Agri Manual Bhavina Revised FINAL

Instrumentation In Agriculture and Food
Processing
Institute Vision
To evolve SCET into a shrine of excellence in technical education & research and an
aspiring place for engineering education seekers and educators. We commit to
produce knowledge workers, stimulated by discipline, professional ethics, continuous
learning, leadership skills and elevated morals, striving towards progressive
civilization!!
Institute Mission
 To achieve high student performance and overall organizational learning by

continuously upgrading technical knowledge and enhancing professional/teaching
skills of faculties.
 To provide state of art infrastructure and services to the student and the staff.
 To engage in active research and technical consultancy.
 To forge mutually beneficial relation with government Organizations, industries,
alumni and society at large.
Department Vision
To endeavor for excellence in the field of Instrumentation & Control Engineering

through innovative teaching, research and industry academia collaboration.
Department Mission
To set up the mechanism for quality education in the field of Instrumentation &
control Engineering to meet the industrial requirements
To establish a research environment for societal benefit through industrial

interaction.
To inculcate entrepreneurial attitude, professional ethics and human values among

learners.
Instrumentation and Control department, SCET 1|Page
Processing

Processing
PROGRAM OUTCOMES
After completion of this four year graduate level program in Instrumentation & Control
Engineering students will be capable to acquire the following qualities.
PO.1. Apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and Engineering to Instrumentation and

Control Discipline to solve complex engineering problems.
PO.2. : Identify, formulate , review research literature and analyze complex engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions with the fundamentals of mathematics,
engineering and science.
PO.3.: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system components
that meet the specified requirements with considerations for the public health and safety
and environmental considerations.
PO.4.:Use research based knowledge and research methods including design of
experiments, analysis and interpretation of data and synthesis of the information to
provide valid conclusions.
PO.5.:Create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources and modern
engineering and software tools including prediction and modeling complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO.6.: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess public health,
safety, communication and other legal issues relevant to the professional engineering
practice.
PO.7.: Evaluate the impact of the professional engineering solutions in social and
environmental contexts and provide sustainable development of systems.
PO.8.: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
PO.9.: Function effectively as an individual and a member or a leader in diverse teams, and
in multidisciplinary settings.
PO.10. Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as being able to write comprehensive and
effective reports with impressive presentation and communication skills.
PO.11. : Demonstrate acquired skills of engineering and management and apply these to
one's own work as a member or leader to carry out multidisciplinary projects.
PO.12.: cognize the requirements and have preparation and ability to engage in
independent and lifelong learning in accordance with the latest updates in the field of
engineering and technology.
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSO)
PSO 1: design, develop, select, test, calibrate, install and integrate Instrumentation and
Control systems.
PSO 2: model, simulate and analyze systems and control methodologies to cater the needs of
the core industrial problems.
PSO 3: Synthesize new ideas by integrating emerging technologies to provide solutions for
the real life applications.

Processing
EXPERIMENT LIST
Subject: Instrumentation in Agriculture and Food Processing (2181707)

Sr. TITLE Date of Signature
No. Performance
1 Introduction of PLC programming and Codesys
2 To Study Different Soil parameters Sensors used in
Agriculture Automation
3 To Study Different Bio Sensors used in Agriculture
Automation
4 Develop SCADA and PLC program to study
instrumentation set up for pacakaging system
5 Develop SCADA and PLC program for green house
automation
6 Develop SCADA and PLC program for canal
automation
7 Develop SCADA and Study instrumentation set up

for SCADA system for the dairy Industry
8 To study about the how to fatch sensor digital data
using thing speak IOT platform
9 Develop SCADA and PLC program for bottle filing
automation sytem
10 Develop SCADA and PLC for temperature control in
cold storage system

Processing
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Bachelor of Engineering Subject Code: 3171719 Page 1 of 3 w.e.f. AY 2018-19
Semester – VII
Subject Name: INSTRUMENTATION FOR AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PROCESSING
Type of course: Open Elective
Prerequisite: Fundamental knowledge of sensors & transducers, Basic concept of SCADA, PLC and DCS systems
Rationale: Agricultural industries are mostly dependent on nature behavior. To avoid crop failure, increasing crop
quantity and quality, protecting crop, etc is a big challenge for farmers as well as for agro industries. There for it will
be very appropriate to provide knowledge of a automation and sensing technology associated with agriculture and
food processing plants/ systems to instrumentation and control engineers.
Teaching and Examination Scheme:
Teaching Scheme Credits Examination Marks Total
L T P C Theory Marks Practical Marks Marks
ESE PA(M) ESE (V) P
(E) PA ALA ESE OEP A
(I)
4 0 2 6 70 20 10 20 10 20 15
0
Content:
S. Content Total %
No. Hrs Weight
1 Necessity of instrumentation & control for agriculture and food processing 08
requirement, remote sensing, biosensors in agriculture, standards for food quality.
Guidelines and regulations for Industries by Food Safety and Standards Authority
of
India (FSSAI)
2 Application of SCADA for DAM parameters & control, Irrigation canal 04
management up- stream & down - stream control systems, Water distribution and
management control, Auto drip irrigation systems.
3 Automation in earth moving equipments & farm equipments, application of 08
SCADA & PLC in packing industry and cold storage systems, implementation of
hydraulic, pneumatic & electronics control circuits in harvesters cotton pickers,
tractor etc.
4 Green houses & instrumentation: ventilation, cooling & heating, wind speed, 04
temperature & humidity, rain gauge, carbon dioxide enrichment measurement &
control. Leaf area length evaportranspiration, temperature, wetness & respiration
measurement & data logging, electromagnetic radiations photosynthesis, infrared
& UV bio sensor methods in agriculture, agro-metrological instrumentation
weather
stations
Suggested Specification table with Marks (Theory):
Distribution of Theory Marks
R Level U Level A Level N Level E Level C Level

