IAR Ammonia Refrigeration Piping Handbook.

Provides is a tutorial and reference book that

represents the collective efforts of the most knowledgeable specialists in the ammonia
refrigeration industry.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 - Piping Size

 1-1, Introduction
o Recommended Method (Based on an economic analysis)
o Conventional Method (Based on pressure loss)
 1-2, Tables of Recommended Capacities
o 1-4, Vapor Flow Capacity Tables
o 1-6, Liquid Flow Capacity Tables
o 1-6, Hot Gas Defrost and Receiver Equalizer Lines
o 1-7, Flooded Evaporators
o 1-7, Pumped Overfeed Risers
 1-8, Estimating Pressure Loss in Piping
o 1-8, Pressure Loss in Vapor Piping
o 1-8, Pressure Loss in Liquid Piping
 1-9, Valve Selection
o 1-10, Hand Stop Valves
o 1-10, Flow-Regulating Hand Valves
o 1-10, Solenoid Valves
o 1-10, Pressure Regulators
o 1-11, Check Valves
 1-11, Velocity Guidelines
o 1-11, Vapor Velocities
o 1-11, Liquid Velocities
o 1-12, Calculating Velocities
 1-13, Liquid Flow Formulas
o 1-14, Sample Ammonia Vapor Flow Calculations
 1-15, Vapor Flow Formulas
o 1-16, Sample Ammonia Vapor Flow Calculations
 1-17, References
 1-19, Appendix: Piping Sizing Example Using Tables
o 1-19, Specifications
o 1-20, Low Stage (Booster) Suction (LSS)
o 1-20, Low Stage Booster Discharge (BD)
o 1-21, Compressor High Stage Suction (HSS)
o 1-21, Compressor High Stage Discharge (HSD)
o 1-21, Condenser Drain (CD)
o 1-21, Equalizer (EQ) for High Pressure Receiver
o 1-22, High Pressure Liquid (HPL)
o 1-22, Accumulator Low Pressure Liquid (LPL)
o 1-22, Circulating Pump Suction (LTRL)
o 1-22, Circulating Pump Discharge (LTRL)
o 1-23, Overfeed Return (LTRS)
o 1-23, Overfeed Riser
 1-25, Tables
  1-46, Figures

Chapter 2 - Pipe Installation Procedures

 2-1, Pipe Specifications

o 2-1, Materials
o 2-1, Impact Testing for Low-Temperature Piping
o 2-1, Minimum Pipe Wall Thicknesses
 2-2, Pipe Connections
o 2-2, Carbon Steel Piping
o 2-2, Stainless Steel Piping
 2-2, Pipe End Preparation
 2-2, Welding Standards
 2-3, Cleanliness
 2-4, Pipe Hangers and Supports
o 2-4, ANSI/IIAR-2 Requirements
o 2-5, Sway Loads
o 2-5, Rooftop Piping System
 2-7, Pipe Arrangements
 2-7, Branch Lines
 2-7, Penetrations
 2-7, Thermal Expansion/Contraction
 2-8, Joint Alignment
 2-9, Figures

Chapter 3 - Evaporator Piping

 3-1, Introduction
o 3-1, Evaporator Performance
o 3-2, Safety Considerations in Piping Systems
 3-3, Evaporator Piping
o 3-3, Liquid Supply Lines
o 3-6, Return Lines
o 3-8, Hot Gas Defrost and Piping
 3-12, Detailed Piping Recommendations for the Installation of Air-Cooling Units
o 3-13, Direct Expansion (DX) Air Coolers
o 3-14, Flooded Air Cooling Units
o 3-17, Liquid Recirculation Air Cooling Units
o 3-19, Suction Shutoff/Defrost Pressure Control Arrangements
o 3-21, Defrosting Air-Cooling Units Using Liquid Drainers
o 3-22, Multiple Evaporators Controlled by a Single Group of Control Valves
o 3-23, Detailed Piping Recommendations for the Installation of Liquid Chillers
 3-23, Shell-and-Tube Chillers
 3-25, Plate-and-Frame Chillers
o 3-25, Special-Purpose Evaporators
o 3-26, Piping and Valve Installation Detail
o 3-26, References
o 3-26, Figures

Chapter 4 - Condenser Piping

  4-1, Condenser Performance
 4-1, High Pressure Refrigerant Receivers
 4-2, Condenser Liquid Drain Piping
 4-3, Multiple Condensers
 4-4, Equalizing Lines
 4-6, Fundamentals of Condenser Piping Design
o 4-6, Condenser Piping Design Procedure
o 4-9, Large Systems with Multiple Evaporative Condensers
o 4-10, Multiple Shell-and-Tube Condensers
o 4-11, Multiple Evaporative Condensers with Shell-and-Tube Condenser(s)
Operating in Parallel
o 4-11, Multiple Evaporative Condensers at Different Elevations
o 4-12, Constant Pressure Receivers and Pilot Receiver/Balance Tanks
o 4-17, Systems with Heat Recovery
o 4-17, Evaporative Condenser Water Piping
 4-19, Multiple Receivers
 4-20, Purging
o 4-20, Purging Evaporative Condensers
o 4-20, Purging Shell-and-Tube Condensers
o 4-20, Piping for Manual and Automatic Piping
 4-21, Detailed Design and Installation Recommendations
o 4-21, Compressor Discharge/Condenser-Inlet Piping
o 4-21, Liquid Piping at Evaporative Condenser Outlets
o 4-21, Definition of Trap Height
o 4-22, Pipe Size Changes in Condenser Piping Networks
 4-22, References
 4-24, Figures

