IoT Gas and Temperature Monitoring Interface of a

Low Temperature Pyrolysis Reactor for the

Production of Biochar
Nestor Luis Brito Naveda Julie Youjin Jung Artem Davydov
Div. of Mathematics & Sciences Div. of Mathematics & Sciences Div. of Mathematics & Sciences
Langara College Langara College Langara College
Vancouver, Canada Vancouver, Canada Vancouver, Canada
nstor.brito@gmail.com julieyjung@gmail.com

Pavandeep Singh Dhillon Yun Hua Hung Mark Lee

Div. of Mathematics & Sciences Div. of Mathematics & Sciences Div. of Mathematics & Sciences
Langara College Langara College Langara College
Vancouver, Canada Vancouver, Canada Vancouver, Canada
pavandhillon97@gmail.com

Jasmine Radu Oakley Bach-Raabe Connor Michael Thomas Hayden

Div. of Mathematics & Sciences Div. of Mathematics & Sciences Div. of Mathematics & Sciences
Langara College Langara College Langara College
Vancouver, Canada Vancouver, Canada Vancouver, Canada

Abstract—The Langara College Biochar Project consists on the
use of a small pyrolysis reactor to convert a variety of biomass
compounds into biochar. The current reactor lacks a monitoring
interface to keep track of the different gas concentrations and the
temperature of the kiln. This project aims to create a device that:
communicates gas concentrations and temperatures from the
pyrolytic reaction to a website; in the case of an emergency event,
sends SMS alerts to the operator, and enables an actuator to shut
off the reaction; and finally, stores data locally. The device used
for data acquisition and manipulation was an Arduino Mega 2560,
fitted with a Wi-Fi shield for the communications and data storage.
Sensor wise, the Grove Multichannel Gas Sensor, DHT22, and
TMP36, were employed for the measurement of gas
concentrations, humidity, and temperature, respectively.
ThingSpeak and IFTTT were used for the monitoring and alert
system. The scope of this project was to provide a starting point to
such a device by employing inexpensive components and laying out
most of the software. As a consequence, our results were affected
by cross-sensitivity between gas sensors. Regardless, the device is
capable of displaying trend-lines for the concentration, sending
them to a remote server, storing the data locally, and sending alerts
when an emergency event occurs. Future iterations should employ
a fully featured website and more precise sensors.
Keywords—Gas monitoring, Arduino, Internet of things,
Thingspeak, IFTTT, Pyrolysis, Biochar.
I. INTRODUCTION
The Langara College Biochar Project aims to manipulate the
chemical and physical characteristics of biochar by quantifying
pyrolytic conditions. Different temperatures and the presence of
carrier gases have been known to give biochar different
properties [1, 2].
Gas and temperature monitoring technologies have been
available for decades [3]-[5], and gas and temperature
monitoring pertinent to pyrolysis of biomass already exists [6]-
[9]. It has been indicated that low-temperature pyrolysis
appears to conserve a high proportion of nitrogen in biochar [1,
10].
Chromatography is a common technique used to quantify
carrier gases. Although chromatography yields accurate results
[10]-[12], gas chromatography alone cannot differentiate
between chemical compounds [13]. In addition, a controlled
autosampler-system would be required for it to operate as an
automatic analyzer [3] but there may be barriers in industrial
scalability. Electrochemical sensors are well suited for
pyrolytic environments for high temperatures and aggressive
environmental [14]. Infrared sensors are a cost-effective
alternative to traditional spectroscopy setups since they work by
the same principles [15, 16]. Biochar Experimenters Kits
(BEK™), which contained an Arduino-based sensor and
control board, have been sold before. The Process Control Unit
(PCU) monitored temperature, humidity, and power. However,
it could not monitor gas concentrations. Additionally, a single
kit was priced starting at around $5,000 USD [17]. Monitoring
biochar with these commercially available sensor systems on an
industrial scale would be costly. To keep the cost low, Metal
Oxide Semiconductor sensors were chosen [18]. Relative
volume of CO in the sensor chamber is important to consider,
since the infrared sensor [8] used failed to determine trends due
to a large volume of CO2 that was produced.
The most crucial aspect of this gas monitoring interface was
to plot real-time data and to notify operators when certain
predetermined thresholds have been met. Arduinos have been

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used in similar pyrolysis or gas monitoring projects for its
accessibility, simplicity, cost-effective and versatile abilities
[19]-[26]. Majority of these projects make use of Metal Oxide
Semiconductor sensors [24]-[26] for gas monitoring, and either
only communicate through local output peripherals (e.g. an
LCD screen) [23]-[26] or employ separate hardware modules
for the communications of the alert system [24, 26].

II. METHODOLOGY
The pyrolysis reactor consists of a kiln that is connected to
a series of pipes that provide an exhaust outlet for the reaction.
The sensors will be placed inside a specially designed manifold
at the end of the exhaust. The sensors will be directly connected
to an Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller board adjacent to the
manifold. This board reads data from the sensors, makes
decisions based on pre-set parameters, stores the data locally in
an SD card, and sends the data to both a data analysis service
and a local server for ease of access of the user.
The sensors implemented were:

● The Grove Multichannel Gas Sensor, produced by

Seed Studio Electronics: this is a standalone low-
voltage board that measures the ppm concentration of
carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2),
ethanol (C2H6OH10), hydrogen (H2), ammonia (NH3),
methane (CH4), propane (C3H8), and isobutane
(C4H10), through four channels of Metal Oxide
sensors. The Multichannel sensor communicates with Fig. 1. Flowchart of the Arduino code.
the Arduino through the I2C protocol.

● The TMP36 temperature sensor, created by Analog

Devices: this is a low-voltage temperature sensor that
provides a linear voltage output that is proportional to
the temperature in the degrees Celsius (°C) scale. This
is connected to one of the Arduino’s analog inputs.

● The DHT22 humidity and temperature sensor,

manufactured by Aosong Electronics: this is a low-
voltage capacitive humidity and temperature sensor
that outputs a single bus digital signal. This is
connected via a single Arduino digital pin.

The Multichannel sensor and the DHT22 have libraries

provided by third parties which help with the interpretation of
the output signals. These are the MultichannelGasSensor.h and
DHT.h libraries, which are available at the official Arduino
library repository. The equation for the conversion from voltage
to temperature for the TMP36 is provided on the manufacturer’s
datasheet [27].
Fig. 2. Block diagram of the device.
A demo pipe manifold was designed and 3D printed for the
placement of the sensors. Rubber was then put around openings
to seal the input and sensors. The Multichannel sensor and the
DHT22 were covered with a cotton cloth (i.e. gauze) to keep
them away from any condensed liquids [21].

For communication, an Arduino Wi-Fi shield equipped with

a microSD card slot was used. The data from each measurement
cycle was stored in an SD card as a CSV file and sent to both a
local server and an IoT (Internet of Things) service by
MathWorks, ThingSpeak.com, which serves as a platform for
easily hosting and graphing data for further analysis using

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MATLAB tools [28]. The data is sent to a website hosted on a
10 16
local XAMPP server for remote monitoring [29]. The Arduino NH3
CO
is connected to the network through Wi-Fi and the website is 10 14 NO2
C3 H8
available to only those connected to that same network. If the 10 12
C4 H10
CH4

gas temperature were to exceed a predefined parameter, a text H2

C2 H5OH

message is sent to the operator by using the cloud-based service 10 10

Gas concentration (ppm)

If This Then That (IFTTT). IFTTT provides applets that 10 8
interface with the Arduino by setting up events that are
triggered by ThingSpeak [28]. Additionally, a logic signal is 10 6

sent by the Arduino to set an actuator (e.g. a servo motor that 10 4

controls a valve on the pipe) to shut off the reaction.

10 2

III. RESULTS 10 0

The sensor system trials were deployed in a colleague’s 10

-2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
garage. The following pyrolytic gases were quantified: Cycle #

ammonia (NH3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide Fig. 4. Gas measurements with high airflow.
(NO2), propane (C3H8), butane (C4H10), methane (CH4),
hydrogen (H2), and ethanol (C2H5OH). The results were
displayed in a locally hosted webpage and stored in an SD card. B. Warning
Fig. 3 shows the trendlines of gas concentrations from the first
run of the pyrolysis reaction, without a fan. For the second run,
a small 12V fan, fed with 5V for lower output, was added to
improve the airflow: the results shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 5 is an
example of a text message that is sent when the collected data
reaches critical values. The TMP36 can withstand up to 150 ºC
[27], so to simulate such a high temperature (i.e. +200 ºC), the
ground pin was disconnected to have a floating output voltage.

A. Gas Concentration
10 20
NH3
CO
NO2
C3 H8
C4 H10
10 15 CH4
H2
C2 H5OH Fig. 5. Text message alerts.
Gas concentration (ppm)

10 10
IV. DISCUSSION
By inspecting the graphed data in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, it was
10 5
observed that the concentration of the gases followed a clear
trend from the start to finish of the reaction and that the values
10 0 were stable for all measurements (i.e. low signal noise). With
these trend lines, one could profile the different wood chips
used for burning and further analyze the behaviour of the
10 -5
0 50 100 150 reaction at different temperatures.
Cycle #

Fig. 3. Gas measurements with low airflow.

The problem with the Multichannel gas sensor is that it
senses gases that should not be present in the reaction (i.e.
butane, C4H10). This is due to its issues with cross-sensitivity; it
senses gases that might not be there, or it confuses the gas with
something else [15, 16, 18]. It then displays data with a similar
trendline to other gas, or combination of gases, but with a
different magnitude because of the formula that is used to
convert the voltage to ppm for that gas. This was very apparent
in the trendline for methane (CH4). Due to the cross-sensitivity,
numbers of > 1 million ppm were observed, which is physically
impossible. Furthermore, other gases may be susceptible to
cross-sensitivity, which would have further skewed the results.
To improve the situation, the airflow was increased to allow for

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better diffusion of the gases [30, 31]. In comparing Fig. 3 and
Fig. 4, similar behaviours were observed between the two
respective trials, but the concentration fell at least two-folds in
magnitude for the higher concentration gases. Ultimately,
higher-end sensors are required to overcome problems such as
the cross-sensitivity between the sensors or the limitations of
the Metal Oxide sensors that were used [15, 16, 18].
It is recommended that either infrared or electrochemical
sensors are used in future iterations. Electrochemical sensors
are more durable than Metal Oxide sensors [14], and both
electrochemical and infrared sensors offer higher precision
given their drastically different methods of measurement [15,
16]. Another alternative is to profile the gas sensors to account
for their cross-sensitivity. This would consist of setting up
different gas samples and feeding them to the system to
recognize its response to individual gases and different gas
mixtures [15]. With that data, a computational model could be
developed to allow for better calibration of the sensors. There
is already research into the computational modeling of Metal
Oxide sensors [32, 33], which makes it a good alternative if the
budget needs to be kept in the lower end.
With respect to the temperature measurements, precise data
about the temperature of the gases inside the manifold were
collected. Inexpensive sensors were used because the focus was
on gathering temperature data from the gases after they have
travelled far back into the pipes (i.e. they have cooled down).
The alarm system is supposed to work with the temperature of
the kiln itself. The use of a high temperature type-K fibreglass
probe, with its respective amplifier (e.g. MAX6675), is
recommended due to its code and functioning being similar to
the TMP36 [34].
Concerning the current system overall, some issues must be
addressed. The DHT22 only allows for measurements to be
done every 2 seconds [35]. Therefore, depending on how time-
sensitive the reaction is, an alternative sensor should be
considered.
V. CONCLUSION
This project was a first attempt to build a relatively
inexpensive device that serves as a monitoring interface for the
biochar reactor. The scope was that of a proof of concept. The
desired functionality is there; the device can measure
temperature and gas concentrations, the concentration data is
stable and it can be used to graph trendlines, the data is stored
locally, both on an SD card and a local server, and finally, in
case the temperature goes over a certain threshold, the device
can send a logic signal to set an actuator and send an alert text
message to the operator.
Challenges encountered, such as the cross-sensitivity, were
mostly due to the scope and scale of this project, given that
inexpensive components (i.e. Metal Oxide sensors) were
employed. The sensitivity issues can be remedied by acquiring
different sensors (e.g. either electrochemical or infrared) and
refining the software to build a computational model [32, 33]
that helps discern between different gases by profiling each
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sensor’s response to individual gases and a diverse set of
mixtures. Once the sensitivity issues have been dealt with, the
profiling of the gases could be more complex, which would
allow for closer monitoring of the biochar production and a
better study of the pyrolytic reaction itself. In conclusion, this
project can be extrapolated to a larger budget with the same
Arduino, but with more accurate sensors, software calibration,
and a custom-made manifold built from more heat-resistant
materials. Additionally, it would be beneficial to reduce
reliance on external software such as ThingSpeak and IFTTT.
Since these third-party tools take away some of the autonomy
of the project and in order for it to be as self-contained as
possible, key features, such as the alarm system, should be
entirely dependent on local devices.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We thank professors Todd Stuckless, Kelly Sveinson,
Pooya Taheri, and Csilla Tamás, for giving us the opportunity
to participate in this project and their academic guidance. We
also thank Allen Zhou, Henry Lei, and Langara College’s
Makerspace for providing technical support. Finally, we would
like to thank Matthew Sam, Justin Chang, Gabriel Debes, and
Nicholas Alexiou, for providing their help and suggestions.
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