,% ° ‘ Meg THERMODYNAMICS i» DEFINITION >— : ° i ; Te ts deténed as the study of the melobion bekween heak and other Yorcns of enercag (Le heoaks work» Remperolure, g enercgg) < OR a = Theremodynamics ts the study of the effects OF works heak and tee emengy On O- Sgstern. By the system? Expaneton iS TEMPERATURE t= ee the systern > Compression 9 “ve > Tempercoture measures the hotness & coldness og body. > Tk te a | physical quantity which equality fs Whe necessary % SUlfectemt condition For lwo eystems to be thecmatl equélércéum . VIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 2 TF Some amount of heal f= suppiéed to a System which és Capable of dséng wark, . Then &4 divécles into two partis + A part is used to change | the tntertnal energy of the system and Othert park tS used to percforen extermol work te. [dg = dU+dw ji Where,» du = Change in Internal energy 4 i BT & dw - Extercnak Work done wl oe fag = avi pav | [MF =Fn ts dv =Fdx = PAclu =Pdayv (V = volume) TIRERMODYNOMICAL PROCESS OR THERMODYNAMIC CHANGE SERNIODYNE) @ Tsom ae fcak change » (tn which Pressurce and volume of the system will ¢ ie keeping the Lemperotune constant &s knowOS the Asotheremak process ‘Bquokéon ‘of | Qsothermmal’ Picocese A seotherernc, PPV = Constant OGRAPH 2- p Nee sae 2] w. me 8 ‘AV © aptnparic - Process :— The therrmodinam?c ‘change tn which all the thermodymamécal” Varécbtee = const ant PaV+vVdp =o wel change Keepéng the totat heat contain ts constant» Me Sestemn ts completety Grrcrounded with eet, GRAPH :~ Ce. py* = constant - mre 14 2 Ce peer Ga Isothermal Process ; >PdAV = -ved Th Adéabokic *Prbcess , py = constant Vode + rp yay >]ae | ep ri --rt ws Slope of B Aclabakic preocess tg Y-bémes of Feotheramal i preoces e =O. =er LFE Ae ” ee seg WORKDONE DURING ISOTHERMAL -PRocese z+ “Here, AW = Pav. Suppose + Une Volume ‘changes Vi40 Va. ea “Esotheremiok ‘expanston » “We as ; Fi Pick pany to eaiatsn of skate, Fed FT. beh workderie ‘cision g yp: Bt ae Vv x Vn “ WelPdv - RT gy i wy i - Vu dv RT J Ve 2 RT tn (Me i. [w= 2-302 & 2.20, er aay] NORKO ONE dhere, pyt ee — P: 2k | Rede er 2g proce : vy oF foboktc, s) Wwe know, ; re ere ot = | Ky - KY, : . dW = pdv - at [ tee J fe kev 2s Pedy elas ei] : eI dv ay (hw - Fw) But j According +o equof stale ok oN, “av, cL BMe = RT BOP, = PT 2 vy ' 7 in ee alt! a SO, Ww): ay [ea.- en jHh. wonton © WEAT INGINE :— A neal engine is a dévice wri ch coments : a thermal” een. echanical 84 os heal emergy into me : Qonx tener gy) The (heat, mgines cohich are used tn ocut .O clay to-day “Lie have maximum effictence 60%- 65% . Sadi Cannot in 1824 cleve lope & theorotical engine ,which é Tree trom ai clfects of practical engenes wrcan Fredece amaximum energy Essentzal Part The essential part of engine are @aBcugst — f Working i —— a fi Sunstone AY oo. Dv Q carncts heal Inselaking Stand © Source ~ Th és a heal wesenver mrainiaénecl af o very heah temperature TK TE has iM enégte thermal Capaccty é-e OF some amoun} of heat fs extracted Yaom 24 there te noc ends femp. Ji és eee by Msulalin Where as Walls §& bottom x top bs conducting L@ worwing S “Whe Wworekteg seabe ames iG Keph tnetcle A eyllrclerereak ve: cot portectty tm nolo beng. WANE LK condoeting boriom. MN és Hfedbted Vet beck wWalh an eoyselating racer Leqnt i tre®cbéom Leas pecton © st = TW ts ananothere head reecercvere Meaivlained of anextcemety Low Lemp. BK 6A ee Save ourAecd by eMseilaking walls A bolloms wheres ar Iho Atop es comdoc be mg, VW has elemedehy heak caper mee TE Bame amownt of Neakite entreackod MTreamy A Meree Cet Be SHO Ghange of amp . @ INSELATING STAND «= Mg a perdecty émscelaken slapd vsecl Vorm acéabadic opercation to pe WORKING 2— CearMor's CycLe) The carme " consés! of 4 Strcokes . ot RMAL_ EXPAN STON) > MMe Stamce % placec| om Whe socrece and thay exparictect So that We system changes Aicom A CP VFO, BCPayVe) AAS the gan te o and 7 ads ts Ox Lempercotore sinowtd felt wed Vo doretovnn tne mechanical Worck Ahe worck’ng Substance alssorths, Q@ amount of Neal Pom anf Sourcce. So Wak” ine lemperceturce(T) memains constant- sence dhe. preocess mS On éso neremn ak expamston. Gn ihés preocess dhe Worckclone by \he edorcking, Substance. es gol. -to lhe od absordgeo| C As qos PCs by Hh be fine ee fray. enitm(%)| L yy 3 ae ty to are alle cycte DL V7-01-2022 workerAPSR! Tp. a 4 és pre ~Y indicated dfas am. fi OGeac g by Curve _ Rs mepmesénted Ate SBR 2 wonkdone geen this process. t re Ana) Wi = Area of ABGE = and Ss - TRO A STROKE Now the. the: sozrce Sn placed cn the em, Stand So thak «és completely Sh ficom alt sede. Then the act dip ee es expanded, so Hal & changes “dom BCP vs) bo CCP. vs) ° aut sides, Stnce the gqstem Bat \*here fs no 1S heat exchan« 5 the. eucrem $2 betwee the systems Someondéng sHenée’ the Procéss fs an Adgabalr BPI SFEN o Here kempercolone atic Grom thy rh Workdone durcéng _adkfabadte expansion V wi Tn P-V cliagmam aclabadic expanséon fs° frepreesenteA by curve Bc. tence , W. = Area of BCHGB E (ISOTHERMAL’ COMPRESSTO A STROKE (ISOTHERMAL COMPRESS: 3B} STROKE ( PK és memoved trom the I i Now he re, and placed on Stink’ ab ensoloding Stang, tne OWorkéng, substance fs hernp- Ta. re whe. cystem changes Geom : Compress ; vu).As the tvorking substance eS compressed, So heal & gereratec| cobtch TS meteasecl to the stak Seqthe Lamp. & remains constart and dhe Reocess Ys an tsathermat compressten , hereheal_gene rated "a3 Here heal refected ‘@) ts equat ta She Workdone aewreng Ssathermal compresston , ov = Qa ews = -RTta (4) Tr RV abagram, Tsothermal compresston Fs represented? by Coueve CO -Hence workeone Ws = Area of COFHC 4'* stroke CADINGATIC COMPRESSION): — oO eed Yhe Working sedbstasce Es removed Arom the sink § placecl on the enszlateng Stand so that ef és completely tnsilated by alt sedes ~The the eworkéng Sas See | es Compressed . So thak tt returns bo H neat Stale Fe. D(Riva) bo Alpav). eS Since the systeny es completely Enszilated drom all etdes deuréng adzabalec Compresséon lemp. éncreases com Tp. do Ti -So the qorckdone , # \Wa - B [t- 12) j Adéabatic compressfon 8s represented by the Ctirnve DNA . we t 4“8 wortkeone