A study of UPQC: emerging mitigation

techniques for the impact of recent power

quality issues
Ananthan Nagarajan
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vel Tech Multi Tech Dr. RR Dr. SR Engineering College, Chennai, India
Sivachandran P.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vaigai College of Engineering, Madurai, India
Suganyadevi M.V.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Saranathan College of Engineering, Thiruchirappalli, India, and
Muthukumar P.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PVP Siddhartha Institute Of Technology, Vijayawada, India

Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this study is to help the researchers, public, industries and government to realize the tremendous trends to improve the
power quality of both sources and load side.
Design/methodology/approach – The work carried out in the Facts device and power quality issues.
Findings – Maintaining the quality of electric power is always a challenging task. The effect of power electronics devices leads to improper power
quality. The use of FACTS devices is preferably the best approach to treat power-quality-related problems. Usually, all FACTS devices are constructed
to operate on the side of either the source side or the load.
Originality/value – This paper explores a broad comprehensive study of various types of power quality problems and classification of FACTS
devices with its recent developments. Furthermore unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is particularly reviewed to highlight the
advantages over other compensating devices. An exhaustive study of literature has been carried out and most significant concepts are
presented
Keywords Power quality problems, FACTS devices, UPQC
Paper type Research paper

1. Introduction possible. The impacts of power quality problems are voltage

Power quality involves voltage magnitude, frequency and shape
of the waveform. A pure noise-free sinusoidal waveform within
the range of voltage and frequency is good power quality. In the
modern distribution system, most of the loads have smartness.
Obviously, these loads are called sensitive loads and they are
rapidly increasing all over the world day by day. These loads
have electronic circuits for smart operation. Such loads may
contribute to improper power quality, which leads to huge
power loss, misbehaviour of equipment, interference with the
nearest communication lines and so forth. Additionally, the
power electronics loads may inject the harmonics in to the grid
(Vinod Khadkikar, 2012; Karelia and Pandya, 2015), thereby
reducing the equipment’s performance and its life span. In spite
of above disadvantages such types of loads are definitely needed
to reduce manpower, so the elimination of sensitive loads is not
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surges/spikes, voltage dips, under voltage, high-voltage spikes,
frequency variation, power sag, electrical line noise, brownouts,
blackouts, very short interruptions, long interruptions, voltage
swell and harmonic distortion. (Jolhe et al., 2016; Wang et al.,
2017). As per Indian Electrical Electronics Manufacturer
Association (IEEMA) article (IEEMA, 2012 Article
Electromagnetic Compatibility Power Electronics n.d.), Sag is
the serious and major problem among all other power quality
issues as shown in Figure 1.
The Active Power Filters (APF) are the most promising
solution to reduce the power quality issues and make it possible
to mitigate the PQ problems effectively. The APF is split into
series active power filter (se-APF) and shunt active power filter
(sh-APF). The series active power filter is operated to diagnose
the source side problems. Likewise, shunt active power filter is
operated to diagnose the load side problems (Ko and Gu, 2016;
Jacobina and Ketzer, 2014; Dash et al., 2016; Prieto Thomas
et al., 2016; Khadkikar et al., 2011; Fujita and Akagi, 1998).
This study additionally targeted on Unified Power Quality
Conditioner (UPQC). It is one of the APF families, which

