Machine Learning

and
Applications
 Machine Learning
and
Applications

Dr.T.R.Ganesh Babu
Chief Editor
Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Muthayammal Engineering College (Autonomous)
Rasipuram
 c 2020 Editor
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 PREFACE
Machine learning is a category of artificial intelligence (AI) that provides the capability to learn
and improve automatically from knowledge without being programmed explicitly. Machine
learning is a form of statistical analysis that focuses on the development of computer programs
that can access data and create automation. It enables analysis of massive quantities of data
to identify opportunities or risks, where it can require additional time and resources to train it
properly. Combining machine learning with AI and cognitive technologies can make it even
more effective in processing large volumes of information. The key notion is that flexible,
automatic approaches are used to detect patterns within the data, with a primary focus on
making predictions about the future data.
Machine learning techniques have gained a lot of attention in various fields, right from
communication, finance, transportation and manufacturing. Nearly every field has utilized and
attained transformation using machine learning and artificial intelligence. Due to its ability to
make predictions and take accurate decisions machine learning has permeated into all spheres
of activity. The accuracy and scope of machine learning is tremendous and that has focused
the extensive research in the area of image processing. Our book on Machine Learning and
Applications particularly focuses on the deployment and classification of abnormalities in fields
of health care, cyber security, agriculture and power electronics which would be a boon to
researchers and the student community to do wonders with the knowledge on machine learning.