7 14 14 14 14 7
Legends: R: Remembrance; U: Understanding; A: Application, N: Analyze and E: Evaluate C: Create and

above Levels (Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy)
Note: This specification table shall be treated as a general guideline for students and teachers. The actual
distribution of marks in the question paper may vary slightly from above table.
Text Books
1. Industrial Instrumentation by D. Patranabis, Tata Mcgraw Hill pub
2. Process control and instrumentation technology by C.D. Johnson, 7th edition, Pearson education
3. Process Instrumentation and control handbook by Considine D. M., McGraw Hill pub.
4. Mineral
I n s t Processing
r u m e n Technology
t a t i o n by
a nWills
d CB.A.,
o n Pergamon
t r o l d Press,
e p a 4th
rtmEd.e n t , S C E T 5|Page
5. G.S. Sawhney ―Non-Conventional Energy Resources, PHI Learning Private
Instrumentation
Limited,In 1st
Agriculture and Food
ed., 2012
Processing

Processing
Reference Books:
1. . Instrumentation Engineers Handbook- Process measurement volume I and Process control volume II, by
B.G.Liptak, Chilton Book Company, 2001
Course Outcome:
After learning this course, the students should be able to:
CO1. characterize problems and possible technological solution of agro industries.

CO2. familiarize with current literature, research in agricultural instrumentation
CO3. analyze and design of automation system by evaluating agricultural parameter measurement constraint.
List of Experiments:
1. To test soil pH, conductivity, resistivity, temperature, moisture and salinity
2. To study instrumentation set up for sugar plant
3. To study flow diagram of fermenter and control (Batch process)
4. To study pesticides manufacturing process and control
5. To study flow diagram of dairy industry & confectionary industry and instrumentation set up
6. To study juice extraction control set up.
7. To study application of SCADA for DAM and irrigation system.
8. To study automation in farm equipment.
9. To study instrumentation and control in Green house 10. To study different bio sensors used in agro
automation.
Design based Problems (DP)/Open Ended Problem: Industrial visit of any Food processing/ Agro plant
Major Equipment: Agro sensors, SCADA software, Computers, etc. List of Open Source Software/learning
website: http://nptel.ac.in/video.php
ACTIVE LEARNING ASSIGNMENTS: Preparation of power-point slides, which include videos, animations,
pictures, graphics for better understanding theory and practical work – The faculty will allocate chapters/ parts of
chapters to groups of students so that the entire syllabus to be covered. The power-point slides should be put up on
the web-site of the College/ Institute, along with the names of the students of the group, the name of the faculty,
Department and College on the first slide. The best three works should submit to GTU.

Processing
Experiment No.1
AIM: Introduction to plc programming and scada in codesys
Codesys (controller development system) is a development programming control applications

according to the international industrial standard IEC 61131-3.
It uses programming language like Ladder Diagram (LD) enables the programmer to virtually
connect relay coils and contacts.
Steps to work in CodeSys:
 Install codesys on your computer. After installing, open ‘NEW PROJECT’ and
select ‘STANDARD PROJECT’ and select the location and rename the file as
convenient.
 Select programming language as ‘Ladder Diagram (LD)’ and device as ‘CODESYS control
win V3 (3S- Smart Software Solutions GmbH)
 Codesys working window will open now. On the leftmost side select ‘PLC_PRG’ to
enable the virtual connection of relay coils and contacts and/or to program the ladder
diagram.
 To connect the coils or contacts there are different types of options available on the
toolbox on the righthand side of the screen or on the top header bar. Rename the
coils/contacts as required for the program or understanding. And select the type of input
to it.

Processing
 To visualise the ladder diagram, right click on ‘Application’ (leftmost side on the screen)
and select ‘add object’ and select ‘visualization’.
 After selecting visualization, add visualization box will pop up and ‘tick’ on active box
to proceed the visualization.
 Various tools or symbols can be chosen from the toolbox for various tasks. For
example, using lamp as an led for display.
 Assign the given symbol with the variable/name used in the ladder diagram for
animation purpose. Click on the symbol and in properties dialogue box in ‘variable’.Here,
the lamp is linked with variable bulb and switch with switch.

Processing
 After all the symbols are linked, to execute the animation, ‘build’ the project from
build option in the toolbar. From Online select simulation and login. And select login
with changes.
 Run the animation. Here, after turning the switch ON, the colour of the lamp will change
to yellow, indicating the bulb is ON.
Instrumentation and Control department, SCET 10 | P a g e

Processing
Experiment No.2
AIM: Study different Bio sensors used in Agriculture Automation.
DEFINATION: Biosensors are devices comprising a biological element and a

physiochemical detector that are used to detect analytes. These instruments have a wide
range ofapplications ranging from clinical through to environmental and agricultural. The
devices are also used in the food industry.
A sensor that integrates a biological element with a physiochemical transducer to produce an
electronic signal proportional to a single analyte which is then conveyed to a detector.

