percent of nominal efficiency at part loads for a combined-cycle
system with a supplementary fired, waste-heat recovery boiler.
MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCE
3.2. PART LOAD

The part-load conversion efficiency curve of a combined-cycle system varies

considerably with design. Two representative part-load efficiency curves for two
different combined-cycle designs can be estimated by Eq. 5 and 6, which indicate
that efficiency decreases as load decreases. Equation 5 estimates part-load
efficiency for an unfired combined-cycle system (without supplemental heat); Eq. 6
estimates the percent of nominal efficiency at part loads for a combined-cycle
system with a supplementary fired, waste-heat recovery boiler.
MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCE

3.3 WASTE HEAT RECOVERY

The waste heat recovered is supplied from the steam cycle portion of the combined
cycle. To recover waste heat at useful temperatures (>2l2°F), some reduction in
conversion efficiency of a standard steam turbine usually is necessary. An estimate of
the breakdown of major energy outputs is shown in Fig. 2.
MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCE

3.3 WASTE HEAT RECOVERY

Equation 7 could be used to estimate the conversion efficiency (ns) of a representative

combined cycle, and Eq. 8 to estimate the total energy efficiency.

The total energy efficiency (nte) is equal to the sum of electric power and recovered
waste heat energy outputs divided by the total fuel energy input.

4 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

The air pollution emissions from an unfired, combined-cycle power plant are
similar to those of a gas turbine install.'ltinn; however, the emission quantities are
20-30% less per kW generated than from a pure gas turbine plant.
5 OPERATING REQUIREMENTS

5.1 UNFIRED WASTE-HEAT RECOVERY BOILER

The steam turbine capacity generally floats on the amount of steam generated by the
electric loads on the gas turbine, and the gas turbine usually operates as a simple-eye
le generating unit up to about 40% of the total rated plant output.

5.2 SUPPLEMENTARY-FIRED HEAT RECOVERY BOILERS

Supplemental firing provides enhanced part-load efficiency but requires more controls
to operate. It generally adds an additional 24-30% capacity to the combined-cycle
electrical output.

5.3 INTEGRATION INTO AN INTEGRATED COMMUNITY ENERGY SYSTEM (ICES)

Steam for district heating and absorption air-conditioning can be supplied directly from
the waste-heat boiler, from a suitable extraction point on the steam turbine, or from
exhaust of a back-pressure steam turbine.

A combined-cycle system employed in an ICES will show enhanced performance if it is

coupled to the local electric power grid.
5.4 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

The following four organizations have compiled standards aplicable to combined-cycle

installations.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers Gas Turbine Power Plants.

American National Standards Institute Gas Turbine Procurement Standards.
Internationsl Standards Organization Gas Turbine -Procurement 'ISO/DIS 3977.
National Fire Protection Association.

6 MAINTENANCE AND RELIABILITY

The econom1c life of a combined-cycle plant is estimated at 15-25 years, and the
availability is estimated at 77%, assuming one gas turbine, one waste-heat recovery
boiler, and one steam turbine. A 10% loss in availability is caused by preventative
maintenance.
Cogeneration HRSGs
 Types of HRSG

• Basic types of standard design of heat recovery steam

generators are differentiated by the direction of the flue gases
flow.
• Vertical HRSG
• Small footprint
• Simple concept of service
• Hanging design of heating surfaces

• Horizontal HRSG
• Small construction height
• High cycling ability
• Operational flexibility
• Hanging design of heating surfaces
HRSG COMPONENTS
 ~5500C

~1000C

~400C
 ~1000C

~5500C

Schematic Diagram of a Simple HRSG

Modelo Matemático: HRSG
Método Multizona
 Modelo Matemático: HRSG
Método Multi-zona

Ecuaciones lado del vapor Ecuaciones lado gases de escape

   
Q ds _ cd = m r ( h2 − hv _ cd ) Q ds _ cd = m co _ cd c pco _ cd (Tco _ out _ cd − TII _ cd )
   
Q tp _ cd = m r ( hv _ cd − hl _ cd ) Q tp _ cd = m co _ cd c p co _ cd (TII _ cd − TI _ cd )
 
Q sc _ cd = m co _ cd c pco _ cd (TI _ cd − Tin _ co _ cd )
 
Q sc _ cd = m r ( hl _ cd − h3 )

Ecuaciones de transferencia de calor Diferencia de temperaturas


Q ds _ cd = U ds _ cd Ads _ cd ( TML )ds _ cd
média logaritmica


___
( Ta − Tb )
Qtp _ cd = U tp _ cd Atp _ cd ( TML )tp _ cd T ml =
 Ta 

Q sc _ cd = U sc _ cd Asc _ cd ( TML )sc _ cd
ln  
 Tb 
 Super heater configurations

• Three basic super heater designs are:

• Horizontal Tube,
• Vertical Tube, and
• I-Frame
Convective Superheater (Pendant)

S1
S2
 Types of Evaporator Sections

• D-Frame evaporator layout

• O-Frame evaporator layout
• A-Frame evaporator layout
• I-Frame evaporator layout
• Horizontal tube evaporator layout
O-Frame evaporator layout.
This configuration has
probably been used for more
years than any of the others.

It has the advantage of the

upper header being configured
as the steam separation drum.

Or, the upper header can be

connected to the steam drum
by risers, allowing more than
one O-Frame evaporator to be
connected to the same steam
drum, resulting in shipable
modules being able to handle
very large gas flows.
 It has similar size limitations
due to shipping restrictions
similar to the O-frame
modules.
It is generally a less
expensive unit to
manufacture than the other
configurations.

Horizontal tube evaporator layout.

The horizontal tube evaporator is used, not only for heat recovery
from Gas Turbine exhaust, but for recovery from flue gases in
Refinery and Petrochemical furnaces also.
Economizer
 Today’s Limits

• Limits are, in this case, meant to be state of the art

values of key performance factors of a HRSG application
• limits driven by economical and technical considerations.
• Triple Pressure Reheat Drum Type Boilers, natural
circulation: