Nama : Haekal Emilchuzaemi

NIM : 20/464374/SV/18791

Prodi : D4 Teknologi Rekayasa Pelaksanaan Bangunan Sipil

Mekanika Bahan

1. A W6 × 15 steel column is 23 ft long and is fixed at its ends as shown in Fig. 13-11a.
Its load-carrying capacity is increased by bracing it about the y-y (weak) axis using
struts that are assumed to be pin connected to its midheight. Determine the load it
can support so that the column does not buckle nor the material exceed the yield
stress. Take 𝐸𝑠𝑡 = 29 (103) Ksi and σy = 60 Ksi
Solution :
The buckling behavior of the column will be different about the x-x and y-y axes due
to the bracing.
 the effective length for buckling about the x-x axis and y-y axis
KLx = 0.5 (23 ft) = 11.5 ft = 138 inch
KLy = 0.7 (23 ft/2) = 8.05 ft = 96.6 inch
 The moments of inertia for a W6 X 15 are found from the table in Appendix
B. we have :
Ix = 29.1 inch4
Iy = 9.32 inch4
п2𝐸𝐼𝑥 п2[29(103)𝑘𝑠𝑖]29.1 𝑖𝑛4
(Pcr)x = (𝐾𝐿)𝑥2 = (138 𝑖𝑛)2 = 436.9 Kip (1)
п2𝐸𝐼𝑦 п2[29(103)𝑘𝑠𝑖]9.32 𝑖𝑛4
(Pcr)y = (𝐾𝐿)𝑦2 = (96,6 𝑖𝑛)2 = 285.6 Kip (2)

By comparison, buckling will occur about the y-y axis. The area of the cross section is
4.43 𝑖𝑛2, so the average compressive stress in the column is
𝑃𝑐𝑟
σcr =
285.6 = = 64,5 Kip
𝐴 4.43 𝑖𝑛2

since this stress is less than the yield stress, buckling will occur before the material
yield. Thus,
Pcr = 286 kip
 From Eq. 13-12 it can be seen that buckling will always occur about the column axis
having the largest slenderness ratio, since a large slenderness ratio will give a small
critical stress. Thus, using the data for the radius of gyration from the table in
Appendix B, we have
𝐾𝐿 138 𝑖𝑛
( )𝑥 = = 53.9
𝑟 2.56 𝑖𝑛
𝐾𝐿 96.6 𝑖𝑛
( )𝑥 = = 66.16
𝑟 1.46 𝑖𝑛

Hence, y-y axis buckling will occur, which is the same conclusion reached by
comparing Eqs. 1 and 2.

2.
 Solution :

Buckling about the x and y axes is shown in Fig. 13-12b and 13-12c, respectively.
Using Fig. 13-10a, for x-x axis buckling, K = 2, so (KL)x = 2(5.3) = 10.6 m. Also, for
y-y axis buckling, K = 0.7, so (KL)y = 0.7(5.3) = 3.7 m.

Applying Eq. 13-11, the critical loads for each case are

𝜋2𝐸𝐼𝑋 𝜋2[70(109) 𝑁/𝑚2] (61.3 (10−6) 𝑚4)

(𝑃𝑐𝑟)𝑥 = =
(𝐾𝐿)2𝑥 = 377 𝑘𝑁
( 10.6)2
𝜋2𝐸𝐼𝑦 𝜋2[70(109) 𝑁/𝑚2] (23.2 (10−6) 𝑚4)
(𝑃𝑐𝑟)𝑦 = =
(𝐾𝐿)2𝑦 = 1.17 𝑀𝑁
( 3.7)2

By comparison, as P is increased the column will buckle about the x-x axis. The
allowable load is therefore
𝑃𝑐𝑟 377
𝑃𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = = = 126 𝑘𝑁
𝐹. 𝑆. 3.0

Since
𝑃𝑐𝑟 377 𝑘𝑁
𝜎𝑐𝑟 = =
𝐴 = 50.3 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 215 MPa
7.5(10−3)𝑚2
Euler’s equation can be applied

3.
Solution :

From the established sign convertion, we have

σx = -31 MPA

σy = 85 MPA

𝑟𝑥𝑦 = 54 MPA

Orientation of Element. Applying Eq.9-4

𝑐𝑥𝑦
Tan 2𝜃p = (σX−σy)/2 54
= (−31−85)/2

Solving, and referring to this root as 𝜃p2, as will be shown below, yields

2𝜃p2 = -42.95° 𝜃p2 = 21.48°

Since the difference between 2𝜃p1 and 2𝜃p2 is 180°, we have

2𝜃p1 = 180° + 2𝜃p2 = 137.05°

𝜃p1 = 68.5°

Recall that 𝜃 is measured positive counterclockwise from the x axis to the outward
normal (x’ axis) on the face of the element, and so the results are shown in Fig. 9-11b

Principal Stress. We have

𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
𝜎1,2 = ± √( ) + 𝑟𝑥𝑦2
𝜎𝑦 2 2
 −31 + 85 −31 − 85 2
𝜎1,2 = ± √ ( ) + 542
2 2

𝜎1,2 = 27 ± 79,2

𝜎1 = 106.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜎2 = −52.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎

The principal plane on which each normal stress acts can be determined by applying
Eq. 9-1 with, say, 𝜃 = 2𝜃𝑝2 = −21.5°. We have:
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜎 = + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 +
𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃
𝑥′ 𝑥𝑦
2 2

−31 + 85 −31 − 85
𝜎𝑥′ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2(−21.5) + 54 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2(−21.5)
= 2 2

𝜎𝑥′ = −68.26 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Hence, 𝜎2 = −52.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎 acts on the plane defined by 𝜃𝑝2 = −21.5°, whereas 𝜎1 =
106.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎 acts on the plane defined by 𝜃𝑝1 = 68.5°. The results are shown on the
element. Recall that no shear stress act on this element.