Circuit World Received 10 September 2019

© Emerald Publishing Limited [ISSN 0305-6120] Revised 30 December 2019
[DOI 10.1108/CW-09-2019-0125] Accepted 17 March 2020
 Recent power quality issues
Ananthan Nagarajan et al.
Figure 1 Power quality issues
consists of both series and shunt active power filters to achieve
the extreme compensation for rapid PQ problems. The UPQC
is a hybrid compensation device which tolerates both voltage-
and current-related problems. The source side problems are
referred as voltage-related problems and it is compensated by
series active filter (Gowtham and Shankar, 2018; Khadkikar
et al., 2011). Typically, the load side problems are current-
related problems and it is compensated by shunt active power
filter.
This comprehensive research demonstrates various power
quality issues and their causes, different possibilities to
overcome the problems, various types of APF, Structure of
various FACTS devices particularly highlighting the unified
power quality conditioner (UPQC). This conceptual study
helps energy auditors, energy managers, scientists, engineers,
etc., who are working in the field of power quality. The study
helps the Electricity Board of Different Governments, Private
Industries and Public to realize the importance of
implementing power quality standards.
2. Emerging power quality issues
In the modern power grid, the use of power electronic goods is
relatively high and such load behaves as non-linear load. The
only cause of power quality issues is the rapid usage of power
electronic loads. Figure 2 shows the list of power quality
disturbances that are classified into four categories, such as
short duration variation (SDV), long duration variation (LDV),
Figure 2 Classification of PQ disturbances
Circuit World
transients and waveform distortion (Babaei and Farhadi
Kangarlu, 2011).
2.1 Short duration variation
The variation in RMS voltage from its nominal value of a time
greater than 0.5 cycles of the frequency but less than 60 sec is
SDV. The SDV is classified into two categories, the first
indicates the magnitude of the voltage variation and the second
category indicates the duration of the voltage variation
(Khadkikar et al., 2007).
Sag, swell and interruption are the magnitude-based
variations. In the power system the foremost problem is Sag,
and it means the decrease in RMS voltage from 0 to 10 per cent
at the power frequency for a period ranging from half a cycle to
a minute. Sag is caused by voltage drops due to fault currents or
starting of large motors (Olamaei et al., 2016; Kumar et al.,
2011; Khadkikar and Chandra, 2008; Axente et al., 2010; Lee
et al., 2010; Trinh and Lee, 2014; Zhang and Milanovi
c,
2010). It may lead to poor behaviour of process controller or
computer system crashes.
The swell is a sudden increase in RMS voltage from 0 to
10 per cent at the power frequency for a period ranging from
half a cycle to a minute. Swells are associated with system
fault conditions. They are much less common than voltage
sag (Teke et al., 2011; Kwan et al., 2009; Mohammadi et al.,
2009; Khadem et al., 2015; Li et al., 2012). It is caused by
suddenly switching a heavy load or by switching a huge
capacitor bank.
An interruption is a very rare event in which the RMS voltage
will maintain on zero magnitudes for a while. This event caused
by, equipment malfunction, reclose operation, or transmission
outage. The majority of power interruption is less than 60 s
(Brenna et al., 2009)
Sag is caused by voltage drops due to fault currents or
starting of large motors (Olamaei et al., 2016; Kumar et al.,
2011; Khadkikar and Chandra, 2008; Axente et al., 2010; Lee
et al., 2010; Trinh and Lee, 2014; Zhang and Milanovi
c,
2010). It may lead to poor behaviour of process controller or
computer system crashes.
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Ananthan Nagarajan et al.

2.2 Long duration variation
The variation in the RMS value of the voltage from its nominal
values for a time greater than 60 sec is LDV. The LDV is again
classified as under voltage, over voltage, sustained voltage. An
under voltage is a sudden decrease in RMS voltage to less than
90 per cent at a power frequency for the duration longer than
60 s. And it happens when connecting a huge load to domestic
distribution system. An overvoltage is an event in which the
RMS voltage is greater than a fixed level (Graovac et al., 2007).
These are caused by switching a large load or switching a large
capacitor.
2.3 Transients
When the number of positive and negative cycles occur, it is
transient in a very short period of time. The main reason for the
occurrence of the transient is a sudden change in voltage or
current in power system. This will be classified into impulsive
transient and oscillatory transient. An impulsive transient is a
unidirectional non-power frequency event in which the steady
state condition of the voltage, current, or both change
suddenly. The main source of impulsive transient is lightning
strikes directly on the transmission line or from magnetic
induction on nearest lines. An oscillatory transient is also a non-
power frequency event in which the steady-state condition of
voltage and current. These transients can occur due to
resonances during switching operation (Bhui and Senroy,
2017). The oscillatory transient is again classified as low-
frequency oscillation and high-frequency oscillation transients.
Less than 5 kHz are considered as low-frequency transient and
more than 500 kHz is considered as high-frequency transients.
2.4 Waveform distortion
The waveform distortion in a system is referred as steady state
deviation from an ideal sinusoidal waveform. Harmonic is
considered as the major waveform distortion, in which
unwanted signals present in the voltage and current waveforms
(Khadkikar et al., 2011; Vasumathi and Moorthi., 2012; Swain
and Ray, 2016). The total harmonic deviation equations are as
follows:
vffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
uP
u 1
u Vh
t
THDvoltage ¼ 100 h¼2 (1)
V1
tackle either generation side issue or distribution side issue
(Sujatha and Anitha, 2015).
3.1 Static VAR compensator
The SVC consists of two main building blocks, such as
Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC) and Thyristor Controlled
Reactor (TCR) which is shown in Figure 3. In TSC a capacitor
is connected in series with two opposite pole thyristors. Current
flows through the capacitor only when the opposite pole
thyristors are gated (Imran, 2016; Esfahani and Vahidi, 2015;
Chompoo-inwai et al., 2005). TSC is operated to control the
reactive power. One of the major disadvantages is switching
transients while using TSC.
Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) is also connected in
series with two opposite pole thyristors. Among two thyristors,
one is conducted in the positive half cycle of the supply
frequency and other is conducted in the negative half cycle of
the supply frequency (Orillaza and Wood, 2013). Alpha is the
delay for both thyristors. In addition to them, the SVC also
have tuned filters to minimize the harmonic current flow into
the AC system.
3.1.1 Recent development on SVC
Sivachandran (2017) deals with the reactive power control of
Autonomous Wind-Diesel Hybrid Power Systems (AWDHPS)
under d-SPACE real time environment. The reactive power
absorption and supply is done by a Static VAR Compensator
(SVC) controlled by proportional plus integral controller and
tuned by d-SPACE. Rahmani et al. (2014) has experimented a
combination of shunt hybrid power filter (SHPF) and the
thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR) is presented for harmonic
elimination and reactive power compensation. A Proportional-
Integral controller was used, and by using lookup table the
triggering extraction was done to control TCR. Integral
compensators were added to eliminate the steady state error
(Table I).
Figure 3 Schematic of SVC

vffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
uP
u 1
u Ih
t
THDcurrent ¼ 100 h¼2 (2)
I1

3. Role of facts devices in mitigation of PQ issues

Several types of FACTS devices are used to compensate real
and reactive power and to eliminate harmonics. However,
the selection of a particular type of FACTS devices for a
given power quality problem needs an intensive study of
behaviour of these FACTS devices in mitigating the
problem (Sivachandran et al., 2015). In our power
distribution systems all FACTS devices are designed to
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Ananthan Nagarajan et al.

Table I Power quality problems and their causes

PQ issues Specific category Causes Impacts Possible solutions
Transients Impulsive Lightning Strikes, Transformer Tripping the protective devices, Power conditioners
Energization, Capacitor Switching reduces the life span
Oscillatory Line or Capacitor or Load Switching
Short duration Sag Starting of large loads and the supply Non-predictive light flicker, Voltage regulators,
voltage variation of large inductive load. tripping of sensitive loads and uninterruptable power
stalling of motors supply, power
Swell Heavy electrical equipment being Flickering lightings and screens, conditioners
turned off, poor dimensioned power equipment shutoff , error or
source, badly regulated transformer memory loss
Interruption Insulation failure, lightning, and Tripping the protective device, loss
insulator flashover of information and malfunction of
data processing equipment
Long duration Under voltage Excessive network loading, loss of Slow down the inductive machines, Uninterruptable power
Voltage variation generation, poorly set transformer taps, dimness of lights supply, power
and voltage regulator malfunction conditioners
Overvoltage when the value of the inductive Coil failure, insulation burns, high
resistance in the power system brightness or burst out of lights
becomes equal to the value of
capacitive resistance
Voltage imbalance Use of large single phase loads, Low voltage may occur, poor Capacitor banks
incorrect distribution performance on water pumps
Waveform Harmonics Adjustable speed drives and other non- Increased heating in the Active power filters
distortion linear loads equipment and conductors,
misfiring in variable speed drives,
and torque pulsations in motors.
Noise Microwave, television diffusion, and Poor performance on Power
radiation due to welding machine, arc electronic converters
furnace
DC offset Geo-magnetic disturbance, Half-wave Poor power conversion,
rectification misbehavior on AC load
Voltage flicker Arc furnace, arc lamps Giving the impression of UPS, Stabilizers
unsteadiness of visual perception

