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.R9+A|G Q*Ot@ )zf #+zY9JyG H;ayG A9}SC .
.H;ayG J9FQO bS(A| .
k k
.~%@9FQO Y(}G| >TI 9*Of9Z@ hC 9+yR9"@ H;ayG A9}SC >+@Q@ .
k
.9+F9G$ H;ayG A9}SC >+@Q@ .
k k
.~$Q*Ot@ >TI 9*Of9Z@ hC 9+yR9"@ H;ayG A9}SC >+@Q@ .

33
1011011011011011111011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011011011011
1011011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110111110110110111101
1011111011011011110110111110110110110110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011
1101101111101101101101101101110110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110110110110
 CO=! fC {=s ?g*QS ?y(F :)yh}G IOI(yG &@9t+=a@h >S9JyG ,p ?|Ot|

ŠƒfƒÇ„dG ¼Ç¦¾J
Data Organization
,p eqJ@ 9%"*RM@ O"f H;ayG J9!9+=p .J9qz| ,p #*RMAyG bF9Sh )zf H|GQ=yGh J9!9+=yG eqJ@
,...QhQ}yG IQGOE ,p U9L rz| ,p eqJ@ JGQ9+TyG J9!9+<h ,9| ?vQV ,p #+z|9gyG J9!9+< xyPv rz|
:rz}yG ($ 9}p

:File rz}yG
eqJ*h ,?"+g| ?s;g< hC #+g| Y(\(}< 9%]g=< b=@Q@ ,AyG J9!9+=yG #| ?f(}G| #f IQ9=f ($
rz| ,#+SQO}yG rz| ,H;ayG rz| {D| )bFGQWyG ,UGQs}G( - #*RMAyG bF9Sh OIC )zf rz}yG
IOf9t< #+g| {tI u*Q_ #f 9%]g=< b=@Q@ ,AyG J9qz}yG ?f(}G| )}T@h ,?+SGQOyG JGQQt}yG
.dhGOF ,p >Aw@h J9!9+=yG

:Record {GTyG
{v J;GS )zf j(AJ* H;ayG rz}p ,J;GTyG )}T@ a(qZyG #| ?f(}G| )yE rz}yG ~Tt"*
.#+g| >y9_ J9!9+< &+zf {GT@ {GS

:Field {tJyG
{GTp ,#+g| f9+< &+zf {GT* {tI {v ,d(tJyG )}T@ IO}f}G #| ?f(}G| )yE {GTyG ~Tt"*
.f9JA|:G ?FQO {tIh ~sQyG {tI ,~S:G {tI {D| d(tI )zf j(AJ* >y9ayG

:Character aQJyG
{tJp ,?Y9MyG R(|QyG hC ahQJyG hC e9sQ}G #| ?f(}G| )zf j(AJ* J9!9+=yG d(tI #| {tI {v
?f(}G| )zf j(AJ* >y9ayG ~sQ {tIh ,&}S: ?!(w}yG ahQJyG #| ?f(}G| )zf j(AJ* >y9ayG ~SG
#| ?f(}G| #| B*9=yG f(wA*h Byte B*9< KzaZ| aQJyG )zf uza*h ,&}sQy ?!(w}yG e9sQ}G #|
.H(S9JyG IQvGP ,p ARF QjYC Q=Ag* jPyGh Bit B< KzaZ| ARF {v )zf uza* AGRF}G

34
1011011011011011111011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011011011011
1011011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110111110110110111101
1011111011011011110110111110110110110110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011
1101101111101101101101101101110110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110110110110
 &@9t+=a@h >S9JyG ,p ?|Ot| H(S9JyG J9+S9SC :,!9DyG {ZqyG

†Ä¡Sƒ‘ùdG Ô ŠƒfƒÇ„dG ¹Ç‹Ò

Data Representation In Computer
QFGhOyG ,p ?a"j}}yG W9t"yG hC ?+!hQAwy:G JGQ9V G H9+i hC Q(]J< H(S9JyG ,p J9!9+=yG {D}@
IQ$9dyG gP$ )}T@h .)bFGQWyGh UGQs}G( J9!9+=yG &<9Av ,p H(S9JyG 9%|OMAT* ,AyG W9Sh}Gh
>=TyG GP%yh ,F9"C b}! ,p {}g@ ?a"j}}yG W9Sh}Gh ?+!hQAwy:G QFGhOy9p .J9!9+=zy ,F9"DyG {+D}Ay9<
,H(S9JyG ,p J9!9+=yG {+D}Ay S9Szv Binary Numbering System ,F9"DyG OgyG e9d! eOMAT*
)}T*h .off rs(AyG ?y9I #f Q+=gAzy 0 ~sQyGh on {+jWAyG ?y9I #f Q+=gAzy 1 ,F9"DyG ~sQyG eOMAT*h
.B< Binary Digit (Bit) ,F9"DyG ~sQyG

J9!9+=yG h| H(S9JyG {|9g@

9%< #J! {|9gA! ,AyG J9!9+=yG {*(J@ ~A* xyPy Digital ?+}sQ IQ(Z< J9!9+=yG h| H(S9JyG {|9gA*
,wy ?+}sQ IQ(Y )yE ?+S9+tyG 9%@Q(Y #| 9$Q+ih Q(Y ,,t+S(| ,U(Z! #| ?qzAM}yG 9%fG(!z<
.9%g| {|9gA*h H(S9JyG 9%}%q*

9%g| {|9gA*h H(S9JyG 9%}%q* ,wy ?+}sQ JGQ9VE )yE ?+S9+tyG JGQ9V G {*(J@

H(S9JyG r*Qg@
R9%F ($ H(S9Jy9p ,{}g* r+vh &Aq+ch ,$ 9|h H(S9JyG KzaZ| r*Qg@ #f ^g=yG dA9TA* Os
,?qzAM}yG J9!9+=yG ?Gy9g| J9+z}g< e9+tyG #| &"w}@ ,AyG ?+!hQAwy G QFGhOyG #| ?f(}G| )zf j(AJ*
:,y9Ay9v &z}f JG(aLh
K+@9q}yG ?I(y :{D| ,d9LO G JGOIh iOIE u*Q_ #f H|GQ=yG J9}+zg@h J9!9+=yG d9=tASG - 1
.Mouse IQzqyG Keyboard -

35
1011011011011011111011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011011011011
1011011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110111110110110111101
1011111011011011110110111110110110110110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011
1101101111101101101101101101110110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110110110110
 CO=! fC {=s ?g*QS ?y(F :)yh}G IOI(yG &@9t+=a@h >S9JyG ,p ?|Ot|

?v+vtvav"v}vyG J9v+vzv}vgvyG hC/h )7 , & , - , +( ?v+v<9vTvJvyG J9v+vzv}vgvyG AGQvF{v< J9v!9v+v=vyG {v+vjvWv@ - 2

.Program H|GQ=yG J9}+zgAy 9g=@ (NOT,AND,OR,=,<,>)

?V9WyG :{D| ,LGQL G JGOIh iOIE )zf 9%\Qg< )J9|(zg}yG( J9!9+=yG ?Gy9g| HF9A! LGQLE - 3
.Printer ?g<9ayG - Screen
.bFGQWyG Disk - UGQs}G :{D| ,?qzAM}yG #*RMAyG {F9Sh iOIE )zf H|GQ=yGh J9|(zg}yGh J9!9+=yG #*RM@ - 4
&@9tJz|h ,ZMWyG H(S9JyG
J9!9+=yG ?Gy9g| e9d!
k
:,y9Ay9v Data Processing System-DPS J9!9+=yG ?Gy9g| e9d"< aQg* e9d"y 9tph H(S9JyG {}g*
J9!9+=yG d9LOE JGOIh iOIE u*Q_ #f Input Data Q|Gh}Gh J9!9+=yG d9=tAS9< J9=S9JyG e(t@
.Mouse IQzqyGh K+@9q}yG ?I(y {D|
&+yE ?zLGOyG Processing Data J9!9+=yG ?Gy9g}< H(S9JyG e(t* J9!9+=yG d9=tASG ?zIQ| Og<
k
&F(@ ?"+g| J9}+zg@ P+q"@ ~A@h Central Processing Unit-CPU ?*RvQ}yG ?Gy9g}yG IOIh 9|OMAT|
.Program H|9!Q=y9< gP$ J9}+zgAyG ?f(}G| )}T@h J9!9+=yG )zf #+g| {}f AGO} H(S9JyG

eOMAT}yG 9%"| O+qAT* J9|(zg}v ?G+A"yG Q%d@ J9!9+=yG ?Gy9g| ?zIQ| #| H(S9JyG ,%A"* fC Og<
.Printer ?g<9ayG hC Screen ?V9WyG {D| LGQL G JGOIh iOIE )zf J9|(zg}yG Q%d@ fC #w}*h
J9|(zg}yG hC H|GQ=yG hC J9!9+=yG eqJ@ ?<(za}yG J9|(zg}yG )zf d(ZJyGh J9!9+=yG ?Gy9g| #| A9%A!:G
.#*RMAyG bF9Sh iOIE )zf

36
1011011011011011111011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011011011011
1011011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110111110110110111101
1011111011011011110110111110110110110110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011
1101101111101101101101101101110110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110110110110
 &@9t+=a@h >S9JyG ,p ?|Ot| H(S9JyG J9+S9SC :,!9DyG {ZqyG

H(S9JyG 9%< e(t* ,AyG ?+S9S}G ?g<Q}G J9+z}gyG

:?+y9AyG ?+S9S}G J9+z}gy9< H(S9JyG e(t*
.Input H|GQ=yG Q|GhCh J9!9+=yG d9LOE - 1
.Processing J9!9+=yG ?Gy9g| - 2
.Output J9|(zg}yG LGQLE - 3
.Storage H|GQ=yGh J9|(zg}yGh J9!9+=yG #*RM@ - 4

37
1011011011011011111011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011011011011
1011011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110111110110110111101
1011111011011011110110111110110110110110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011
1101101111101101101101101101110110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110110110110
 CO=! fC {=s ?g*QS ?y(F :)yh}G IOI(yG &@9t+=a@h >S9JyG ,p ?|Ot|

‡ÇHÄ¡Sƒ×G Šƒeĸ©ÙG ½ƒ¦f

COMPUTER INFORMATION SYSTEM
J9|(zg}yG 9+F(y("w@h jQW=yG QZ"gyG #| {v #+< {f9qAyG )zf ?+<(S9JyG J9|(zg}yG e9d! e(t*
IR%F}G J9|(zg}yG 9+F(y("w@ {}W@h ,J9|(zg}yG )zf d(ZJyG aO%< Information Technology (IT)
?+S9S}G QY9"gyG #| f(wA* J9|(zg}yG e9d! f{p ,y9Ay9<h ,J:9Z@:G 9+F(y("w@h H(S9JyG J9+G|Q<h
:?+y9AyG

J9|(zg}yG e9d!

:Hardware IR%F}G - 1
R9%F {}W@h H(S9JyG 9%"| f(wA* ,AyG ?S(}z}yG ?*O9}yG J9!(w}yG ?f(}G| #f IQ9=f ,$h
?Gy9g}yG IOIhh Output LGQL G IR%FCh Input d9LO G IR%FC {D| &< ?tJz}yG IR%F}Gh H(S9JyG
.9$Q+ih Secondary Storage j(!9DyG #*RMAyG IR%FCh C.P.U ?*RvQ}yG

38
1011011011011011111011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011011011011
1011011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110111110110110111101
1011111011011011110110111110110110110110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011
1101101111101101101101101101110110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110110110110
 &@9t+=a@h >S9JyG ,p ?|Ot| H(S9JyG J9+S9SC :,!9DyG {ZqyG

:Software J9+G|Q=yG - 2
)ag@ ,AyG J9}+zgAyG ?f(}G| 9%!z< Programs H|GQ=yG aQg@ .J9!9+=yGh H|GQ=yG #f IQ9=f ,$h
,AyG uF9tJyG ?f(}G| ,%p Data J9!9+=yG 9|C .J9!9+=yG )zf ?qzAM}yG J9+z}gyG AGQF H(S9JyG )yE
k
IO9fh H|9!Q=yG J9}+zg@ J9%+F(Ay 9g=@ ,9%+zf ?qzAM}yG ?Gy9g}yG J9+z}f AGQFE aO%< H(S9Jzy )ag@
.J9!9+< IOf9s f(wAy J9qz| ,p J9!9+=yG eqJ@ 9|

:Communication Technology J:9Z@:G 9+F(y("w@ - 3

J9w=WyGh LAN ?+zJ}yG J9w=WyG {D| J9!9+=yG {+Y(@h J:9Z@:G ,p ?|OMAT}yG 9+F(y("wAyG ,$h
.World Wide Web (www) ?+}y9gyG J9|(zg}yG ?w=V hC Intranet B!GQA!G ?Y9MyG

:People jQW=yG QZ"gyG - 4

.&|GOMASGh &z+jW@ #| #*O+qAT}yGh H(S9JyG d9G| ,p #+z|9gyG OGQp}G ?f(}G| ~$h

39
1011011011011011111011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011011011011
1011011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110111110110110111101
1011111011011011110110111110110110110110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011
1101101111101101101101101101110110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110110110110
 CO=! fC {=s ?g*QS ?y(F :)yh}G IOI(yG &@9t+=a@h >S9JyG ,p ?|Ot|

:Procedures JGAGQF G - 5
h+}F ?s;f rZ@h J9|(zg}yG e9d! {LGO {}gyG Q+S ~d"@ ,AyG J9}+zgAyG ?f(}G| ,$
?+q+v K\(@h J9|(zg}yG e9d! ,p #+z|9gyG #+< ?+q+c(yG J9s;gyGh ,^g=yG 9%]g< h| QY9"gyG
,p Q(Zs hC {af jC KhOI O"f 9%f9=@E >G* ,AyG JGAGQF G xyPv ,H|GQ=yG eGOMASGh {+jW@
.e9d"yG

H(S9JvyG d9G| ,vp #+vz|9gyG rF9ch

?f(}G| >zaA@ Software J9+G|Q=yGh Hardware H(S9Jzy ?*O9}yG AGRF}G h| {|9gAyG
.&y9G| ,p {v f(qc(* f(ZZMA| U9MVC 9%< e(t* d9}f}G #| ?z|9wA|
:)yE J9=S9JyG d9G| ,p rF9c(yG r+"Z@ #w}* h

?*O9}yG AGRF}G ?f9"Y rF9ch - 1

{D| ?qzAM}yG H(S9JyG AGRFC ?f9"Y d9G| ,p #+z|9gyG rF9ch 9%< ,"g!h
k
9]*Ch ,LGQL Gh d9LO G IR%FCh #*RMAyG W9ShCh JGOIhh Processors J9Gy9g}yG
,J9=S9I h+"Z@ SO"%| rF9c(yG gP$ #|h 9%fG(!z< Memory ?+zLGOyG IQvGPyG ?f9"Y
.h+"Z@ {|9f