Chapter 5 - Equipment Room Piping

 5-1, Introduction
 5-1, Suction Piping
 5-2, Discharge Piping (High Stage and Booster)
 5-2, Lubricant Piping
 5-3, Oil Pot Piping
 5-4, Liquid Piping
 5-4, Thermosyphon Piping
 5-5, Recircular Piping
 5-6, Interstage Gas and Liquid Cooling
o 5-6, Gas Cooling
o 5-7, Liquid Subcooling and Flash Cooling
 5-8, Manual Emergency Discharge of Ammonia Refrigerant (When Required)
 5-9, Figures

Chapter 6 - Piping for Pressure Relief Devices

 6-1, Introduction
 6-1, Definitions
 6-3, Vapor Relief Device Sizing
 6-4, Size and Length of Discharge Line Serving One Relief Valve
  6-6, Discharge Lines for Combined Vapor Flow from Valves with Different Set
Points
 6-6, Sizing Combined Discharge Lines for Non-simultaneous Releases
 6-6, When are Releases Expected to be Simultaneous Releases
 6-6, Sizing the Diameter of Discharge Lines
 6-7, Size a Common Discharge Line for Two or More Relief Valves
 6-9, Discharging Relief Valves Into the Lowside
 6-9, Replacement in Kind
 6-9, Use of Rupture Discs with Safety Relief Valves
 6-10, Vent Lines for Relief Valves on Compressors
 6-10, Liquid Relief Valves, Hydrostatic Relief Valves, and Liquid Relief Regulators
 6-10, Application of ASME Liquid Relief Valves
 6-11, Application of Hydrostatic Relief Valves
 6-12, Dispersion to the Atmosphere
 6-12, Dispersion to Water
 6-12, Appendix A: Effect of Inlet Piping on Relief Valve Capacity
 6-13, Appendix B: Application of Balanced Relief Valves, Pilot Operated Relief
Valves and Rupture Discs
 6-13, References
 6-15, Tables
 6-19, Figures

Chapter 7 - Insulation for Refrigeration Systems

 7-1, Introduction
 7-1, Fundamentals of Insulation
 7-2, Design Considerations
 7-3, Insulation Physical Properties
 7-5, Effect of Water/Ice/Moisture on Insulation Value
 7-5, Insulation Material Selection
 7-6, Corrosion Concerns
o 7-7, Carbon Steel
o 7-7, Stainless Steel
o 7-7, Pipe Preparation
 7-8, Insulation System Components
o 7-8, Insulation
o 7-10, Insulation Joint Sealant
o 7-10, Vapor Retarders
o 7-11, Jacketing (Weather Barrier or Primary Moisture Retarder)
o 7-12, Weather Barrier Joint Sealant
 7-12, Recommended Practices for Insulation Applications
 7-13, Insulation Installation Guidelines
o 7-16, Additional Considerations for Vessels
o 7-19, Vapor Retarder-Mastic System (Indoor Service)
o 7-20, Vapor Retarder Mastic (Indoor and Outdoor Service)
o 7-20, PVC Cladding/Jacket (Indoor Service)
o 7-21, Vapor Retarder and Cladding/Jacket (Outdoor Service)
o 7-22, Vapor Retarder-Mastic System (Outdoor Service)
 7-23, References
 7-25, Figures
  7-52, Recommended Thickness Tables

Chapter 8 - Welding Procedures

 8-1, Introduction
 8-1, Pertinent ANSI Codes and Standards for Welding
 8-2, Jurisdictional Acceptance of Standards
 8-2, Definitions of Terms
 8-3, Welding Processes
o 8-3, Typical Welding Machines
o 8-3, Typical Pipe Welding Procedures
o 8-3, Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW, or Stick Welding)
o 8-3, Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW, or MIG Welding)
o 8-4, Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
o 8-4, Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)
o 8-4, Gas Welding (FGW)
 8-4, Sample Specifications for Welding of Ammonia Piping
o 8-4, Scope
o 8-5, Documentation
o 8-5, Base Metals and Backing Strips
o 8-6, Welding Processes
o 8-6, Filler Metals
o 8-7, Shielding and Purging Gases
o 8-7, Welding Positions and Applications
o 8-8, Preheating
o 8-8, Cleaning
o 8-8, Special Applications and Testing
 8-8, Sample WPSs and PQRs
 8-11, Forms

Chapter 9 - Codes and Standards

 9-1, 1987 Pressure Vessels

 9-1, 1987 Refrigeration Piping
 9-1, 1992 Safety Code
 9-2, 1997 International Mechanical Code
 9-2, Titles and Sources of Codes, Standards, and Guidelines

Appendix A - Legend and Symbols

 A-1, Legend
 A-2, Symbols

Appendix B - Lists of Figures, Tables and Equations

 B-2, List of Figures

 B-10, List of Tables
 B-13, List of Equations