Editor
 Associate Editors
Dr. T.Kumanan received his Ph.D Degree in 2014 from Anna University,
Chennai. He is working as a Professor in Department of CSE at Meenakshi
Academic of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Chennai. He has
published 15 and 2 papersrespectively in International and National level
Conferences. He has published 25 papers in International Journal. His areas
of interests are in Computer Networks, Mobile Computing, Cryptography and
Network Security, Image Processing and High Speed Network. He is member of
ISTE and CSI.
Dr.J.Mohana is an Associate Professor of ECE, Saveetha School of Engineering,
Saveetha University, Chennai, India received her Doctorate from Saveetha
University, Chennai in 2016. She is into teaching and research for the past
16 Years. She has to her credit over 50 papers in reputed journals/conference
proceedings and guiding about 6 members towards their PhD. Her interests
include Wireless Body Area Network, Telemedicine, broadband networks
and mobile communication. Member of many professional societies like IET,
IAENG & IEEE. Submitted a proposal for funding to DRDO.
Dr.B.Sumathy is an Associate Professor of Instrumentation and Control
Engineering at Sri Sairam Engineering College, Chennai. She received her
Doctoral degree from Anna University, Chennai and M.E degree from AKCE,
Krishnankoil, Anna University, with a Gold medal. She has more than 15 years of
experience. She has published more than 20 research articles in reputed journals
and conferences. Her research interest includes medical imaging, wearable
health devices, machine learning and Artificial Intelligence.
Dr. A. SenthilKumar received his Ph.D. degree in Wireless
Sensor Networks from St Peter’s Institute of Higher Education and Research,
Chennai in 2018. He is currently working as an Associate Professor and
R&D Supervisor in ECE at Kings Engineering College, Chennai. His research
interest includes wireless sensor network, computer vision, AI, and wireless
communication technology.
Murugan Subbiah, A Self-made game changer, Who is having vast experience
in the field of Information Technology, is into Research and Consultancy services
through his entrepreneurial genius of VEE EEE TECHNOLOGIES SOLUTION
PRIVATE LIMITED. This highly successful innovator has shaped and changed
the destiny of many individuals in their career path. He
is a living embodiment of the motto “Uzhaipavarey
Uyarnthavar”.
Dr.R.Praveena has received her Doctoral degree from Anna University,
Chennai in 2019. She is currently working as an Associate Professor in ECE at
Muthayammal Engineering College, Namakkal. Her research interest includes
VLSI Design, Image processing and Signal Processing and Artificial Intelligence.
 Contents
S.No. Title / Author(s) Page No.
Python
Implementation on Fake news Analysis using Machine Learning
1 Approaches - Dr.M.Vinoth Kumar, Dr.J.T.Thirukrishna, Dr.A.Viswanathan 1
and Dr.S.Senthilkumar
Neural Network Analysis for Object Detection using Image Processing
2 Techniques - Dr .P.Subramanian, R. Reena Roy, Lijetha C Jaffrin and 7
Sumathy G
Deep Learning Techniques for Melanoma Segmentation using
3 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) - Dr.N.Sabiyath Fatima, 13
Dr.M.Mahalakshmi, Sivakumar Karuppan and S.V.Tresa Sangeetha
Dermoscopic Implementation and Classification on Melanoma Disease
4 Using Gradient Boost Classifier - Dr. M. Nagalakshmi, Dr. A. K. 20
Velmurugan, Dr. K. Padmanaban and Dr. X. S. Asha Shiny
Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) for Diabetes Prediction Using Decision
5 Tree Classifier - Dr. S. Kevin Andrews, S P Maniraj, Surendran T and 25
J. Bennilo Fernandes
Implementation and Prediction on Rainfall Analysis Using
6 Machine Learning Approaches - Dr. G. Suresh, Dr. G. Manikandan, 30
Mr. K. G. Saravanan and Mr. G.Gnanakumar
Image Processing and Deep Learning Techniques for Lung Disease
7 Segmentation Using KNN Classifier - Dr.B.Barani Sundaram, 37
Dr. Manjula Pattnaik, S.Thelungu Laxmi and Ravindran K
Deep Belief Network (DBN) for Glaucoma Disease Analysis Using
8 K-Means Clustering Classifier - Balarengadurai Chinnaiah, Dr M. Jothish 43
Kumar, Dr Giri Prasad R and Dr. R.Saravana Kumar
Image Processing Techniques for Face Recognition Using Multi-Task
9 Cascaded Neural Network (MTCNN) - Dr. M. Amanullah, Ranjith R, 49
V.Nisha Jenipher and J.S.Richard Jimreeves
Technical Analysis on Spammer Detection Using Machine Learning and
10 Data Mining Techniques - Dr.M.Suresh Anand, Mr.J.Jegan Amarnath, 55
Dr.J.K.Periasamy and Mr.S.Gurusubramani
Deep Neural Network Analysis for Malware Detection Using Machine
11 Learning Approaches - Dr.C.Jehan, Dr. M. Anbarasan, H Anwar Basha 61
and N Noor Alleema
Classification Analysis for Traffic Prediction Using Machine Learning
12 Techniques of Long Short-Term Memory Neural Networks- Dr.D.C.Jullie 67
Josephine, R. Sivasubramanian, V.M. Jemin and Mrs. R.Swetha
 Sentimental Analysis on Twitter Data Used Supervised Machine Learning
13 Approaches - Dr.A.Nedumaran, Dr. R. Karthick, DR. S. Bhuvaneswari 74
and Mr.M.Balamurugan
Agricultural Prediction Analysis on Plant-Leaf Disease Using Image
14 Processing and Machine Learning Techniques - Dr. M.Parameswari, 81
Dr. S.Balaji, Mr. Thiyagarajan.G and Ms. S. Lincy Jemina
Alert System for Distracted Driver Detection Using Machine Learning
15 Techniques of Image Net Models - J.Thirumalai, Dr. S.Veluchamy, 89
Mr. K.Michael Mahesh K and DR.V.Manonmani
Matlab
Descriptive CNN Analysis for Glaucoma Color Spectral Detection
1 97
- Dr. Kumanan T, Dr. S Mohan Kumar, Vijayabaskar K and Sivasankar C.
Superior Melanoma Image Classification Using Recurrent Neural Network
2 102
- K Sivakumar, Dr.T.Chandrasekar, J.AnnRoseela and S.D.Nandakumar
Plant Leaf Recognition Using Texture Feature Descriptors
3 108
- Dr. Kumanan T, Elangovan G, Praveen J.S and Deepalakshmi P.
An Expert Lung Cancer Prediction Using Artificial Neural Network
4 Fuzzy Inference System - Dr. J. Mohana, Dr .M. Pachhaiammal @ Priya, 113