J9+G|Q=yG ?i9+Y rF9ch - 2

J9|OMyG H|GQ<h {+jWAyG ~d! H|GQ< {D| ?qzAM}yG J9+G|Q=yG ?!9+Yh ?i9+Y {}W@h
H|GQ=yG eRIh IR$9GyG ?+t+=aAyG H|GQ=yG ?i9+Y )yE ?p9\ 9< ?G|Q=yG J9jyh IOf9T}yG
.~d! ~}Z|h {zJ|h H|GQ< kF9Y rF9c(yG gP$ #|h

J9=S9JyG J9|OL rF9ch - 3

h+< {D| J9=S9JyG ,|OMAT}y ?qzAM}yG J9|OMyG ~*Ot@ d9G}yG GP$ ,p {}gyG #}]A*h
rF9c(yG gP$ #|h B!QA!:Gh J9w=WyG J9|OL ~*Ot@h ,J9+G|Q=yGh J9=S9JyG ?!9+Yh AGQVh
.J9w=V SO"%|h B!QA!G hsG(| ~}Z|h J9=S9I ?!9+Y SO"%|

:>*QOAyGh ~+zgAyG rF9ch - 4

h| {|9gAyG ?+q+v )zf J9=S9JyG ,|OMAT| >*QO@h ~+zg@ d9G}yG GP$ ,p {}gyG #}]A*
GP$ ,p #+z|9gzy ?+q+c(yG J9+}T}yG #|h ?qzAM}yG J9+G|Q=yG #| IO9qAS:Gh H(S9JyG
.H(S9I HQO| ,H(S9I SQO| d9G}yG

40
1011011011011011111011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011011011011
1011011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110111110110110111101
1011111011011011110110111110110110110110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011
1101101111101101101101101101110110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110110110110
 &@9t+=a@h >S9JyG ,p ?|Ot| H(S9JyG J9+S9SC :,!9DyG {ZqyG

Computer Classifications Šƒ„¡Sƒ×G °Ç¾¡ŸJ

k
.:hGO@ QDv}G ($ Size ~GJyG E+I #| 9%q+"Z@ fC Q+i gOf bQa< J9=S9JyG r+"Z@ #w}*
.?t+sO J9=S9Ih IQ+jY J9=S9I ,IQ+=v J9=S9I ,?s;}f J9=S9I )yE J9=S9JyG r"ZAp

Super Computers ?s;}gyG J9=S9JyG - 1

IOtg}yG J9t+=aAyG ?Gy9g}y B}}Y Osh IQ+=v #*RM@ ?gS JGPh 9}GI J9=S9JyG Q=vC Q=Ag@
J9=S9I Q%VCh ?+<9TJyG J9+z}gyG P+q"@ ,p ?+y9f ?sOh ?fQS )yE L9AJ@ ,AyGh ?}M]yG J9fhQW}yGh
.Cray-1 1-iQ+v b;}gyG H(S9JyG Y("yG GP$

Mainframe Computers IQ+=wyG J9=S9JyG - 2

- J9|(zg}vyG RvGQ|h iQ=wyG J9vQWyGh ?+|(wJyG J5W"}yG ,p 9|GOMASG J9=S9JvyG QDvC Q=Ag@
,p ?+y9f ?fQSh IQ+=v #*RM@ ?gS JGP ,$h - fGQ+ayG J9vQVh c("=yGh ?g|9GvyGh b+aMAyG IQGRh
J9+pQ_ &< b=@Q| ?*RvQ| ?Gy9g| IOIh &< jRvQ| H(S9I O(Fh )zf O}Ag@h .J9+z}gyG P+q"@
?y9Y jRvQ}yG H(S9Jzy [ZM* Osh .)H(S9I ?w=V( IOf9=A| f(w@ Os iQLC hsG(| ,p Terminals
J9!9+=yG h| {|9gAyGh 9%y(LOy ?+"|C J9_9+AIGh ?<(_QyGh IQGQJyG ?FQO E+I #| ?Y9L JGR+%G@ JGP
.9%< ?!RM}yG H|GQ=yGh