Processing

Processing

Processing
Experiment No.3
AIM: Study of Engineering properties of soil and different Sensors used for soil parameters
measurement.
Objective : A soil is composed primarily of minerals which are produced from parent material
that is weathered or broken into small pieces. Plants and animals have important roles to play
in soil. Both plants and animals change the composition and structure of soil in many different
ways. Plants with roots obtain nutrients and moisture from soil through their roots. Soils are
characterised by their physical, chemical and biological properties. In addition, soils are good
materials used in engineering projects. soil foundation, use of soil in constructions and
industrial applications is another dimension of soils. The objective of studying this module is
to know about the engineering properties of soils and their significance.
How the Soil Moisture Sensor Works:
The Soil Moisture Sensor uses capacitance to measure dielectric permittivity of the
surrounding medium. In soil, dielectric permittivity is a function of the water content. The
sensor creates a voltage proportional to the dielectric permittivity, and therefore the water
content of the soil. The sensor averages the water content over the entire length of the sensor.
There is a 2 cm zone of influence with respect to the flat surface of the sensor, but it has little
or no sensitivity at the extreme edges. The figure above shows the electromagnetic field lines
along a cross-section of the sensor, illustrating the 2 cm zone of influence.
Soil Electrical Conductivity: Soil electrical conductivity (EC) is a measurement that correlates with
soil properties that affect crop productivity, including soil texture, cation exchange capacity (CEC),
drainage conditions, organic matter level, salinity, and subsoil characteristics.
Two Sensor Types Can Measure Soil EC:
There are two types of sensors commercially available to measure soil EC in the field. Sensor types are
contact or non-contact. Measurements by both sensor types have given comparable results.
Contact Sensor Measurements: This type of sensor uses coulters as electrodes to make contact with
the soil and to measure the electrical conductivity. In this approach, two to three pairs of coulters are
mounted on a toolbar; one pair provides electrical current into the soil (transmitting electrodes) while
the other coulters (receiving electrodes) measure the voltage drop between them (Figure 1). Soil EC
information is recorded in a data logger along with location information. A global positioning system
(GPS) provides the location information to the data logger. The contact sensor is most popular for
precision farming applications because large areas can be mapped quickly and it is least susceptible to
outside electrical interference. The disadvantage of this system is that it is bulkier than non-contact
Processing
sensors, and cannot be used in small experimental plots and some small fields. Currently, Veris
Technology manufactures a contact type of EC measuring device. Several models of Veris units are
available commercially. For example, one model provides EC readings from two different depths (1 foot
and 3 feet). A smaller model can be pulled by a small ATV, but it only provides EC measurements at a
single depth. Both models can be pulled behind a truck (Figure 2) at field speeds up to 10 mph. The
distance between measurement passes ranges from 20 to 60 feet, depending on the desired sampling
density or the amount of soil variability within the field.
Figure 1. Principle of operation for the contact type EC sensor. Selected coulters act
as transmitting electrodes and others as receiving electrodes. (Veris Technologies,
Salina, Kansas)
1. Non-contact Sensor Measurements:
Non-contact EC sensors work on the principle of electromagnetic induction (EMI). EMI does not
contact the soil surface directly. The instrument is composed of a transmitter and a receiver coil
(Figure 3), usually installed at opposite ends of the unit. A sensor in the device measures the
resulting electromagnetic field that the current induces. The strength of this secondary
electromagnetic field is proportional to the soil EC. These devices, which directly measure the
voltage drop between a source and a sensor electrode, must be mounted on a non-metallic cart to
prevent interference (Figure 4). These sensors are lightweight and can be handled easily by a single
individual, thus making them useful for small areas.
2. Measurement of soil moisture:

1. Soil Moisture Tension and
2. Soil Moisture Content
3. Measurement Units
You will hear both kPa and negative 'something' kPa bandied around in reference to Soil Moisture
Tension.

Processing
4. Capacitance or Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR) Probes method:
Capacitance probes utilize the fringing effect of two metal ring electrodes located one above the other
on the probe to measure soil moisture. The fringing effect is the tendancy for the electric field to flow
or jump from one electrode to another - similar to arcing.So, these two metal rings form the plates of
the capacitor with the soil acting as the dielectric or insulation inbetween. Capacitance measures the
ability of this soil to hold an electrical charge when you apply a voltage to it. The ability to hold a
charge is very dependent on the dielectric constant of the material between the electrodes or in this
case the soil between the metal rings. As mentioned earlier dry soil has a constant of between 2 and 5
whereas water has a constant of 80. The sensor applies a voltage and creates a circuit (flowof electrical
current). This current which will oscillate or vibrate at a (resonant) frequency that is dependant on the
amount of water in the soil. When you add water to the soil its ability to hold charge (capacitance)
changes, which then changes the vibration (resonant frequency) of the circuit. The probe measures this
change in (resonant frequency), and uses it to determine the soil moisture content. The best way to
think of it, is like a row of glass bottles, each with a different level of water in it - the sound each one
makes when you tap it tells you roughly how much water it contains.
2) Time Domain Reflectometry devices (TDR):

TDR devices also make use of the dielectric constant to measure the soil moisture content. They
employ microwave technology and send a high-frequency electrical pulse down two parallel probes
embedded in the soil. The signal reaches the end of the probe and is reflected back along the probes to
a sensor. The time it takes for the signal to travel to the end of the probe and back again varies with the
soil dielectric constant and therefore can be related back to the water content of the soil surrounding
the probe. The more water content the slower the electric field will travel.
Sensor Technology for soil moisture:
Gypsum Blocks: Gypsum is a naturally occurring porous mineral. When shaped into a block and
buried in the soil, water from the surrounding soil moves into and out of the gypsum block as though it
were another piece of soil. A gypsum block sensor consists of two electrodes embedded in a block,
'tablet' or cylinder of gypsum. When water moves into the gypsum block some of that gypsum
dissolves, allowing a current to move between the electrodes. As the amount of water in the block
changes so does the resistance to current flow

Processing
As the soil dries out, water leaves the gypsum block and the resistance between the electrodes
increases.Conversely, as the soil wets, water is drawn back into the gypsum block and the resistance
decreases. These resistance values are then translated into soil moisture tension readings which have the
units of kiloPascals (kPa).
Ceramic (Tensiometers):
The hollow ceramic tips of tensiometers are porous, allowing water to move into and out of a sealed
water storage 'reservoir' or tube inside the tensiometer shaft. As the soil dries out, water is sucked out of
the tensiometer through the porous ceramic tip. This creates a partial vacuum inside of the tube, which is
registered by a vacuum gauge. Tensiometers usually operate over the range 0kPa to -80kPa.