G. Manikandan and R. Malarvizhi
Diabetes Detection Using Tongue Image Using Extraction of Brodatz
5 Texture and Random Forest - Dr. K. Umapathy, Dr. S. Omkumar, 117
D. Muthukumaran and Dr.S.A.Yuvaraj
Texture Image Classification Using Deep Xception Architecture -
6 122
Dr.K.Nagi Reddy, Dr.S.Srinivasan, Dr.S.Kalimuthu and A. Anjali
Wavelet Analysis for Mammogram Classification Using Probabilistic
7 Neural Network - Dr.N.Mohankumar, Dr. R.Saravana Kumar M.E., Ph.D., 127
Dr. Uma Maheswari. P and M.Rajmohan
Brain Structure Analysis Based on Machine Learning Approach -
8 Dr.T.V.Janardhana Rao, Dr.K.Mohanram, Thoram Saran Kumar and 131
V.Sudha M.E,(Ph.D)
Analysis of Pattern in Traffic Surveillance Video for Anomaly Detection
9 - Dr. K. Gunasekaran, Dr. M. Venkatesan, Dr. N.Satheesh Kumar and 136
K.Senthil Kumar
Adaptive Histogram Equalization-Based Age Group Classification
10 Using Hidden Markov Model - Dr. Kumanan T., Dr Radhika Baskar, 141
Vijayabaskar K. and Sivasankar C.
Gaussian Parameters-Based Speech Recognition With Hartley Features -
11 146
Dr G.Suresh, Dr. Kumaratharan N., Dr. Epsiba P. and Dr. Prabakaran K.
Epileptic Seizure Detection Using Spectral Features and Maximal
12 Likelihood Classifier - Dr. R. Jaichandran, Dr. Azath Mubarakali, 151
Dr A. Amjath Ali and Dr. J. Lenin
 Analysis of Microarray Data Using Back Propagation Neural Network
13 - Dr. Mohamed Ismail, Dr Suman Mishra, Dr M.Anand and Dr.Ch.Ravi 156
Kumar
Multiclass Support Vector Machine Based Human Emotional
14 Recognition Using Temporal Features - Dr. S. Velmurugan, M.E., Ph.D., 161
Dr.K.Saminathan, Dr. Chithra Devi M and Rajeswari. M
Object Recognition Through Self-Organizing Maps and an Unsupervised
15 Classication Strategy - Dr. V. Thirunavukkarasu, Dr. A. Senthil Kumar, 165
Mrs. V.Kavitha and Mrs. S. Lekashri
Melanoma Classification Using Wavelet Signatures and Kernel SVM -
16 169
Dr. M.Meenakumari, Dr.K.Vijayakumar, J.Johnsi and M.K.Mariam Bee
Embedded Systems
Online Grocery Recommendation using Machine Learning -Dr. Visumathi,
1 173
Dr.A. Antonidoss, Dr. G. Murugananth and Banupriya S
Prevention of False News Using a Deep Neural Network - Dr.R. Jagadeesh
2 179
Kannan, Dr. N. C. SendhilKumar, Dr. K. Umapathy and G.R.Annushakumar
Credit Card Fault Detection System Using Machine Learning - Dr. P.C.
3 186
Senthil Mahesh, Dr.B.Sreedevi, Dr.Mritha Ramalingam and Arun Kumar S
A Study of Uncontrollable Fishing by Reinforcement Learning Technique
4 193
- Dr.B. Sumathy, V Chitra, M.Prabha and K.Elaiyarani
Machine Learning Based Stock Price Prediction - Dr.N.Dhasarathan,
5 198
Anuragh Vijjapu, N. Priya and Thalapathiraj S
Detection of Retinal Blood Vessels Using Machine Learning - Dr B Ravi
6 205
Prasad, Dr G. O. Jijina, Dr.Janani.V.S and R MohanaPriya
Machine Learning Based Sentiment Analysis - Dr. Su. Suganthi,
7 212
Dr. R. Puviarasi, Dr.A.Manimaran and P. Solainayagi
Smart Grid Using Machine Learning - Nagalakshmi R, Nandini. K,
8 218
M.Gomathi and P. Narasimman
Basic Study on Machine Learning Algorithms for Diagnosis Diseases - Dr.
9 226
S.Revathi, Dr. V. Muthu Priya, Dr. M.Malleswaran and Dr.T.J.Nagalakshmi
Machine Learning Techniques Estimate Flood Evaluation - Venmathi.A.R,
10 234
Dr. L. Vanitha, Dr. J.Joyce Jacob and Mr. F. Fredrick Gnanaraj
Traffic Regulation Using Machine Learning - D. Haripriya, T.H.Feiroz
11 239
Khan, Dr.M.Saravanan and S. Babeetha
Power Electronics
Prediction and Scheduling for Energy Consumption using Machine
1 Learning - Dr. Balachandra Pattanaik, Balam Suresh Kumar, Syed 245
Masood Hussain and Dr. C. Nayanatara
Energy Management Efficiency in Power Systems Using GA Algorithm -
2 251
Dr. T. Porselvi, B.Chinthamani, S.Kavitha and P.Muthumari
 Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) Technique for Prediction in the Wind
3 Energy Generation Based on Environmental Factors - G. Merlin Suba, 257
Dr. S. Arul Kumar, Pagoti. Sindhu and A. Ambika
Reduction of Settling Time in Boost Converter Using ML in PV Application
4 - Dr. K. Balakrishnan, K.E. Lakshmi Prabha, P. Shanmugapriya and 263
P. Gowtham
Design and Improvement of a Soft Switching High Step-Up Boost
5 Converter with Voltage Multiplier using GA Algorithm - Dr. G.P. Ramesh, 269
Dr. Sundaram Arumugam, Shaik Mohammad Irshad and Pendyala Sravani
Fuzzy Logic Controller Based Sepic Converter for Maximum Power
Point Tracking for PV Application Using Optimization Technique
6 276
- Dr K. Balaji, Kunduru Harshini, Ch Srivardhan Kumar and
C. Somasundar Reddy
Speed Sensor Less Model Predictive Current Control in Motor Application
7 using Machine Learning Technique - Dr. S. Devikala, Dr. M. N. Saravana 282
Kumar, S. Muthupandian and M. Baskar
A Performance Optimization of a Four Switch Three Phase Inverter Fed
8 Induction Motor Drives at Low Speeds Using PI Controller - Dr K. Balaji, 289
Varaparla HariBabu, Shaik Nagulmeeravali and MeeraShareef Sheik
Optimization in Grid-Connected PV-Wind-Battery Based Multi-Input
Transformer Coupled Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for Household
9 296
Applications - Dr.R.Murugesan, S.G. Rameshkumar, N. Vijayalakshmi
and Dhanasekar R
Optimization Methods in Solar PV Array Fed Water Pumping System
10 Employing Zeta Converter BLDC Motor Application - Dr. B. Prathish 303
Raaja, J. Jeevanantham, R. Premkumar and Dr. M. Ilayaraja
 Wavelet Analysis for Mammogram Classification
Using Probabilistic Neural Network
Dr.N.Mohankumar, Professor, ECE Department, GITAM Deemed to be University, Bengaluru, Kar-
nataka. nmkskpec@gmail.com
Dr. R.Saravana Kumar M.E., Ph.D., Assistant Professor - Level III, ECE Department, Bannari
Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Tamilnadu. saravanaelectron@gmail.com
Dr. Uma Maheswari. P, Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, PERI Institute of Technology, Chennai. umapmaheswari@gmail.com
M.Rajmohan, Assistant Professor, Dept of ECE, Hindustan Institute of Technology & Science, Chen-
nai, Tamilnadu, India. rajmohan.madasamy@gmail.com