41
1011011011011011111011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011011011011
1011011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110111110110110111101
1011111011011011110110111110110110110110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011
1101101111101101101101101101110110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110110110110
 CO=! fC {=s ?g*QS ?y(F :)yh}G IOI(yG &@9t+=a@h >S9JyG ,p ?|Ot|

Minicomputers IQ+jZyG J9=S9JyG - 3

9%!C 9}v IQ+=wyG J9=S9JyG #| ?fQTyGh #*RMAyG ?gS h ~GJyG ,p {sC J9=S9I ,$
J9+zwyG ,p eOMAT@ 9}v ?aS(A}yG J9TS|}yGh h*Q9W}yG ,p eOMAT@h ?qzw@ {sC
.Server QpQ+S &+zf uza*h J9=S9I ?w=Wy ,T+FQ H(S9Jv eOMAT* 9| IO9fh ,O$9g}yGh

Microcomputers ?t+sOyG J9=S9JyG - 4

QFGhOy9< Silicon Chips f(wz+TyG uF9sQh ?t+sOyG J9+!hQAwy:G ?f9"Y ,p Q+=wyG Q(aAyG iOC
?fQTy9< R+}A@ ,AyGh J9=S9JyG #| Y("yG GP$ Q9WA!G IO9*R )yE Integrated Circuits (IC) ?z|9wA}yG
.QgTyG V9qM!Gh ~GJyG QjYh #*RMAyG ?gSh

:?+y9AyG YG(!}G )yE ?t+sOyG J9=S9JyG r+"Z@ #w}*h

:Personal Computer (PC) ,=Aw}yG ,ZMWyG H(S9JyG - C
k
PE J9t+=aAyG #| O*OgyG ,ph f9w| {v ,p &|GOMASG #w}* E+I GQ9WA!G J9=S9JyG QDvC #| Q=Ag*
#| ,AyGh ?+ZMWyG J9=S9Jzy ?g"Z}yG J9vQWyG JOOg@h .?qzwAyG dGOAfGh eGOMAS:G ?y(%T< R+}A*
.DELL - COMPAQ - IBM - APPLE - HP.. 9$Q%VC

42
1011011011011011111011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011011011011
1011011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110111110110110111101
1011111011011011110110111110110110110110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011
1101101111101101101101101101110110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110110110110
 &@9t+=a@h >S9JyG ,p ?|Ot| H(S9JyG J9+S9SC :,!9DyG {ZqyG

:Notebook d9t"yG H(S9JyG - H

OOgA@h f9w| jC ,p &|GOMASGh &z}I #w}* ~GJyG Q+jY ,ZMV H(S9I #f IQ9=f ($h
.....Toshiba, Dell, Song, Apple, Semins 9%"| J9=S9JyG #| Y("yG GP%y ?g"Z}yG J9vQWyG

43
1011011011011011111011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011011011011
1011011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110111110110110111101
1011111011011011110110111110110110110110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011
1101101111101101101101101101110110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110110110110
 CO=! fC {=s ?g*QS ?y(F :)yh}G IOI(yG &@9t+=a@h >S9JyG ,p ?|Ot|

?qzAM| #v9|C ,p Notebooks ?y9t"yG J9=S9JyG eGOMASG

44
1011011011011011111011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011011011011
1011011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110111110110110111101
1011111011011011110110111110110110110110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011
1101101111101101101101101101110110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110110110110
 &@9t+=a@h >S9JyG ,p ?|Ot| H(S9JyG J9+S9SC :,!9DyG {ZqyG

:Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) ?+ZMWyG ?+}sQyG JGOf9T}yG - L

