7.

Maximum number of organism that can be

supported in a particular environment Edge Effect - change in the number in ecosystem;
8. Different levels that corresponds to the producer, Composed of two ecosystem; Changes o diversity
consumer, etc. within that ecotone; Increase of diversity within the
9. First layer in a forest community, which can also ecotone
called as basalt portion
10. How many percent energy is given off by one Desert
organism to another organism - waterless barren
- occurred in two hemisphere northern and southern
Topic 5 - camel - the sheep of the desert
- it cover 20% of the area of the earth
- fall into 4 main categories based on geographic and
NATURE AND ECOLOGY climatic
1. hot and dry
Structure of Ecosystem 2. Semi arid
3. Coastal
Pesivores - carnivorous would likely to eat the fishes 4. Cold
Plantivores - eats plant - Average rainfull 25 cm per annum
- receives less that 50 cm a year
Natural - self sustaining
Man-made - needs inputs of man Tundra
- the treeless terrestrial biome
Biomes - barren land
- 5th in line defining the ecology. Group of ecosystem. -consist of inhospitable condition; harsh environment
- Composed of many ecosystem and habitats. - lowest temperature compared from other biomes; (-
- Defined by geographical location which are identified 34 to 12 deg celc)
by their climate, temperature, soil type, amount of - Annual precipitation 15 cm to 25 cm
light
Two types
TERRESTRIAL BIOMES Arctic - found in northern tundra; north of the boreal
forest/coniferous forest
Forest Alpine - high mountain peaks; found in mountains or
In the phil - Low land forest and Mountain forest high altitude
Both of these are in permafrost layer - below the soil
Tropical Rain (Evergreen) Forest layer
- Tall and ever green trees can be found in rainforest
Marine Biomes
Evergreen - abundant of leaves, do not lose its leaves
Amazon can be found in equator, it receives moisture, Frestwater - 300 mmg/l
light - consist of 1% of the earth’s water
Biodiversity cannot assure the quality of life is healthy
Running- lotic;
Rain Gauge used to measure the rainfall Stable - lentic; can only be moved if there is the
Bauxite - rich in amazon rainforest natural phenomena
Algae and forest/trees - major contributor of oxygen
Marine Water
16,000 species - 71% of the earth’s water
390 billion trees - largest ecosystem on earth because some parts are
2/3 area of amazon found in Brazil still unexplored
- due to its depth the light wont penetrate
Temperate Decidous Forest
Ecological Succession
- Lower nutrients coparing to tropical rainforest - a phenomenon where things changes overtime,
whole structure change
Coniferous Forest (Taiga or Boreal Forest) - climax community can be dsiturbed due to disasters
- Found in very high latitude such as fire
- precipitation is in the form of snow - it’s a process, some happens in longer span and
- coldest and driest climate thus the nutrients are low shorter span
Study of Ecological succession from Univ Chicago
Grasslands around 1820s courtesy of Henry Cowles.
- 20% of the land earth surface
Primary succession
- means at first, same with a lava flows, glacial,
- no life from a barren or rocks, eventually will form a
Ecotone - the boundary/transition between two life
ecosystem; higher diversity - finally can be formed a community called a “sere” -
Mangroves - situated in freshwater and terrestrial succession of community
Marshland - boundary dry and wet ecosystem
Estruaries - boundary freshwater and saltwater Seral Stage or Seral Community
- It composed of large variety of species