Processing
Experiment No.4
AIM: To Study instrumentation set up for Packaging
Industry THEORY :-
Packaging is the science, art and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution,
storage, sale, and use. Packaging also refers to the process of designing, evaluating, and
producing packages.
Packaging can be described as a coordinated system of preparing goods for transport,
warehousing, logistics, sale, and end use. Packaging contains, protects, preserves, transports,
informs, and sells. In many countries it is fully integrated into government, business,
institutional, industrial, and personal use.
The Purposes of Packaging
Physical protection – The objects enclosed in the package may require protection from, among
other things, mechanical shock, vibration, electrostatic discharge, compression, temperature etc.
Barrier protection – A barrier to oxygen, water vapor, dust, etc., is often required. Permeation
is a critical factor in design. Some packages contain desiccants or oxygen absorbers to help
extend shelf life. Modified atmospheres or controlled atmospheres are also maintained in some
food packages.
Keeping the contents clean, fresh, sterile and safe for the duration of the intended shelf life is a
primary function. A barrier is also implemented in cases where segregation of two materials prior
to end use is required, as in the case of special paints, glues, medical fluids, etc. At the consumer
end, the packaging barrier is broken or measured amounts of material are removed for mixing and
subsequent end use.
Containment or agglomeration – Small objects are typically grouped together in one package
for reasons of storage and selling efficiency. For example, a single box of 1000 pencils requires
less physical handling than 1000 single pencils. Liquids, powders, and granular materials need
containment.
Information transmission – Packages and labels communicate how to use, transport, recycle, or
dispose of the package or product. With pharmaceuticals, food, medical, and chemical products,
some types of information are required by government legislation. Some packages and labels
also are used for track and trace purposes. Most items include their serial and lot numbers on the
packaging, and in the case of food products, medicine, and some chemicals the packaging often
contains an expiry/best before date, usually in a shorthand form. Packages may indicate their
construction material with a symbol.
Marketing – Packaging and labels can be used by marketers to encourage potential buyers to
purchase a product. Package graphic design and physical design have been important and
constantly evolving phenomena for several decades. Marketing communications and graphic
design are applied to the surface of the package and often to the point of sale display. Most
packaging is designed to reflect the brand's message and identity.
Security – Packaging can play an important role in reducing the security risks of shipment.
Packages can be made with improved tamper resistance to deter manipulation and they can also
have tamper evident features indicating that tampering has taken place. Packages can be
engineered to help reduce the risks of package pilferage or the theft and resale of products: Some
Processing
package constructions are more resistant to pilferage than other types, and some have pilfer-
indicating seals. Counterfeit consumer goods, unauthorized sales (diversion), material
substitution and tampering can all be minimized or prevented with such anti-counterfeiting
technologies. Packages may include seals and use security printing to help indicate that the
package and contents are not counterfeit. Packages also can include anti-theft devices such as
dye-packs, RFID tags, or electronic article surveillance tags that can be activated or detected by
devices at exit points and require specialized tools to deactivate.
Using packaging in this way is a means of retail loss prevention.
Convenience – Packages can have features that add convenience in distribution, handling,
stacking, display, sale, opening, re-closing, using, dispensing, reusing, recycling, and ease of
disposal
Portion control – Single serving or single dosage packaging has a precise amount of contents to
control usage. Bulk commodities (such as salt) can be divided into packages that are a more
suitable size for individual households. It also aids the control of inventory: selling sealed one-
litre bottles of milk, rather than having people bring their own bottles to fill themselves.
Accurately filling your bottles at the desired rate requires a skilled integrator who can
design, automate and install a packaging line with the correct tilt, speed and accumulation. EPIC
takes complete responsibility for your bottle filling line, guaranteeing fill rates and line speed
upon check-out.
Our engineering and fabrication team has worked with a wide variety of companies on bottle
packaging systems around the world. Each system is tailored to the unique needs of bottle filling
companies.
It is sometimes convenient to categorize packages by layer or function: "primary", "secondary",
etc.
• Primary packaging is the material that first envelops the product and holds it. This usually is the
smallest unit of distribution or use and is the package which is in direct contact with the
contents.
• Secondary packaging is outside the primary packaging, and may be used to prevent pilferage or
to group primary packages together.
• Tertiary or transit packaging is used for bulk handling, warehouse storage and transport
shipping. The most common form is a palletized unit load that packs tightly into containers.
These broad categories can be somewhat arbitrary. For example, depending on the use, a shrink
wrap can be primary packaging when applied directly to the product, secondary packaging when
used to combine smaller packages, or tertiary packaging when used to facilitate some types of
distribution, such as to affix a number of cartons on a pallet.
PROCEDURE :-
 Bottle Handling : Palletized bottles, bulk bottle handling, in-case handling, bottle labelling.
 Bottle Packaging Orientation : Orienting the bottle in correct position to be filled
(EPIC will integrate a bottle packaging machine vision system if needed)
 Bottle Filling : Correct filling technology provided, ex.: Inline filling, rotary filling,
sanitary design requirements, etc.
 Finished Bottle Inspection : Cap detection, fill level inspection, code dating and label
inspection.
 Case Handling/Packaging : Case erecting, case packing & proper sealing.
 Case Inspection : Check weighing, bar code reading, date coding.
 Full Case Handling : Providing conveying systems to transport case to final location.
 Palletizing : Palletize cases, stretch wrapping, display case handling, pallet labelling.
 Manual/Automatic New/Used Equipment : Define upfront when it makes sense to use
manual operation options vs. fully automatic operations and provide used equipment
option to reduce capital costs.
Processing
Proceduer:
Step 1: switch on system

Step 2: Empty box will travel from P0 to P1 position
Step 3: Empty box will wait at P2 position for filling
Step 4: After 10 second it will move from P2 to P3 position
Step 5: when Box reach at P3 position one cycle will
complete
Figure. SCADA diagram for Packaging industry
Figure. Tag List for Packaging industry

Processing
TAG SCADA linking
Motor RED lights of conveyor belt
P0 Blue light
P1 Red light
P2 Green light
Start Toggle swirch
Stop Toggle swirch
Count Meter
Reset Toggle swirch

Processing
Fig. PLC program for pacakaging industry
Result:
Step 1: initial condition of box on convetor belt
Step 2: Box reaches at P1 position for material filling

Processing
Step 3: Box reaches at position P2
Conclusion:
Question:-1. explain PLC progaming logic in packing industry.