és ail ~4 Wa = frea: of WORKOONE QORTNG CORNOTS cyett Me net ovoorekclone Cteareéng carmel eye fe Woewis We -we-We From the pv- &adtcatore dag rar We Area of ARCDA 7? te. fhe area enclosed by the Pv. Endieator: cteagrcan : ANALYTICALLY :-— : We RT to) 4 & (n-) - am tn(¥) ~ Keren) = RT a Roa tn (45) 7W=Q- — @ Now ogee , aA carenot cycle BEC aie & ‘same adéabaktc pol 1 <1) Os TH Va ager? Sd x -& Vali Again. T DY A aw tn same adiaholec v1 = : Thyas. eta? > ane 2 (mye a Gs Hence, op equ" CA) & C2). So ‘we Can- uore® jo v2 Vy V2 OW xVeing egy eon equ ch Wwe qe / f ! EMETICTIENICY 3 w Elftetoncy © of corenok aa ompine we, Aelined os the rtakto heluieen the Lolo -weelodh cxorkdorw to the amount of heak supply Wee Qir@e Gy feo, u Qi ata ; a hor : | Agata. aq. WL » Aero 1068) AN 10%) Mus effevorcy of a Sarcnok, heal en on the Remporeslure of Whe Sertrece But not on the malurce of work? gine. d foperdy ond the eu. AA surskone , a find the a oF a carenot hoof! worckéng between the bermpenckure MBE TL 995 4272 = Sook Ta = 27 4293 = 200K engéng TAC (Sinkd and gc Sp (LT 0} 4 9 2 / ~\ 1 wT aes! goo ht gt eve 4+ Ahoy QL EFFecéam of a! conmot heokengéne ts tot When source kesp. 5 999°C. by Hoos much the source Lemp.” is. increased gg ie becomes 60% ? AB 4) +929"C = S00k = 0.4 ok “ehh ecte neyWe know, nN: ik 4 > Be roa = 0.6 j Th ! DT, = S$00X04 © GOOk Pe = 300K), |! rg Migiy ae bef Wome ! Jeary my 7 06= [~ 300. | my s aes. FIM-Ogr a4 1 elie = B00x Q's qSOk , “Increase em socuece Lemp. = 8 ¥s01c~ S001. s2E0K ~CARNIOT'S THEOREM + De 2 012027 : TM states tat there &6 ‘no sheak er re , ohich &s. more efecéent Lhan q EARN Ok re eI heak engéne when Wortking "belcweay lao Same tend Mel as consider ao rmeverestble baal oq ‘Rand an trereeverestbie heal engine ‘f° gene bet gourcce Lemp. 5 & sink Lemp. , Worckings Tl D9 Revensieie heel engine :— ek Q: amount of heal &s absorb b Aho working Substance at Lemp 7 & Q@ amoant of heek és mefected lo, sink al Lemp. T . Therefore, tne. | wortkdlone tia complete cycle ! W Qi- Q Bip hencfore 1 Efféctency Nee =Gn Ineevensible heat engine pe : 4 _ kek tarteverstble peal engine obsonb G! omourk of heak4nom source oh lamp: & nefects Gj ome & heal to the sink of Lemp. Ta. - Wonkdone acting. ot compiete oy de W-@- a, e 7! = Qi-w —() the txnevensible engt cineckéon and. bne Meverse direction > The tnrevensible on gine aksorh: heot “from the soumce ob Lernp. T, amount of uxrtk and mefecks fay of Qi-W amount of heat be! the sink -ab temp. T2 - : ~ Now the meverctble heok engine one tokes $20-u) Omount Of heak “Freorn the sink ot temp.tz pertonn “W' amount of work o & ond mefects ‘G, amount of heak to the SourceWere the workdone by tre trutevercsible engine | ‘ GoortKs ‘as the exckermnak work on the rebveresthies { engine / retregomtaton!: - Ft Chereefore, heat’ Last! bg the sink , Me > QQ)! ; ve | = Q,-W -Q; cu) = Qi-@,! Which é& a tve quantity Hence, Q-@! amount of heat és transfoned “trom the sink to the source Which comtraclics x Law| af thefemodgnanics » tence cure assumption Wr? Me is wrong Le. Reversible