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7 types of seres
1. Hydrosere - succession happens in aquatic habitat
2. Xerosere - succession happens in dry habitat
3. Lithosere - succession happens in barren, bare
rock or land
4. Senile- succession in microorganism or dead matter
5. Eosere - succession in a vegetation
Climax community - dominant species
Secondary succession - nutrients are now present
Mainly caused of ecological succession is caused by
fire.
Natural beings modify the environment
Biogeochemical Cycles
- recycling of nutrients in a system
- water, nutrients, and chemicals
System - correlation or integration of parts. It cant
function without the presence of one factor.
The primary nutrient compound needed by plants is
carbon dioxide which was released from carbon cycle.
Carbon and oxygen are link together for nutrient
cycling in the ecosystem.
Carbon cycle
- the relevance of carbon dioxide in ecosystem is
regulation of temperature
- Lean Coal Technology
- One material known as transition fuel is liquified
natural gas (LNG) - use for preparation of net zero in
2030; less emmission of LNG to reduce the reliance
Process
Photosythesis
- produce its own food
Respiration
- to lebirate the energy and carbon dioxide
Decomposition
- death of organism
Combustion
- soil
Water cycle
- hydrologic cycle
Processes
Evaporation
Condensation
Transpiration
Prepicipitation
Infiltration
Runoff
-through prep rain falls in a natural path way
- when the wtaer sips into the ground down to the
wter table, and the recycle will continue
- it will evap and condence
The importance of water cycle is the availability of
water needed by organism and regulates the weather
patterns
Factors that human contribute from hampering the
water cycle
Forest conversion -
Mining - produce heavy metal that can cause
Agriculture - pollution from pesticides
Sedimentation
Open dump site
Human settlements
Marine sedimentation - degradation of coral reefs
NPK - macronutrients needed by plants to grow
Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium
Nitrates - obtained in soil; plants convert nitrates to
soil; bacterias convert nitrates to oxygen
Common human intervention to the nitrogen cycle
Burning of fossil fuels produces significant amount of
NO(Nitrogen oxide) and NO2 (Nitrogen Dioxide)
Provide an optimum value that is for your limiting
factor
Phosphorous cycle
Phosphorous
- can be obtained from rocks
- can be seen in soil, water, and sediments in terms of
phosphate ions PO4^3-
Our soil has less amount of phosphorous that’s why
we incorporate fertilizers.
The cycles are interconnected by each other.
- From rock weathered, these rocks will use and
absorbed the phosphorous
- If the plants and animals consumed it it will goes to
endless cycle since it will integrate to its DNA
3 main things to consider to evaluate the availability of
phosphorous to our plants
1. Bacteria - could transform the phosphate to our
plants
2. Process of absorption - bonds the phosphorous to
3. In terms of pH - in terms of acidity, if the amount of
pH is less than 4 and greater than 8, the phosphorous
will have difficulty to give off phosphate ions.
Pointers
- Draw the cycle
- Define common terms
- Difference between environment and ecosystem
- Biotic and abiotic factors
- define ecology and brief history of ecology
- basic ecological concept (t or f) or enumeration
- subdivision of ecology (t or f)
- level of ecological organization
- define habitat
- four major habitats
- definition of each spheres (biosphere)
- migration, six factor, unique characteristics of
population
- ecological succession
Topic 2
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Natural resources and system
Nature provide as with ecological and economic
service.
Nature has its natural capital
- Ecological Services e.g. nutrient cycling, climate
modulation, reduce storm impact, waste treatment,
habitat
- Economic Services e.g. food, recreation, harbors and
transport, employment, oil and natural gas
Natural Resources
- can be found anywhere
- are created in nature as usable products
- present to satisfy our wants and needs
- neutral matter - capitalization
5. Enhancing skills, capacity and engagement
6. Delivering high quality planning
Classification
1. Potential resources - seen its capability to produce
economic benefits
2. Actual Resources - given a high amount of accuracy
e.g. good processing
3. Reserve resources - it has its profitability; it has the
economic
4. Stock resources - need policy reviews/regulation
and suitable technologies
Two basic types of Natural resources (in terms of
origin)

Animal Resources - livestock; 1. Biotic

Ecology 2. Abiotic
Oil resources
Soil In terms of availability
Agriculture
Coal 1. Renewable
Forest resources 2. Non-renewable
Water
Solar energy Rewilding
- let the nature revive itself
3 main categories of Natural Resources
Circular economy
1. Perpetually Renewable Resources - solar energy, -
air,
2. Intermediate Renewable resources - freshwater, We must attain the SDG in 2030
crop, soil,
3. Non-renewbale resources - 5 types renewable
1. Wind energy - wind turbines
Without management our natural resources will 2. Solar - photovoltaic cell
deplete. 3. Water/Hydro - hydro power similar to wind
turbines; iligan
Environmental management 4. Geothermal - steam
- provide methods from planning to provide better 5. Biomass - organic materials
decision
- land use planning
Non-renewabl resources
Partnerships in protecting and managing our E. g. Fossil fuels
environment.
- It has a stakeholders, their aim is to provide delivery What power the world in 2022
of instruction Source of power in 2022
- execute properly in managing our resources 85.6% is from non-renewable
14.4% - renewable resources
Types of Stakeholders in terms of Natural
Management We depend coal in 35.4%
1. State property regime Natural gas - 22.7%
- the power and control of the resources are govern by Hydroelectric - 14.9%
the state Nuclear - 9.2%
2. Private Property regime
- own by corporate or individuals or organization Wind - 7.2%
within their jurisdiction Solar 4.5%
3. Common property regime Characteristics in Renewable energy
- A group eg a grassland 1. Regeneration
4. Non-property 2. Multiplicity of species interaction and dependence
- No distinct owner; anyone can use 3. Naturally determined growth rate
5. Hybrid regime 4. Possibility of Man-made Improvement
Six outcome-based why we need to manage our 5. Biological resources as ecosystem
natural resources 6. Common Property Effect