Processing
Experiment No.5
AIM: Develop green house temperature and humidity SCADA and PLC programing in
Codesys
OBJECTIVE :
The objective of this project was therefore to make it easier to grow food at home. This can be
achieved with the use of an automated greenhouse. A greenhouse makes it possible to replicate a
different climate and consequently grow food that would not typically grow in the area.
Additionally, making the greenhouse automated enables people to grow their own food or plants
at home without having to constantly look after them. It can be reassuring to know that the plants
are taken care of while one is on vacation or not around the house for a longer period of time.
The research question of this study was to analyze if it is possible to maintain the greenhouse
temperature in a desired range for optimal plant growth using a temperature control system.
Another objective was to investigate if the watering system is reliable, that is whether or not it
can obtain a perfect soil moisture level for the chosen plant.
THEORY:
A greenhouse (also called a glasshouse) is a structure with walls and roof made mainly of
transparent material, such as glass, in which plants requiring regulated climatic conditions are
grown. A more scientific definition is “a covered structure that protects the plants from extensive
external climate conditions and diseases, creates optimal growth microenvironment, and offers a
flexible solution for sustainable and efficient year-round cultivation.
Many commercial glass greenhouses or hothouses are high tech production facilities for
vegetables or flowers. The glass greenhouses are filled with equipment including screening
installations, heating, cooling, lighting, and may be controlled by a computer to optimize
conditions for plant growth. Different techniques are then used to evaluate optimality-degrees
and comfort ratio of greenhouse micro-climate (i.e., air temperature, relative humidity and vapor
pressure deficit) in order to reduce production risk prior to cultivation of a specific crop
Greenhouses are built to capture sunlight using the “greenhouse effect,” where photovoltaic
waves
1) enter through a glass or plastic housing
2) are absorbed by the plants within.
3) refract back into the atmosphere.
Heat and light from photovoltaic waves are useful forms of energy for all plant and vegetable
species. A well-built greenhouse helps sustain plant and vegetable growth by maximizing the
available heat and light in your climate.
Roof: transparent cover of a green house.
Gable: transparent wall of a green house
Cladding material: transparent material mounted on the walls and roof of a green house.
Rigid cladding material: cladding material with such a degree of rigidity that any deformation of
the structure may result in damage to it. Ex. Glass
Flexible cladding material: cladding material with such a degree of flexibility that any
deformation of the structure will not result in damage to it. Ex. Plastic film
Gutter: collects and drains rain water and snow which is place at an elevated level between two
spans.
Column: vertical structure member carrying the green house structure
Processing
Purlin: a member who connects cladding supporting bars to the columns
Ridge: highest horizontal section in top of the roof
Girder: horizontal structure member, connecting columns on gutter height
Bracings: To support the structure against wind
Arches: Member supporting covering materials
Foundation pipe: Connection between the structure and ground
Span width: Center to center distance of the gutters in multispan houses
Green house length: dimension of the green house in the direction of gable
Green house width: dimension of the green house in the direction of the gutter modern society,
the consumption of fruits and vegetables has become the norm.
A variety of fresh fruits and vegetables should be accessible at all times. However, the
northern climate prevents the growth of certain fruits and vegetables, especially during winter.
This results in import from southern countries, which in turn has some drawbacks.
Not only does the shipping of imported goods affect the environment negatively but imported
food or vegetables are also less flavourful and sold to a higher price. The crops must be
harvested prematurely when importing food. This is to delay the ripening process so that it is
possible for the fruits or vegetables to reach their destination before they are considered
inedible. The ripening process is later resumed by spraying the food with ethylene gas, a gas
that is deemed to promote ripening in certain fruits and vegetables. However, this postharvest
ripening can lead to poor taste. In the past couple of years, an increased interest in organic and
locally produced food has become a growing trend .Locally grown foods are picked at their
peak of ripeness and are therefore full of flavor. Furthermore, growing food at home assures
truly organic food. On the other hand it takes a lot of time and effort, and time is something
that most people lack today.
Procedure:
An automated greenhouse, with a temperature control system and a watering system, was
built in order to answer the research questions. The microcontroller used to create the
automated greenhouse was an Arduino UNO. The temperature control system consists of a
temperature sensor, a computer fan and a power resistor with a heat sink. The fan and heater
were controlled separately to adjust the temperature. The watering system consists of a soil
moisture sensor, a water tank, a water circulator pump and a hose. The watering was turned
on or turn off based on the soil moisture level read from the sensor. Temperature Control
System A temperature control loop, where the fan was running at different speeds at different
temperatures, was implemented to keep the temperature in the accepted range. This
temperature range was chosen with regard to the preferences of the basil plant. The
greenhouse was put to test by changing the room temperature and the temperature of the
greenhouse. The tests were conducted to observe if the temperature inside the greenhouse
would stabilize and stay in the accepted temperature range. The temperature control system
underwent three tests to investigate its ability to maintain the temperature in the desired range.
The first test was to cool down the greenhouse. The greenhouse temperature was warmer than
the accepted range at the beginning of the test. The second test was to warm up the
greenhouse.
The surrounding temperature, the room temperature, in this test was colder than the accepted
range. The last test was to let the control system operate for a long period of time to control
that it can stabilize in the accepted range. These tests were executed three times each to make
sure that the results were reliable. Watering System The watering system underwent two tests
to analyze the reliability of the system. The first test was to examine whether the circulator
I n sgives
pump trum thee same
n t a tamount
i o n aof
n dwater
C o each
n t r otime
l dto
e pdetermine
artmen thet ,reliability
S C E T of the 25 | P a The
pump. ge
second Instrumentation In Agriculture and Food
Processing