Abstract ¥
A mammogram is an X-ray image of the breasts used for breast cancer screening. Early breast
cancer diagnosis mammograms play a vital role in allowing breast cancer death to be reduced.
The wavelet analysis for mammogram classification using Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN)
is presented. Initially, the mammogram images are given to wavelet transform for decomposi-
tion and it produce sub-band coefficients. Then these sub-band coefficients are used for classi-
fication using PNN. The result section discusses about the performance evaluation of proposed
mammogram classification system.
Keywords: Mammogram classification, Wavelet transform, Sub-band coefficients, Probabilis-
tic neural network.

Introduction ¥
The end-to - end qualified profound multi-instance mass classification networks focused on
whole mammograms, without the region of interest described above [1]. These three schemes
are explored to build deep multi-instance networks for the classification of whole mammo-
grams. A supervised classification for these two problems by turning image data into a wavelet,
and by using different sets of the coefficients to distinguish each class [2].
The invariant dense scale function is extracted for all sub-bands. The input data matrix
that comprises all of the mammogram patches in the sub-band is generated as an input into a
convolutional neural network (CNN). In order to train CNN for classification, Softmax layer
and vector support system layer are used [3]. CNN-based patch classifier on mammogram
segmentation masks of lesions and then start a scan-based model that makes a decision about
the full picture, trained end-to - end results [4].
The related t-test-based features surpass the accuracy of the F-test. The qualified systems
for comparative analysis are also tested in addition to the proposed scheme [5]. Double iterated
filter banks are used to detect dot discontinuities through a laplacian pyramid and directional
functions through a directional filter bank [6]. It makes it possible to approximate the given
image into a smooth contour at different decomposition rates. The term Bayesian is graded.

Wavelet Analysis for Mammogram Classification Using Probabilistic Neural Network 127
 In this study, wavelet analysis for mammogram classification using probabilistic neural
network is discussed. The rest of the paper is organized as follows; Section 2 describes the
materials and methods. Experimental results and discussion are described in section 3. The
last section concludes the proposed system.

Methods and Materials ¥

Firstly, the input mammogram images are given to wavelet transform for decomposition and
it produces the sub-band coefficients. Then the PNN is used for classification of mammogram
images. Figure 1 shows the workflow of proposed mammogram classification.