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IR%FC ,$h Palm PC (PPC) ?+qwyG J9=S9JyG 9]*C 9%+zf uza*
Q=f d9Z@:Gh d9}f}G dhGOFh O+fG(}yGh ?|9%yG uF9C(yG eqJy IQ+jY
.,!hQAwy G O*Q=yG
{Yh #w}* 9}v ,U9L ~zs Q=f Q|Gh}Gh U(Z"yG d9LOE ?+!9w|{< R+}A@h
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.?+zJ}yG ?w=Wy9< hC ,ZMWyG H(S9Jy9< 9+wzS: Og< #f ?+qwyG IR%F}G

:Single Chip Computer IOIG(yG ?J*QWyG H(S9I - O

fC #w}*h ,?+<9TJyG J9+z}gyG ,p IO9f 9%|OMAT! ,AyG ?=S9JyG ?y6G #f IQ9=f ($
.J9|(zg}zy ?dp9Ih ?=S9I &yB )zf H(S9JyG GP$ j(AJ*

:Wearable Computer &FGO@QG #w}* H(S9I - v v$

)zf 9|E 9%FGO@QG #w}* J9=S9JyG #| ?qzAM| YG(!C ,$
,AyG #v9|}G ,p eOMAT@h ,SCQyG hC QZMyG hC O+yG ~Zg|
.9$Q+ih JGQ9a}yGh h!9Z}y9v ?Y9L J9|GOMASG >zaA@

45
1011011011011011111011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011011011011
1011011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110111110110110111101
1011111011011011110110111110110110110110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011
1101101111101101101101101101110110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110110110110
 CO=! fC {=s ?g*QS ?y(F :)yh}G IOI(yG &@9t+=a@h >S9JyG ,p ?|Ot|

Computer Classifications J9=S9JyG r+"Z@

:9%"| jQLC bQa< J9=S9JyG r+"Z@ #w}*
Type Classification Y("yG E+I #| J9=S9JyG r+"Z@ ::hC
)?+S9+tyG( ?*Qc9"AyG J9=S9JyG - 1
Analog Computers
?<(_QyGh IQGQJyG {D| ?+g+=ayG Q$G(dyG ,p JGQ+jAyG S9+t< ?*Qc9"AyG J9=S9JyG e(t@
AGQFE )zf J9=S9JyG #| Y("yG GP$ O}Ag* : jC .IQc9"| ?*OOf ~+s )yE 9%z*(J@h J(ZyGh
.?+<9TI J9+z}f
?+}sQyG J9=S9JyG - 2
Digital Computers
{+jW@ 9%"w}*h ?+ta"}yGh ?+<9TJyG J9+z}gyG P+q"A< e(t@h 9|GOMASG J9=S9JyG QDvC ,$
?Gy9g}< e(t@ ~C ?+}sQ ?t*Qa< ahQJyG h+}F {+D}A< e(t@ 9%!} ,?*OG<}Gh ?*OOgyG J9!9+=yG
J:9G}yG h+}F ,p J9=S9JyG gP$ eOMAT@h ,#+g| H|9!Q< Q|Gh} 9g=@ J9!9+=yG gP$
.9$Q+ih ?+f9}AF:Gh ?*Q9GAyGh ?+z}gyGh ?+f9"ZyGh ?+SO"%yG J9t+=aAyGh
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eGOMAS:G #| VQjyG E+I #| J9=S9JyG r+"Z@ - 9+!9C
VGQi}G ?|9f J9=S9I - 1
Osh J9t+=aAyG #| ?f("A|h IQ+=v J9f(}G| {+jWAy B}}Y ,AyG J9=S9JyG xz@ ,$
J9w+V LGQMAS: J9=S9JyG gP$ eGOMASG #w}+p ,?*Q9G@ hC ?+}zf J9t+=aAyG gP$ f(w@
fR9M}yGh H;ayG {+GT@ ,p 9%|GOMASG #w}* xyPv A9<Q%wyG c;%ASG Q+@G(p hC >@GhQyG
.VGQi}G ?|9gyG J9=S9JyG #| ?+ZMWyG J9=S9JyG Q=Ag@h .c("=yGh
VGQi}G ?Y9L J9=S9I - 2
P+q"@ 9%"w}* E+I #+g| OIGh u+=a@ ,p 9%|GOMAS: J9=S9JyG gP$ ~+}Z@ ~A*
{D| J:9G}yG #| O*OgyG ,p J9=S9JyG gP$ :9Dy9C .btp rF9c(yG #| IOOJ| ?f(}G|
.h+"ZAyG J9+z}f AGOCh ?=sGQ|h ?+f9"aY:G Q9}s}Gh N*QG(ZyGh JGQF9ayG &+F(@
:?g"Z}yG ?vQWyG >TI J9=S9JyG r+"Z@ :9Dy9C
GP$ ,p ?+z]p}G hFQ*h R9%Gzy ?g"Z}yG ?vQWyG >TI J9=S9JyG r+"Z@ #w}*
J9vQV c9"$ fC Q+i iQLC #f ?vQV {+]qA< &Tq! [MWyG ?f9"s )yE r+"ZAyG
Dell dO ?vQV hC IBM eC ,< jB ?vQV {D| 9%F9A!E IO(F )zf h+}GyG 9%+zf uqA* ?+}y9f
L9A!E #| ($h Windows RhO"*h {+jW@ e9d! J9vQWyG gP$ eOMAT@h Compaq ?vQVh
{+jW@ e9d! eOMATAp Apple {<C J9=S9I ?vQV 9|C Microsoft Bp(ShQw+| ?vQV
.Mac T(A"v9|