Processing
test was about measuring the soil moisture level at the same spot during a long period of time.
If the moisture level is stable around the same value the sensor could be seen as reliable. The
accepted range of soil moisture values was determined by sampling values when the soil was
estimated through hand contact with the soil to be too dry or too wet. A flower pot with soil
was used to do the measurements. The plant was watered until it got to the exact point where
it was determined to be too wet. The value from the sensor became the upper limit. The pot
was then exposed to heat in order to speed up the evaporation. The soil was too dry at this
point. It was therefore watered until it got to the exact point were it was determined not to be
dry anymore. This value became the lower limit.
The watering system was put through its tests until they showed similar results to minimize
the possible error sources. If both of these tests were approved, the system was deemed
reliable.
STEPS:
Step 1: If green house temperature goes below than set temperature then AC will on
Step 2: If green house temperature goes above than set temperature then Heter will on
Step 3: If green house humidity goes below than set value then irrigation pump will start
Step 4: If green house humidity goes above than set value then irrigation pump will stop

Processing

Processing

Processing
Result:
Step 1: initial set deadband, actual temp and set temperature
Step 2: If actual Temperature in green house grater than set point in that case AC will on
Step 3: If actual Temperature in green house smaller than set point in that case heater will on
Step 4: If actual humidity in green house greater than set value in that case irrigation pump
will off

Processing
Step 5: If humidity in green house is smaller than set value in that case Irrigation pump will
on
Conclusion:
Question No. 1:- explain instrumentation for temperature and humidity control in Green
House Automation.

Processing
Experiment No.6
AIM: Develp SCADA and study Instrumentation for Canal Automation
OBJECTIVE:-
• To automate the canal irrigation system in which we using PLC and SCADA.
• To supply water from the canal as per the requirement of the farmer for the specific
amount. OR we can say that as per decided amount of the day.
• To design the system which can automatically operated by the single message of the user.
• To do some analysis of the operation of the catchment area of the canal in which we are
measuring and maintaining the amount(level) of the water in specific region Or in the
specific block of the canal.
• To include the wireless system which can useful for any kind of data transformation if
require.
THEORY:-
Canal automation is defined as the implementation of a control system that upgrades the
conventional methods of canal system operation. Canal automation is becoming widely used to
improve the operation of canal systems and to conserve water. Most new canals have an
automatic control system. Many older canals are being modernized with data collection,
telemetry, and control equipment that helps canal operators better manage their water.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SYSTEM:-
Procedure:
Step 1: initial levelin dam indicated by switch
Step 2: increase the level and obser the effect on gate opening and indicating switch

Processing
Tag liniking in SCADA diagram
TAG SCADA graphics

ACTUAL_LEVEL potentiometer
HIGHHIGHLEVEL Regd light
HIGHLEVEL Orange light
MEDLEVEL Blue light
LOWLEVEL Green Light
ACTUAL_LEVEL Text vatiable in Green rectangle

ACTUAL_LEVEL1 In relative movement Y movement
SCADA diagram of Canal Automation
PLC program for canal automation

Processing

Processing
Variable Types
PROGRAM PLC_PRG
VAR
HIGHLEVEL: BOOL;
HIGHHIGHLEVEL: BOOL;
MEDLEVEL: BOOL;
LOWLEVEL: BOOL;
LOWLOWLEVEL: BOOL;
GATE1: BOOL;
GATE2: BOOL;
GATE3: BOOL;
GATE4: BOOL;
GATE5: BOOL;
ALARM_HIGH: BOOL;
ALARM_LOW: BOOL;
EMERGENCY: BOOL;
SETLEVEL: INT;
ACTUAL_LEVEL: INT;
EN: BOOL;

Processing
DIFF_LEVEL: INT;
MED_LEVEL: BOOL;
ACTUAL_LEVEL1: INT;
M1: BOOL;
M2: BOOL;
M3: BOOL;
M4: BOOL;
M0: BOOL;
M5: BOOL;
M6: BOOL;
M7: BOOL;
M8: BOOL;
M9: BOOL;
ACTUAL_LEVEL2: INT;
END_VAR
Result:
Step 1: This SCADA diagram shows the initial condition of DAM

Processing
Step 2: Now level increases, thus one gete opening will maintain the level in DAM
Step 3: level further increses so 2 gates are opened to maintain set level in dam

Processing
Step 4: high water level in dam, thus 3 gates are opened to maintain level in dam
Step 5: Extrem high level in dam, thus all 4 gates are opened to maintain set level

Processing
Conclusion
Q-1 Explain upstram and dowm stream control for canal automation

Processing
Experiment No.7
AIM: Develop SCADA and Study instrumentation set up for Dairy Industry
Objective: To study process of Milk processing process in detail and develop SCADA and
test to improve current process of Automation.
Theory:-
Fig.2.0 Process flow diagram for Milk Processing unit.

Processing
Fig.2.1 Process flow diagram for Pasteurization unit.
Fig.2.2 Process Flow Diagram For Milk Reception Unit.

Processing
Fig.2.3 Process Flow Diagram For Separation And Concentration Unit.
Conclusion:
Question 1:- Draw process flow diagram for Dairy Industry and explain Instrumentation setup for
it.

Processing

Processing
Experiment No.8
AIM: Develop SCADA and Study Instrumentation set up for Sugar Plant
Objective: To Understand Process of Sugar Manufacturing in Full and To study and develop
SCADA system to improve Automation In Sugar Industry.
Unit operation in Sugar Manufacturing Unit.
 Block Diagram of Sugar Manufacturing unit
 Process Flow Diagram of Sugar Manufacturing unit
Working of Sugar Manufacturing Process:

Processing
 SCADA Diagram for Sugar Manufacturing unit
Figure 1.0 Diagram of Sugar Crushing and Juice Extracting unit
Figure 1.1 Diagram of Juice Boiling and crystallizing unit

Processing
 List of Tags Assigned for SCADA for Sugar Manufacturing unit
Conclusion:
Question : 1.
Draw process flow diagram for sugar industry and explain instrumentation setup for it.