Mammogram Wavelet
Sub-band PNN
images transform

Fig. 1 Mammogram classification - workflow

Wavelet transform
A mathematical function is used to separate a certain function or continuous signal into various
components of size. In general, each scale component can be assigned a frequency range. A
resolution which matches its scale can then be examined for each scale portion. A transforma-
tion of the wavelet is a linear transformation in which a single function, the mother wavelet, has
its basic functions and changed variants [7-8]. The compact representations are then generated
when the wavelet can be selected to match image components.
PNN classification
PNN is a neural feedforward network that is widely used to identify classification problems and
patterns. A Parzen window and a non-parametric function approximate the Parent Probability
Division (PDF) of each class in the PNN algorithm. The PDF of class then calculates the class
probability of a new input data, and then the Bayes rule assigns the class of the new input to
the new input data with the highest later probability. This approach minimizes the probability
of misclassification.
Multi-layer perceptron networks are much quicker than the PNNs. The sensor networks can
be more precise than multi-layer. In the PNN networks, outliers are very insensitive. Networks
of PNN produce correct goal probability scores that are expected. The Bayes classification
approach is optimal.

Results and Discussion ¥

The performance of mammogram classification is measured in terms of accuracy. The mam-
mogram images are used for performance. The sample mammogram images are shown in
Figure 2.
At first, the input mammogram images are given to wavelet transform for decomposition
and produce sub-band coefficient.Finally, PNN classifier is used for classification. Table 1
shows the performance of proposed system using mammogram images.

128 Machine Learning and Applications

 Fig. 2 PNN layers

(a) Normal (c) Malignant

Fig. 3 Sample mammogram images in database

Table 1 Performance of mammogram classification using wavelet feature and PNN classifier
Wavelet sub-band Performance of PNN (%)
levels Accuracy Sensitivity Specificity (%)
1 87 88 89
2 89 90 89
3 94 95 93
4 92 93 91

From the above table, it is observed that the minimum classification accuracy of 94% ob-
tained at the 3rd level of wavelet decomposition and PNN classifier. Also, its sensitivity and
specificity are 95% and 93% using the wavelet features.

Conclusion ¥
Wavelet analysis for mammogram classification using probabilistic neural networkis presented
in this study. At first, the normal and abnormal mammogram images are given to wavelet

Wavelet Analysis for Mammogram Classification Using Probabilistic Neural Network 129
transform for decomposition at 4 levels. Then the PNN classifier is used for classification. The
maximum classifier accuracy is 94% obtained at the 4th decomposition level. The layers of
PNN is used for the prediction. The minimum classification accuracy is 87% obtained at the
1st level of wavelet decomposition and PNN.

Reference ¥
[1] Zhu, W., Lou, Q., Vang, Y. S., &Xie, X. (2017, September). Deep multi-instance net-
works with sparse label assignment for whole mammogram classification. In Interna-
tional Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention
(pp. 603-611). Springer, Cham.
[2] Ferreira, C. B. R., & Borges, D. L. (2003). Analysis of mammogram classification using
a wavelet transform decomposition. Pattern Recognition Letters, 24(7), 973-982.
[3] Jadoon, M. M., Zhang, Q., Haq, I. U., Butt, S., &Jadoon, A. (2017). Three-class mam-
mogram classification based on descriptive CNN features. BioMed research interna-
tional, 2017.
[4] Lotter, W., Sorensen, G., & Cox, D. (2017). A multi-scale CNN and curriculum learning
strategy for mammogram classification. In Deep Learning in Medical Image Analysis
and Multimodal Learning for Clinical Decision Support (pp. 169-177). Springer, Cham.
[5] Beura, S., Majhi, B., & Dash, R. (2015). Mammogram classification using two dimen-
sional discrete wavelet transform and gray-level co-occurrence matrix for detection of
breast cancer. Neurocomputing, 154, 1-14.
[6] Sonia, R. (2016). Melanoma image classification system by NSCT features and Bayes
classification. International Journal of Advances in Signal and Image Sciences, 2(2),
27-33.
[7] Manahoran, N., & Srinath, M. V. (2017). K-Means Clustering Based Marine Image
Segmentation. International Journal of MC Square Scientific Research, 9(3), 26-29.
[8] Ranganathan, S. (2019). Rain Removal in the Images Using Bilateral Filter. International
Journal of MC Square Scientific Research, 11(1), 9-14.

130 Machine Learning and Applications