3.2 Thyristor controlled series compensator
Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) contains
AC capacitor that is connected parallel with a TCR. Because of
this configuration, the TCSC is sometimes called the fixed
capacitor-thyristor controlled reactor (FC-TCR). It is to be
noted that since this is a series compensator, its placement is
not that crucial and it can be placed anywhere in the
transmission line (de Almeida Carlos and Jacobina, 2017).
The equivalent reactance of the parallel combination of a
TCR with a fundamental reactance of XL (a) and a
capacitance with a reactance of Xc is given by,
XC XL ð/Þ
Xeq ð/Þ ¼ j
XC XL ð/Þ
3.2.1 Recent development on TCSC
In this study (Mercado et al., 2016), a hybrid system is included
for ameliorating the voltage stability of test system with
thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) installation.
The hybrid techniques are improved gravitational search
algorithm (iGSA) and firefly algorithm (FA). The voltage
stability is evaluated with IEEE 6, 14 and 30 bus transmission
system. The optimal TCSC placement is governed by newly
proposed index of apparent power flow index.
In this paper (Jha et al., 2016), the harmonic state space
model (HSS) for controlled balanced three-phase TCSC is
presented which captures the switching instant variation. Also,
PI controller is presented to exhibit the HSS model’s ability to
incorporate controls for possible dynamic harmonic domain
analysis. And thus by using HSS model the current and voltage
distortions are eliminated.
3.3 Dynamic voltage restorer
The power electronic converter-based series compensator that
can protect a critical load from all supply side disturbance other
(3)
than outage is called a Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) which
is illustrated in Figure 4. The DVR is capable of generating or
absorbing independently controllable real and reactive power at
its AC output terminal.(SasiKiran and Gowri Manohar, 2015;
Nabipour et al., 2016; Jiang et al., 2016; Shuai et al.,
2015; Saleh et al., 2008; Li et al., 2007; Vilathgamuwa et al.,
2002; Babaei and Farhadi Kangarlu., 2011). By connection,
the VSI is connected to the network through a transformer and
a filter capacitor. A common DC storage capacitor is connected
to the other end of the VSI. Here the transformer not only
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Ananthan Nagarajan et al.

Figure 4 Structure of DVR Aware, 2010). The VSI is connected through a magnetic
coupling to the utility bus. The exchange of reactive power
between the converter and the AC system can be controlled by
varying the amplitude of the three phase output voltage.
3.4.1 Recent development in STATCOM
He et al. (2017) present reactive power strategy of cascaded
delta-connected STATCOM under asymmetrical voltage
condition. The author said that the STATCOM is an effective
solution for reactive power support in middle/high voltage
condition. Additionally, in this paper, a new phase current
reference calculation method is proposed to support reactive
power (Figure 5).
This paper (Yu et al., 2017) a novel dynamic state estimation
(DSE)-current feedback with STATCOM control scheme is
proposed for mitigation of voltage fluctuation of solid oxide fuel
cell (SOFC) power station connected to complex power grids
during an electrical fault. The SOFC internal dynamic state is
able to closely reflect the transience.

3.5 Distributed static compensator

reduces the voltage requirement of the inverters but also The DSTATCOM is designed to tackle the load side problem
provides isolation between the inverters. Either of the DVR such as harmonic and power factor. The compensator is
realization can be controlled through output feedback and state connected in parallel to the distribution system. The schematic
feedback are given below: diagram of DSTATCOM is same as STATCOM. It should be
 able to regulate the voltage of the bus to which it is connected.
V ¼ V1  Vcf 1 j  XT jIS jÞða1 1 jb1 Þ (4) It contains three H-bridge VSI that are connected to a common
DC link storage capacitor (Mangaraj and Kumar Panda, 2016;
    
Vural, 2016). The other end of the VSI is connected to the
  
Vf 1 j2  2ae1 Vl jVf 1 j 1 Vl j2  V1 j2 ¼ 0 (5) network through the transformer. The purpose of including the
transformer is to provide the isolation between the inverter legs.
The above equation shows the output feedback control of 3.5.1 Recent development in DSTATCOM
dynamic voltage restorer where a1 1 jb1 is a unit vector that The nonlinear adaptive volterra filter for control of distributed
leads the line current by 900 . Equation (5) illustrates the state static compensator is proposed under mixed type linear and
feedback control of dynamic voltage restorer. nonlinear load (Patel, Arya, and Maurya, 2017). The proposed
3.3.1 Recent developments in DVR adaptive filter identifies and measures the active and reactive
In this study (Carlos et al., 2015), the investigation on dynamic
voltage restorers with two dc links and series converters for Figure 5 Structure of STATCOM
three phase four wire systems were presented. This
configuration presents the advantages in terms of switch
blocking voltages and consequently lower dc-link voltage
rating.
The switching operation of DVR is governed by PWM
technique. In this paper, Gee et al. (2017) examines the use of
the superconducting magnet and battery hybrid energy storage
to compensate grid voltage fluctuation. The bidirectional dc/dc
converters are used to control the energy storage system.
Consequently, the SMPS/battery hybrid DVR can support
both short-term high power voltage sag and long-term under
voltages.