Processing

Processing
Experiment No. 9
Objective: To Understand Process Of Bottle Filling System In Food And Bewrages Industries
And To Study And Develop SCADA And PLC System To Improve Automation Of Bottle
Filling In Industry.
Unit operation in Manufacturing Unit.
Machines employed for filling of liquids or powders into bottles are called bottle filling machines.
The bottle filling machines are the important machine tools for the packaging process in various
industries like pharmaceutical, chemical, agriculture, food etc.
bottle filling machine is available in 2 head with a semi-automatic filling system. bottle filling
machine is used in pharmaceutical, chemical, oil, lubricating oil industries, food, juice industries
etc.
Proceduer:
Step 1: Press Start button and Go button to start the bottle filling process
Step 2: bottle will move from P1 to P2 position
Step 3: Bottle will stop for 10 second at P2 position for fiiling process
Step 4: Now select color for filling Red or Green or blue.(we can select any one or two or three colir
for filling by pressing selection switch available for each colour.
Step 5: After completing filing process fildone and bottle full variable will enable
Step 6: When filldone enable, bottle will move from P2 to P3 position
Processing
Step 7: If any interept grnerate due to human mistake or sensor mal function in that condition bottle
will stop and discard from the process. We can enable interept by pressing switches given at postion
P1,P2 or P3.
Step 8: if interept generated during process in that we cano reset complete process by pressing reset
butoon
Step 9: If interrept not apper during the process then bottle will reach at position P3 and complete
the process
PLC program for bottle filling:

Processing
Tag linking in SCADA and PLC program.
TAG SCADA Graphics
START START toggle switch and Light
Conveyor Belt Motors CM

st Processing
PS1 1 toggle switch and light in conveyor belt
PS2 2nd toggle switch and light in conveyor

belt
PS3 3rd toggle switch and light in conveyor

belt
GO GO push button
ALLRESET RESET button
ET_FILL %S rectangle block
FILLDONE Light Near %S rectangle block
RED_VALVE, GREEN_VALVE, 1st, 2nd and 3rd lightes which connected in

BLUE_VALVE series on above PS2 position
FILLON Light which is placed near blue fill line
RED,GREEN,BLUE Toggle switches for colour selection
FILL1 % S block located below fulltime rectangle

block
RED_VALVE Toggle Colour variable, Select red

colour in Fill colour
GREEN_VALVE Toggle Colour variable, Select

Green colour in Fill colour
BLUE_VALVE Toggle Colour variable, Select blue

colour in Fill colour
Variable Declaration:
PROGRAM PLC_PRG
VAR
START: BOOL;
CR1: BOOL;
PS1: BOOL;
PS2: BOOL;
FCM1: BOOL;
FILLDONE: BOOL;

Processing
FCM2: BOOL;
PS3: BOOL;
CM: BOOL;
GO: BOOL;
Y: INT;
M0: BOOL;
EN: BOOL;
X: INT;
M1: BOOL;
RESETX: BOOL;
RED: BOOL;
GREEN: BOOL;
BLUE: BOOL;
STARTFILL: BOOL;
TP_0: TP;
FILLTIME1: TIME := T#5S;
ET_FILL: TIME;
FILLON: BOOL;
TON1: TON;
ET_FILL1: TIME;
TP1: TP;
RED_VALVE: BOOL;
GREEN_VALVE: BOOL;
BLUE_VALVE: BOOL;
FILL1: TIME := T#5S;
BOTTLEFULL: BOOL;
ALLRESET: BOOL;
END_VAR

Processing
Result:
Step 1: pressure start button and Go button
Step 2: bottle movement start

Processing
Step 3: bottle is moving from P1 postion to P2.
Step 4: bottle filling process start with 2 and 3 different colour selection

Processing
Step 5: After completing fillng process Filldone enable

Processing
Step 6: Interupt generated, thus bottle movement stop after P2 position and conveyor belt also stop.
Press RESET button to reset system
Step 7: If interrupt not generated during process than bottle will reach P3 position and
complete the process
Conclusion:

Processing
Experiment No. 10
Objective: To Understand Process Of Cold Storage System In Food And Bewrages Industries
And To Study And Develop SCADA And PLC System To Improve Automation Of Cold
Storage In Industry.
Design Proposnal Controller for controlling compressor motor in cold storage
automation Unit operation in Manufacturing Unit.
It keeps your products at a set temperature of your choosing, which keeps them fresh and makes
them last longer. For example, say you need to store fresh fruit and vegetables. Keeping them at
the right temperature will reduce the risk of damage and extend their shelf life.
A controlled cold temperature warehouse will maintain the bio-chemical and physical properties
of health care products and frozen or chilled foods and beverages.
Storage in the cold supply chain warehouse will also prevent product spoilage and increase shelf
life. This reduces waste and increases the overall bottom-line of the manufacturer or producer.
In order to maintain these foods fresh for the long run, there needs to be proper cold chain
logistics system. A key ingredient to making the cold chain system work is the cold warehouse.
Cold Chain logistics are used to increase a product’s shelf life and maintain a quality standard for
a long duration of time. Food stored in the cold chain warehouses include:
 Fruits & vegetables

 Bakery
 Confectionery
 Dairy
 Frozen desserts
 Fish
 Meat
 Seafood
Many healthcare products also require specific cooler temperatures to be maintained in warehouse
storage including the following:
 Vaccines
 Blood plasma
 Insulin
 Frozen pharmaceuticals
Proceduer:
Step 1: Check the Temperature Error between Set temperature and actual temperature and set
proposnal gain KP1
Step 2: If small error then low speed of compressor is enough to maintain set temperature in cold
storage
Step 3: If error increase further in temperature then some increment is also required in speed of
compresslor to maintain set temperature in cold storage. Thus required medium speed of motor