Carnot heok engine ts alwa: more efféecéent than Frevercséble heak engéne worckéng, between same two tempercaturces . | SECOND LAW OF THESMODYNIAMICS :— a PLANCK = KELVIN STATEMENT >— : ‘Th @ mposstble to construct a heab engine which @ opercatégg EXE tn a complete cycle > wt absorb heal +Hrom a Single body and convertk whole of & &mto mechanical work Dt: 24 Ol. 2022 claUsIUS SIATEMENT :— Tk és | Imposséble te constreecd a mechant cal clevéce vohich operaking en a complete cycle well raeeneten hect Ireom abody ot lower tempercoture to a body af HEgher Ley i Codon on exer agen! 2 he Dai KELVIN STBTEMIEMT 2) js "+= Th @ Arnposéble ‘Jo getacontiivous supply of heal by Cooling a body bellow &s surreou- , andl mas * “ENTROPY: 2 % i Ee talhioy Entrrapy. to , on - extenstve propertly oF a, thermo yndertcat system unhich, claeterconines, ‘the egrree., of disorcderness of the bod > Entropy ts an extenséve property df Oo Brersmedyna -mical syste which measure the atsarcdereness oF we | stem Met us Tcoetaer Q system under: rqceng a Revertstble process: Frrom, tmettak, state fy to”? Chong “the ‘path ‘A’ to Yenal ctate ‘f' to,,%!atong the "Path *B" «As the process fe a cyte pagreowe preoceas tmclinadion along the A ze. $ Boo ic ae: a faa. 4 5 js PET LO ay ‘Ages ay eee dhe same mevercsable Preocess along the e path C & cam: Fito ‘e! along the ip B. hen . —_ “[® fae BeOe ee (0) : J8p Ne cont vate “orcall He psi cddeceabte path + jaro equ%ce) & C22) na 4 cfs Ze. TM has same value Mow Arcom mmittal stale OM the reevensbie. re? to 4tenal state t¥1. Hence, the quantity da %s énclepenclent of the posh a0 & A function of ental Stakes ont —-Hence:, - dq Tepresemts SOM Uhercmoclymartcedr SS ae Polb-stren_anpigal stale _¢2? bo anal stale-<¥4 a Weoperciy) eohrch 26 known as entrcopy oF the Syeley And ts “defined as dg: AQ, , Again, When spe system chan es tron eBead state . Yo fetal stage, oh : ; This Represent change eo emtreopy of the 7 System ’ PHYSICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ENTROPY ¢— | Entropy fs a Mfonctéon oF end evidlependent of palh Yollawed . Entreopy Remaéns constant dune: Process, Where a8 & & enc reeases fn érerceverssi— -ble preocess . poents and 4 reversetble | 2 UNTT 32> Cal*e™ on FRE DIMENSION s~ [MGT 7K! ity > Entropy % an extensive preoperety oF a thermodynamical System . > FT measures je cesorcderness of the system | CHANGE TM ENTROPY IN REVERSIBLE PRocess/BERE-O1.2022 ES 6) CLAUSTIS: THEOREM) STATEMENT ~The net} change &) emtro Process ts zemo-2e.9n a reverstbte Preocess ee 8 oR ' $FE = 0 ire ee 1 PROOF * Wer'S consider. the cacmot’'s ° Meverstble cycle, Which © two esothenmal’ & too. TMOcesses Pq & a reversthle | | consists of » © adéabedicer the commot's ses represented by ARcoR én Pe diagram . N Dusting Vecthenmol txponsicg Bubstome obsess Gpomeount of the source: ok temp. % - hereon imcrense By using this AS =GOF ~ : Thus Ye mek change tA erknopy Eco duréng o comptete foenstbie cannot! Bc sesic i E NTROPY IN AN pri » Daureng, +202. TRREVERSIBLE CYCLE I~ an entropy of the system dearéng thé ficrrevercsehle preocess i Qo a] 2 Qi ote, [2s 79) (as: ge asysiem anys meng prénerences tm an. ererceverestbly In generat » cA change of enlicopy of Univercse| As 20 .