46
1011011011011011111011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011011011011
1011011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110111110110110111101
1011111011011011110110111110110110110110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011
1101101111101101101101101101110110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110110110110
 &@9t+=a@h >S9JyG ,p ?|Ot| H(S9JyG J9+S9SC :,!9DyG {ZqyG

¿j›”ˆdG ¥ƒ¡Shh I™cG˜dG ‡©¡S ¢SƒÇb I—Mh

W9ShC #| bSh jC hC ?+T+FQyG H(S9JyG IQvGP ,p 9%"*RM@ #w}* ,AyG J9!9+=yG ?+}v S9t@h
IOI(yG f(wA@h .OIGh aQI #*RMAy ,qw@ ,$h Byte B*9=y9< aQg@ S9+s IOI(< J9!9+=yG #*RM@
#*RMAy ,yh}G QZ"gyG ,$h Binary Digit (BIT) B=y9< aQg@ IQ+jY J98*RF #| #*RMAzy ?+T+FQyG
:{D| Q=vC S9+s JGOIh c9"$h B< 8 B*9=yG jh9T* 9| IO9fh J9!9+=yG
.(KB = 1024 Byte) Kilo Byte (KB) B*9< (z+wyG - 1
.(MB = K x K Byte) Mega Byte (MB) B*9<9G+}yG - 2
.(GB = K x M Byte) Giga Byte (GB) B*9<9G+GyG - 3
.(TB = K x G Byte) Tera Byte (TB) B*9<GQ+AyG - 4
J9!9+=yG Q+qW@ ~d! - H(S9JyG {LGO J9!9+=yG {+D}@ ~d!
:9%"| H(S9JyG {LGO J9!9+=yG {+D}Ay ~d! IOf c9"$
.Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) ?+F9"DyG IQqWy9< jQWgyG e9d"yG - 1
Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code hvS(v}vyG jQvWvgvyG ,vF9v"vDvyG e9vdv"vyG - 2
.(EBCDIC)
American Standard Code For Information J9v|(vzvgv}vyG dO9v=vAvy ,vS9v+vtvyG ,vwv*Qv|}G e9vdv"vyG - 3
.Interchange (ASCII)

47
1011011011011011111011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011011011011
1011011011011110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110111110110110111101
1011111011011011110110111110110110110110110111110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011
1101101111101101101101101101110110110110111101101111101101101111011011111011011011110110110110110