1. Sustainable of land resources Usufructual right - a temporary right given to a person

2. Maintaining and enhancing water assets from someone else property
3. Protecting and enhancing the aquatic/marine
environment October 16, 2023
4. Conserving and recovering biodiversity

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Principle 6. Integration Agenda 21 - known as voluntary SD plan with action
implemented by national, regional, and local.
Top-down approach - from national to local levels Philippine Agenda 21 - nation’s blueprint of
mandate sustainable development
Local Agenda 21 - local level
Capability Forest Principle - aka RIO Forest Principle; A document
- humans are the primary assets - skills, leadership, were a non legally binding doc that states the
knowledge, and experiences recommendation and conservation of Sustainable use
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) - main
Adaptibility objective: fair and equitable use of genetic resources;
- need to consider risk, performance of organization,
Assignment:
Severity refers to the effect of that risk
Circular economy - nothing goes to waste Define the the following terms and provide pics
1. Biological diversity
- economic 2. Biological resources
- social 3. Biotechnology
- environment 4. Country of origin of Genetic Resources
5. Country providing genetic resources
Agenda 21 equivalent of Ph 6. Cultivated Species
1972 - conducted the UN conference on the human 7. Ex-situ Conservation
environment at Stockholm, Sweden 8. Genetic Material
- recognized the sustainable development originate, 9. Genetic Resources
got the definition; an idea 10. In-situ Conditions
11. In situ Conservation
1987 - common future, Brut Land Report 12. Protected Area
1992 - Rio Earth Summit (UNCED), sustainable 13. Adverse effect of climate change
development as a concept; properly addressed; under 14. Climate Change
this has an over 170 states 15. Climate System
16. Emissions
- Rio declaration, states the 27 principles of 17. Regional Economic Integration Organization
sustainable development 18. Reservoir
19. Sink
Principle 1. Focuses on human beings 20. Source
Prin 2. The state has the sovereign right to exploit the
resources UNFCC United Nations Framework Conventions on
Prin 3. Right to development Climate Change - focuses on studying of changes and
Prin 4. Environmental Protection as integral part of effects/occurrences of climates change
development
Prin 5. Cooperation of state UNCCD - United Nations on Convention to Combat
Prin 6. Provide priorities to least developed countries Desertification - adopted 1994; an agreement binded
Prin 7. Global Partnerships with linkages on the environment and development
Prin 8. Reducing and eliminating unsustainable Focus of UNCCD; three areas
patterns Arid
P 9. Capacity building for SD Semi Arid
P 10. Participation of all levels of the state Dry sub humid area/ Dry land
P 11. Effective environmental legislation
P 12. Trade policy CBNRM - focuses on the local level, components: IPs,
P 13. Developing national law for liabilities and natural resources conservations, good governance
compensation Gender-based natural resource manangement - All
P 14. Discouraging or preventing relocation gender has the role to play;
P 15. Precautionary Approach Adaptive management - plan-do-review-act
P 16. Polluter pays principle
P 17. EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment October 19, 2023
P 18. Notification of others state of any natural
disasters Optimum resource allocation - it associates with
P 19. Timely notification benefits and cost. It must have cost-benefit analysis.
P 20. Recognizes that women has the vital role in
environmental management and development Market/free economy - the government must provide
P 21. The role of youth role in environmental the environment such as the regallian doctrine. The
management and development people work together
P 22. The IPs and local communities role in
environmental management and development Planned economy - government provides profit to the
P 23. Addressing oppression to people subordinates
P 24. Warfare destructs sustainable development
P 25. Peace, Development, Environmental protection Public-private Partnership
P 26. Resolving environmental disputes by the state Mining company agreement
P 27. Good faith and partnership by the state and the - 60%
people - 40%