Processing
Step 4: If large error in temperature then motor speed increment is required to maintain set
temperature in cold storage. Thus required high speed of motor
SCADA diagram of Cold storage Automation
PLC program for cold storage Automation

Processing
Variable Detail:
PROGRAM PLC_PRG
VAR
HIGHLEVEL: BOOL;HIGHHIGHLEVEL: BOOL;MEDLEVEL:
BOOL;LOWLEVEL: BOOL;LOWLOWLEVEL: BOOL;
GATE1: BOOL;GATE2: BOOL;GATE3: BOOL;GATE4:
BOOL;GATE5: BOOL;ALARM_HIGH: BOOL;
ALARM_LOW: BOOL;EMERGENCY:
BOOL; SETLEVEL: INT;
ACTUAL_LEVEL: INT;
EN: BOOL;
DIFF_LEVEL: INT;
MED_LEVEL: BOOL;
Processing
ACTUAL_LEVEL1: INT;
M1: BOOL;
M2: BOOL;
M3: BOOL;
M4: BOOL;
M0: BOOL;
M5: BOOL;
M6: BOOL;
M7: BOOL;
M8: BOOL;
M9: BOOL;
ACTUAL_LEVEL2: INT;
Error_tem: INT;
Error_temp: INT;
Motor_speed: INT;
MEDSPEED: BOOL;
MEDIUM_SPEED: BOOL;
HIGH_SPEED: BOOL;
LOW_SPEED: BOOL;
ALARM_1: BOOL;
ALARM_2: BOOL;
ALARM_3: BOOL;
START: BOOL;
ACTUAL_TEMP: INT;
SET_TEMP: INT;
KP1: INT;
ACTUAL_TEMP1: INT;
END_VAR
TAG Linking in SCADA
ACTUAL_LEVEL1 Potentiometer
SET_TEMP Potentiometer
KP1 Potentiometer
Error_temp Potentiometer
ACTUAL_LEVEL1 %S block, Y direction in Relative

movement
Motor_speed Meter
ALARM_1, ALARM_2, ALARM_3 Lights

Processing
Result
Small error in set temperature and actual temperature thus compressor motor speed is low
Error increases between set temperature and actual temperature thus compressor motor
speed is medium to maintain the cold storage temperature.

Processing
Large Error between set temperature and actual temperature thus compressor motor speed
is high to maintain the cold storage temperature.
Conclusion:

Processing

Processing

Agri Manual Bhavina Revised FINAL

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Agri Manual Bhavina Revised FINAL

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Instrumentation In Agriculture and Food

 To achieve high student performance and overall organizational learning by

To endeavor for excellence in the field of Instrumentation & Control Engineering

To establish a research environment for societal benefit through industrial

To inculcate entrepreneurial attitude, professional ethics and human values among

Instrumentation and Control department, SCET 2|Page

PO.1. Apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and Engineering to Instrumentation and

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSO)

Instrumentation and Control department, SCET 3|Page

Subject: Instrumentation in Agriculture and Food Processing (2181707)

7 Develop SCADA and Study instrumentation set up

Instrumentation and Control department, SCET 4|Page

Distribution of Theory Marks

R Level U Level A Level N Level E Level C Level

Legends: R: Remembrance; U: Understanding; A: Application, N: Analyze and E: Evaluate C: Create and

Instrumentation and Control department, SCET 6|Page

After learning this course, the students should be able to:

CO1. characterize problems and possible technological solution of agro industries.

Instrumentation and Control department, SCET 7|Page

AIM: Introduction to plc programming and scada in codesys

Codesys (controller development system) is a development programming control applications

Steps to work in CodeSys:

Instrumentation and Control department, SCET 8|Page

Instrumentation and Control department, SCET 9|Page

Instrumentation and Control department, SCET 10 | P a g e

AIM: Study different Bio sensors used in Agriculture Automation.

DEFINATION: Biosensors are devices comprising a biological element and a

Instrumentation and Control department, SCET 11 | P a g e

Instrumentation and Control department, SCET 12 | P a g e

Instrumentation and Control department, SCET 13 | P a g e

Two Sensor Types Can Measure Soil EC:

2. Measurement of soil moisture:

Instrumentation and Control department, SCET 15 | P a g e

2) Time Domain Reflectometry devices (TDR):

Sensor Technology for soil moisture:

Instrumentation and Control department, SCET 16 | P a g e

Instrumentation and Control department, SCET 17 | P a g e

AIM: To Study instrumentation set up for Packaging

The Purposes of Packaging

Step 1: switch on system

Figure. SCADA diagram for Packaging industry

Figure. Tag List for Packaging industry

Motor RED lights of conveyor belt

Start Toggle swirch

Stop Toggle swirch

Reset Toggle swirch

Instrumentation and Control department, SCET 21 | P a g e

Fig. PLC program for pacakaging industry

Step 1: initial condition of box on convetor belt

Step 2: Box reaches at P1 position for material filling

Instrumentation and Control department, SCET 22 | P a g e

Question:-1. explain PLC progaming logic in packing industry.

Instrumentation and Control department, SCET 23 | P a g e

Instrumentation and Control department, SCET 26 | P a g e

Instrumentation and Control department, SCET 27 | P a g e

Instrumentation and Control department, SCET 28 | P a g e

Instrumentation and Control department, SCET 29 | P a g e

Step 1: initial set deadband, actual temp and set temperature

Instrumentation and Control department, SCET 30 | P a g e

Instrumentation and Control department, SCET 31 | P a g e

AIM: Develp SCADA and study Instrumentation for Canal Automation

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SYSTEM:-

Instrumentation and Control department, SCET 32 | P a g e