3.4 Static compensator

Static compensator (STATCOM) is shunt connected Facts
device which compensates the load side power quality
problems. It provides the desired reactive power generation and
absorption by means of electronic processing of the voltage and
current waveforms in the voltage source converter (Wang et al.,
2016; Liu et al., 2017; Chen and Cheng, 2017; Exposto et al.,
2016; Singh and Niwas, 2016; Barrado et al., 2010; Mohod and
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Ananthan Nagarajan et al.

Figure 6 Structure of UPQC Figure 6 illustrates the schematic structure of Unified Power
Quality Conditioner. The series APF is installed to compensate
the source side issues like sag, swell and interruption. And the
shunt APF is used to tackle the load side issues like harmonic
and power factor.

ish ðv tÞ ¼ i^s ðv tÞ  il ðv tÞ (6)

The shunt inverter should inject a current as governed by above

equation (6) to eliminate the harmonics generated by the non-
linear loads in the distribution system. Also, the basic operation
of a series inverter can be represented by the below equation (7).

vse ðv tÞ ¼ vl ðv tÞ  vs ðv tÞ (7)

4.2 Classification of UPQC

weight of the fundamental components of load current. Anup
Panda Kumar (Panda Kumar and Mangaraj, 2017) describes
neural network (NN) is employed in distributed static
compensator (DSTATCOM) is proposed for power quality
enhancement. The author targeted to reduce the dc link voltage
across the self-supported capacitor of VSI.
The unified power quality conditioner is classified under the
physical structure and voltage sag compensation (Rauf et al.,
2016; Modesto et al., 2016; Ambati and Khadkikar, 2014;
Melin et al., 2012; Muñoz et al., 2012; Karanki et al., 2013;

4. Mitigation of power quality problem using Table II UPQC Acronyms

UPQC 1 Right shunt UPQC UPQC-R
4.1 Upqc: State of art 2 Left shunt UPQC UPQC-L
Generally, the construction of unified power quality 3 Interline UPQC UPQC-I
conditioner is different from all other facts devices. It consists of 4 Multi-converter UPQC UPQC-MC
both series active power filter and shunt active power filter. 5 Modular UPQC UPQC-MD
UPQC uses two voltage source inverters that are connected to 6 Multi-level UPQC UPQC-ML
common DC energy storage capacitor. One of these two VSIs is 7 Active power controlling UPQC-P
connected in series with ac line while the other is connected in 8 Reactive power controlling UPQC-Q
shunt with the same line (Ganguly, 2014a; Kolhatkar and Das, 9 Distributed UPQC UPQC-D
2007; Khadkikar and Chandra, 2008; Leon et al., 2011). It is 10 UPQC integrated with Distributed Generator UPQC-DG
installed in the power transmission system to execute both 11 Steady state UPQC(active-reactive power) UPQC-S
series and shunt compensation at the same time. 12 Minimum VA loading UPQC-VAmin