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Conservation
- sustainable and responsible use of natural resources
Captive breeding - to preserve the species/genetic
diversity.
In-situ conservation- natural environment to thrive
which are not allowed to be mined
Ex-situ - get them from their natural habitat
Three pillars of SD
Social
Economic
Environment
Rational use of resources- reasonable usage of
resources based on materials in terms of sufficiency.
Economic development must start at the local level.
We abide to the law of nature.
Laboratory:
- Look for topic that aligned with Natural System and
Resources
- All technical reports must be submitted before final
exam except the topic 1
TOPIC 3
Sustainable Development
- long term goals- 10 yrs and beyond
- use resources without compromising the natural
resources
Rational Use of Resources and the Concept of
Sustainable Development
If there is a rational use of resources we will attain
Economic Development
Economic growth - is our main goal of our economic
development which is above the poverty line.
Rational Nature Management - we can attain by
focusing the three pillars - economic, social, and
environmental.
Gross domestic product (GDP) - to look for the
outputs of our services of our country
Aside from GDP we also look for natural capital
If the resources are improperly manage will result to
decrease in natural
The priority should be the environment.
Features of Rational Use of Resources
1. Conservation
2. Sustainable growth
3. Quality of life
4. Maximum extraction
Human Habitat - determines that life expectancy and
level of mobidity
Natural resources - any resources that provide as with
materials to suffice our needs.
Annual growth of population is 1.2% to 1.4% according
to UN experts
In 2030 will become 8.6 billion people
2050 will become 10 billion
800 grams of food and 2000 ml of water on average
per person per day
Irrational use of resources will lead to hunger, poverty,
shortage of drinking water.
Our Common Future
- Sustainable Development
Poverty - due to overpopulation
16 operating metallic mines - mostly in Surigao del
Norte
How to attain sustainable development
- through study and projects
- 17 agendas
1. Zero Poverty
- meets the basic needs to fulfill the aspirations
Sustainable Dev is not a fixed; it is dynamic;
 a process of change - constant change can
prolong in attaining the goals
 direction of investment - works between parties
 technological advancement/developments - lack
of funding although we have the knowledge
Critical objectives
1. Reviving growth
2. Changing the qualilty growth
3 growths
1. Post Reproductive
2. Productive
3. Pre reproductive
REQUIREMENTS for the pursuit of sustainable
development
1. political system - responsible in policy making,
proposals; A political system that secures effective
citizen participation in decision making
2. An economic system that is able to generate
surpluses and technical knowledge on a self-reliant
and sustained basis
3. A social system that provides for solutions for the
tensions arising from disharmonious development.
4. A production system that respects the obligation to
preserve the ecological base for development.
5. A technological system that can search
continuously for new solutions.
6. An international system that fosters sustainable
patterns of trade and finance
7. An administrative system that is flexible and has
the capacity for self-correction.
SDG’s
1. 2030 Agenda for Sustaible Dev
2. 2015 established
3. Blueprint for peace and prosperity for planet now
and in the future
4. 17 goals to be achieved in 2030
1. No poverty
Extreme poverty - 2.15 dollars or less daily
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2. Zero Hunger - end all forms of hunger; promote
sustainable farming; strengthen food security
3. Good health and Well-being - ensure life at all ages
4. Quality Education - ensure inclusive and equitable
quality education and promote lifelong learning
5. Gender Equality - empowering individuals
6. Clean Water and Sanitation - ensure availability and
sustainable management of water and sanitation
7. Affordable and Clean Energy - affordable, reliable,
sustainable modern energy
8. Decent Work and - productive environment for
workers
9. Industry - resilient infrastructure - can withstand
any disaster
10. - combating any
11. - a safe and resilient sustainble settlement
12. - consumption of our resources
13. - actions to combat climate change
14. - conserving aqautic resources
15. - Restoring
16. - just and humane envi
17. - create partnerships

SD

Three core elements in attaining SDG

1. Economic Growth - sustainable consumption
2. Social inlcusion - inclusitivity
3. Environmental protection - integrity of ecosystem
services

Elements / Dimensions of Sustainable

Development:
1. Economic
2. Ecological
3. Technological
4. Political
5. Socio-cultural
6. Institutional

Key Actors in Sustainable Development:

•Government is the key actor in POLICY, which is
concerned with
democratic governance and the security of human
rights.
• Civil Society is the key actor in CULTURE, which is
concerned with
the development of the social and spiritual capacities
of human
beings.
• Business is the key actor in the ECONOMY, which is
mainly
concerned with producing goods and services to
people. SM

The Precautionary Principle is used when a risk has

been identified that human activities may cause
‘morally unacceptable harm’

The Polluter Pays Principle is used to ensure third

parties do not bear the external costs of other
people’s activities, such as air pollution or the impacts
of climate change, where these are a by-product of
certain business activities.