Blood Glucose Test
5.6%
- Measures the glucose levels in your blood
- Glucose is a type of sugar. It is the body’s
main source of energy
- Hyperglycemia
o High blood glucose levels
- Hypoglycemia
o Low blood glucose levels
- Provides useful information for diabetes
management
- Help monitor the effect of diabetes
medications on blood sugar levels,
- Identify blood sugar levels that are high or
low
- Track your progress in reaching your overall
treatment goals
- Learn how diet and exercise affect blood
sugar levels
- Understand how other factors, such as
illness or stress, affect blood sugar levels
When to get tested:
- Risk of diabetes: 45 years of age or older
(American Diabetes Association)
- Experience symptoms suggesting high or
low blood glucose
- Have diabetes, may be instructed by the
healthcare practitioner to check the glucose
level up to several times a day
Test Preparation:
 Screening and diagnosis: in general, it is
recommended that
- Fast for at least 8 hours (usually overnight)
before having a blood glucose test
- May be done at a random time
- Post-meal glucose
Hemoglobin A1c
- Also called A1c or glycated hemoglobin test
- Hemoglobin with glucose attached
- Evaluates the average amount of glucose in
the blood over the last 2 to 3 months by
measuring the percentage of glycated
hemoglobin in the blood
- Used to screen for and diagnose diabetes or
risk of developing diabetes
- Monitor treatment for individuals diagnosed
with diabetes
- Normal Value: A1c level is between 4% and
o An A1c of less than 7% indicates
good glucose control and a lower
risk of diabetic complications for
the majority of people with diabetes
Capillary Blood Glucose (CBG)
- Synonym: finger stick blood glucose
- Circulating blood glucose as measured by
glucometer analysis of a fingerstick sample
- Regular measurements of CBG allow
diabetic patients to make frequent
adjustments in their caloric intake, exercise
levels, and use of antidiabetic medication,
esp. insulin.
- Normal value: 70-110 mg/dl
Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS)
- Give vital clues about how a person’s body
is managing blood sugar
- Blood sugar tends to peak about an hour
after eating and declines after that
Fasting Just Ate 3 hours
after
eating
Normal 80-100 170-200 120-140
Pre- 101-125 190-230 140-160
diabetic
diabetic 126+ 220-300 200+
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
- For Gestational Diabetes; glucose tolerance
test, pregnancy
- To screen for and diagnose diabetes that
develops during pregnancy, aka gestational
diabetes
- Most women are screened for gestational
diabetes between 24 and 28 weeks of
pregnancy
- One-step 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test:
you will need to fast (usually overnight)
before an initial blood sample is drawn. You
will be given a 75-gram dose of glucose to
drink and your blood will be drawn at 1 hour
and 2 hours after dose
- Normal Value: equal to or less than 140
mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L)
Diabetes Autoantibodies
 - Islet autoantibodies in diabetes
- To identify people at increased risk for
developing type 1 diabetes or requiring
insulin treatment; to aid in the classification
of diabetes
- When to get tested:
o Any time that you have diabetes,
and your healthcare practitioner
cannot clearly determine if you
have type 1 diabetes or type 2
diabetes, your healthcare
practitioner may order tests for islet
autoantibodies
- Glutamic acid decarboxylase, or GAD,
antibodies.
- Type 1 diabetes that develops later in life isa
called Latent autoimmune diabetes in
adults (LADA)
- GAD antibodies belong to a group of
diabetes-associated antibodies that instruct
the immune system to destroy the insulin-
producing pancreatic cells. When insulin
production stops, diabetes develops
- Normal Value: under 5 units/ml
Albumin-to-creatinine ratio
- Albumin
o A protein found in the blood
- Creatinine is a waste product that comes
from the normal wear and tear on muscles of
the body
- To screen for and detect early kidney disease
in people with diabetes or other risk factors,
such as high blood pressure (hypertension)
- Random sample of urine, a timed urine
sample (such as 4 hours or overnight), or a
complete 24-hour urine sample is collected
in a clean container
- Albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) is the
first method of preference to detect elevated
protein
- Early-stage kidney disease= albumin in
urine.
- High levels of albumin= kidney failure
- Normal value
o Less than 30- normal
o 30-300- microalbuminuria
o Above 300- macroalbuminuria
Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP)
- Measures the sugar (glucose) level,
electrolyte and fluid balance, kidney
function, and liver function
o How your kidneys and liver are
working
o Your blood sugar levels
o Your electrolyte levels
o How much protein is in your blood
o The balance of acid and base in
your blood
o How your metabolism is working
- Liver profile
o ALP (alkaline phosphatase):44-147
international units per liter (IU/L)
o ALT (alanine aminotransferase):7-
40 IU/L
o AST (aspartate
aminotransferase):10-34 IU/L
o Bilirubin: 0.3-1.9 milligrams per
deciliter (mg/dL)
- Kidney Profile
o BUN (blood urea nitrogen): 6-20
mg/dL
o Creatinine:0.6-1.3 mg/dL
- Serum electrolytes
o Sodium: 136-145 milliequivalents
per liter (meq/L)
o Potassium: 3.5-5.1 meq/L
o Chloride: 96-106 meq/L
o CO2 (carbon dioxide): 23-29
meq/L
- Protein
o Albumin: 3.4-5.4 grams per
deciliter (g/dL)
o Total Protein:6.0-8.3 g/dL
- Lucose
o Normal range: 70-99 mg/dL
- Calcium
o Total blood calcium: 8.5 to 10.3
milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL)
o Ionized Calcium: 4.4 to 5.4 mg/dL
CMP calcium test
- Important for healthy muscles, nerves and
hormones
- Calcium is abnormal= hormone imbalance
or problems with your kidneys, bones, or
pancreas
- Normal range: 8.6-10.2 mg/dL
Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)

- A group of 8 tests that measures several

substances in your blood
- Provides information on your blood sugar
(glucose) level, the balance of electrolytes
and fluids, and the health of your kidneys

Glycated Serum Protein (GSP)

- Fructosamine
- Monitor blood glucose levels over time if
you have diabetes, especially if it is not
possible to monitor your diabetes using the
HA1c test.
- Help determine the effectiveness of changes
to your diabetic treatment plan that might
include changes in diet, exercise, or
medications, especially if they were made
recently
- Normal values vary in relation to the serum
albumin concentration and are 200-285
μmolL, when the serum albumin
concentration level is 5 g/dL
- Reduction in serum albumin lowers the
serum fructosamine value