- Mera enter means the System ano Seraorarcling . Trasibhintedes: Chelaeadl MORWELCS THERMODYNIAMACAL RELATIONS : — A thermodynamical system can be expressed as functions of thermedynaniteal * Variable Tp, V, &. Moawell -dentved "6 ciffercomt these varckables . These arc2 equations conmectin known as Maxwell eremodymamical yeelaktion AFlccorecléng to AF Lauer of theremedynamics AR = du+ Pdv ——@) Ficcorndéing, to a Lav, of fhermodgmamtes . 262 8 Then ~from equ” cer § (88) TdS = du+Pdv. ydu ds — PAV (iit) Now Let % sq be kwo ; abo Wvortabtes, such trod iy ov Ute y ; lan : 2 Vv (uy) a S (wy i gOO EEE gh Ol: 2022 Deg oe oo Byes (laa av» (MY aes (Sp) “4 As - Su) * Ge). Niall using eqo" cw? tm 4), We get . Be @a Ty Set] “%) em, aa | ae aee Oe), = (8) ' (24) ay, a (3). =0(& a. Since, Ula a i perfect ctieenishnech 6 ez = oats oe) aoe if Gy i Gy) Sr); (2 a: (oe}t7 2%, 8 siege-@ (a a: > ae "oy THs ts the a orem of Maxwell's Ihatpetlfhortfen telodion 8 * RELNTION + _ det aS & yev os. 3 ax 4 . fo} fohs) y Qo - ov oO : OF eee using the above condthions tm equ" (), wie gel 2h? RELATION | el ee ee ar. gr ° av : = 0 OV ou = =1 oy sng this &m equ’ (v), We qe, 0S ap Br ae eNor view " > Teale aFr @ RO SR RELATION :— Kel x 29% “yee OS. \ oP ey ox” oy. oe. eS -0 os : oy in equ) Using \hnese above conditions, We qe LY) 16 aca > ee ov Keets \os/p th 4 RELATION 7 — KB maT py P 2. or. 4 Fo at. ar’, ox so we get \hese above conditfonstn equ) , Bee eh Ge), Goil> & Je -Gy) ») HEAT TRANSMISSION. * > . DL-03-02-2072 ‘ete’ OF trransénsston dt heal &n which heat @s breansterced ik hedher. Yemp. 40 Aowere Lemp rom particle “to qe a | nh Pe . i CONDUCTION. ~ Y Coneluction @ conveclton Roiktalvon Ty & process F Irangmiss’ Stan SF heal, arawtth the Porctécle, nemaining : Lostkicn mn theére, ean Poston iy | preston THERMAL conpuchis gayi be transfer ream Facey Fae, The concept of Unerrmal conductivity eas Aver by Goturcéer en 4g2. : el's comstden acabe of face area's 8 Stde ‘d'. . Ket ‘o § G1 be the iempercatures = #2 of the foo opposite Races Ze. face-! & face-2 mespecttvely., TF @),2> 8, . Then heat v2@ll, Plow Mrcom Face-! to Face-2. TF Q amount of heal ts Stowe. Greom dace-\ to Mace-2 tm beme ‘t'. Therd, Qaa KO-0, KEL ale KG By combinéng Ihese , ga MGcglk Wher kK isa Proper domaléty constant known as co-eff2egent of Clasticity : HM A = $m? d=4cem O,=O%=4°c. -1s . then Q@=k.ee fee Ha LB Ste mee yelp oath Co-efFeczent, of tnercmat conduckively ‘defined as,’ the ‘amotent of heak Now Eng Ree Second berwee#n ‘kwo oppostre haces oF OY cube of Volume dem cebe ana , Maintatned as Jempercalurce cif fercence. of fr anne stenunss at fo'Y Ly O-Oxr . _ .- do 1 : AX ; re “ve Lempercciurd Giriacdttownt which’ tepresents the nate of Falk of kemperatuna wth déstance.” } ! | | : UNIT of ge t— Yer om Ke | i Oca AO) t UNIT OF [ki t= Seok Coilec's! DIMENSION ¢— pie tater) fed © Tea tate ie Welter ty MT