Figure 7 Detailed classification of unified power quality conditioner

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Ananthan Nagarajan et al.
Munoz et al., 2009; Khadkikar and Chandra. 2009; Han et al.,
2006a; Exposto et al., 2016; Ganguly, 2014c, 2014 b).
The different configuration of UPQC with its abbreviations
are tabulated in Table II. And detailed classification view of
UPQC is shown in Figure 7.
4.3 Mitigation of short duration variation using UPQC
This study proposed a command generator tracker-based direct
adaptive control technique (CGT-DAC) in a three phase three-
wire unified power quality conditioner (UPQC). CGT is a
model reference control law for a linear time-invariant system
with known coefficients and formulated for generation of
reference signals for both shunt and series inverter model. This
technique is introduced to eliminate both the source side and
load side issues like sag, swell and harmonics (Patjoshi and
Mahapatra, 2016).
A new algorithm is proposed for power angle control (PAC)
to improve power quality in the distribution system. The
algorithm reduces mathematical complication and its response
time. The new concept is incorporated on triangle rules of
vector addition/subtraction (Singh et al., 2015), and thus the
short duration variation is eliminated.
The author proposes the output regulated based unified
power quality conditioner (UPQC) with Kalman filter and this
novelty is used to eliminate the state component of distorted
power supply voltage and load current. Also, it is used as a state
observer in this paper (Kwan et al., 2012). Additionally, the
exogenous Kalman filter also facilitates sensitive filtering of
harmonic.
4.4 Mitigation of long duration variation using UPQC
The protection of unified power quality conditioner against the
load side short circuit is presented in this paper (Axente et al.,
2010). The proposed scheme protects the series inverter from
overcurrent and overvoltage when the short circuit is on the
load side. The author used the crowbar circuit to protect the
secondary of the series transformer. The protection scheme is
demonstrated in both simulation and hardware in this paper.
Probabilistic estimation of LDV in the distribution system was
presented in this paper (Rodrigues et al., 2015). The proposed
method was used in the quasi-sequential Monte Carlo simulation
method to generate the system operation scenarios. This
simulation method was modulated in the system failures in
distributed generation. The uncertainties were using time series
models and that was tested with IEEE 33 bus system.
A soft switching single phase unified power quality
conditioner (UPQC) using simple resonant unit is proposed in
this paper (Jiang et al., 2016). Here the author used zero voltage
switching (ZVS) for main switches and zero current switching
(ZCS) for auxiliary switches. This soft switching is used to
regulate both over voltage and under voltage. Additionally, the
shunt active filter is used to compensate the current harmonics
and improve the power factor.
4.5 Transient elimination using UPQC
Online wavelet transform-based control strategy for control
system was presented (Forghani and Afsharnia, 2007). The
proposed system is to estimate the amplitude, phase angle and
frequency of load currents and source voltages in the presence
of harmonic and frequency oscillations. Another advantage of
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the proposed control technique is its fast response to the change
in load current amplitude.
4.6 Elimination of waveform distortion using UPQC
The combined operation of unified power quality conditioner
(UPQC) with the distributed generation was presented by Han
et al. (2006b). The author said that UPQC has compensation
capability for harmonic current and reactive power, but UPQC
has no capability in compensation the voltage interruption
because there is no energy storage system. By using this
combined operation, the power quality is improved.
In three phase, four-wire system both unified power quality
conditioner and uninterruptable power supply were used to
improve the power quality (Modesto et al., 2015). The dual
topology was implemented so that the parallel converter is
controlled to operate the sinusoidal voltage source. Likewise,
series converter is controlled to operate the sinusoidal current
source. The series and parallel filtering capabilities were tested
by supplying balanced and unbalanced non-linear three-phase
loads connected to the 3P4W system.
Control strategy for single-phase transformer less three-leg
unified power quality conditioner based on space vector
modulation were presented (Lu et al., 2016). Author plans to
eliminate the transformer losses such as hysteresis loss, eddy
current loss by using the transformer less circuit was
implemented. Harmonic distortion of the drawn current can be
reduced with the implementation of MM2, as the shunt
converter output current ripple introduced by the modulation
process is minimized.
The author investigates the compensation of power quality
issues of utility connected micro grid system using unified
power quality conditioner (UPQC) (Senthil Kumar, Rajasekar,
and Raj, 2015). Here Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inferences System
(ANFIS) is used to enhance the performance of the series and
shunt compensators. The ANFIS is trained off-line and
implemented in the online simulation. This investigation
targeted to compensate sag and eliminate the harmonics.
5. Conclusion
This study elaborates the various power quality problems
and their causes in detail. Also the various types of FACTS
devices and its recent developments were explained. This
paper is made to categorize interesting features of the
Unified Power Quality Conditioner by organizing an
acronymic list. This overview particularly targeted to
explain the compensation property of UPQC for all power
quality illnesses. It is desirable that this study on power
quality issues and improvements will serve as a useful
reference guide to the researchers working in the area of
power quality enhancement by using UPQC.
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Corresponding author
Ananthan Nagarajan can be contacted at: jananthan1991@
gmail.com