HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
Human Behavior Refers to the reaction to facts
of relationship between the individual and his
environment. It is mainly influenced by both
genes and environment. It is the manner of
conducting oneself which considerably involves
action of a person in response to stimuli, and
vice versa.
There are three significant contributors of this
namely: Sigmund Freud, the Father of study,
namely: Psychoanalysis, Francis Galton and his
heredity and human behavior model study as
well as Charles Darwin guided by his Evolution
Theory.
According to Freud, human beings are just
mechanical creatures that he views as prisoners
of primitive instincts and powers, which he can
barely control. Further stating that man's purpose
is to control these instincts and powers.
Behavioral genetics is a field of research in
psychology that aims to determine heritability
and to determine how much of the behavior is
accounted for by genetic factors. Behavioral
genetics began in England with Sir Francis
Galton and his study of the inheritance of genius
in families. He revealed that genius 'runs in
families' and concluded that it is to a significant
degree a heritable behavioral trait.
Since Galton a lot of people tried to prove that
genetics play an important role in many aspects
of behavior. Those people proved that complex
behaviors related to personality,
psychopathology and cognition are all
influenced to some degree by genetics. They
have also ascertained that genetics alone is never
enough to explain behavior because of the role
of environment.
Psychoanalytic Theories as one of the most
popular theories of development, Psychoanalytic
theory originated with the work of Sigmund
Freud, who argued that childhood experiences
and unconscious desires ultimately influence our
behaviors as adults
People intermingle by three psychological
positions or behavioral patterns called ego
states:
1. Parent ego state- Which may be
characterized as protective,
idealistic, evaluative, righteous,
refer to laws, rules and standards.
2. Adult ego state - Which centers
more upon reason, factual, flexible,
views as co-equal, worthy, and
reasonable human being.
3. Child ego state- Which may be
easily described as dependent,
rebellious, selfish, demanding,
impatient and emotional.
The Id, the Ego and the Superego the theory
propagated by Freud which basically make up
man's constitution including man's conscience
making him distinct from the rest of the animal
kingdom. The spirit of a newborn child just has
an id, the instinctive incentives and reflexes that
the human beings have developed during the last
centuries. The only function of the id is to
respond to the incentives. The ego develops
itself from the id and from the discovery that the
behavior of the id can have tedious results. The
superego, a result of a person's socialization, is
basically just the conscience, which mediates
between needs of the id and the ego. When you
are getting older, you start to develop more and
more values.
FREUD’S THEORY OF PSYCHOSEXUAL
DEVELOPMENT this controversial theory
describes the process by which human
personality is developed throughout one’s
childhood
STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL
DEVELOMENT
a. Oral Stage (Birth to 18 months)
b. Anal Stage (18 months to 3
years)
c. Phallic Stage (3 to 6 years)
 HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY
d. Latency Stage (5 to 6 years to
puberty)
e. Genital Stage (Puberty to
Childhood)
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial
Development describes the influence of social
experience on our development across the whole
life span.
STAGES IN THE HUMAN LIFE SPAN
a. Prenatal Period this period begins
at conception and ends at birth. It
occurs within about 270 – 280 days
or nine calendar months.
b. Infancy this period occurs from
birth to the end of the second week.
It is the shortest of all the
developmental periods and is
considered a time of extreme
adjustments, thus making it
hazardous periods.
c. Babyhood this period occurs from
the end of the second week until the
end of the child’s second year.
d. Early Childhood this period lasts
from 2 to 6 years, and is considered
by many parents as a problematic
or troublesome age.
e. Late Childhood this period occurs
from 6 to 10 or 12 years or the so -
called elementary years. For,
parents they consider it also as a
troublesome age, especially since,
according to psychologists, this is
the “gang” age or the time at which
children seek conformity and
become part of a groups.
f. Puberty or Preadolescence this
period from 12 to 13 or 14 years. It
is a short, overlapping period that is
subdivided into several stages,
namely, prepubescent, pubescent
and post-pubescent stages. This is a
period of rapid growth and change
and occurs at a variable age.
g. Adolescence this period occurs
from 13 or 14 to 18 years. It is an
important transitional period that is
characterized by significant change.
Others consider it a problem or
dreaded age, during which the child
searches for his/her identity and is
about to cross over into adulthood.
h. Early Adulthood this period lasts
from 18 to 40 years. This is the
productive age, a period of
dependency for most, and a period
of emotional tension or even social
isolation.
i. Middle Age this period occurs
from 40 to 60 years. Many people
dread this stage because it is a time
of stress and transition.
j. Old Age or Senescence this period
lasts from 60 years to one’s death.
Human Behavior - anything an
individual does that involves self-
initiated action to a given situation.
Abnormal Behavior - something from
the normal or differing from the typical
COMMON PERSPECTIVE IN THE
STUDY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
a. Neurological this perspective
emphasizes human actions in relation to
events that take place inside the body,
especially the brain and the nervous
system.
b. Behavioral this view focuses on the
external activities that can be observed
and measured.
c. Cognitive this perspective studies
how the brain processes and transforms
information in various ways.
 HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY
d. Psychoanalytical this view
emphasizes unconscious motives
stemming from repressed sexual and
aggressive impulses in childhood.
e. Humanistic this perspective focuses
on the subject’s experiences, freedom
of choice, and strong motivation to
achieve self – actualization.
STIMULANTS OF HUMAN
BEHAVIOR
1. Sensation- The feeling or impression
of which are as follows:
a. Visual - refers to man's sense of
sight.
b. Olfactory - refers to our sense of
smelling.
c. Cutaneous-refers to our sense of
touch or feeling
d. Auditory - man's sense of hearing.
e. Gustatory - man's sense of taste.
2. Perception- knowledge of stimulus
3. Awareness - psychological activity
(according to interpretation and
experience of object or stimulus)
Two Basic Types of Behavior
 Inherited (Inborn) – behavioral
reactions or reflexes exhibited by people
because of their inherited capabilities
 Learned (Operant) – involves knowing
or adaptation that enhances human
beings’ ability to cope with changes in
the environment in ways which improve
the chances of survival
Classifications of Human Behavior
 Habitual – motorized behavior usually
manifested in language and emotion.
 Instinctive –unlearned and simply comes
out of man’s instinct
 Symbolic – are behaviors that are
usually carried out by means of unsaid
words and shown through symbols or
body signs.
 Complex – are those behaviors that
combine two or more of the classified
ones.
Human emotions and its relation to behavior
The word emotion includes a wide array of
observable behaviors, expressed feelings, and
changes in the body state. For most persons
emotions are very personal states, difficult to
define or to identify except in the most obvious
instances.
Three definitions of various aspects of
emotions:
 Emotion is a feeling that is private and
subjective.
 Emotion is a condition of psychological
arousal, an expression or display of
distinctive somatic and autonomic
responses.
 Emotions are actions commonly
“deemed”, such as defending or
attacking in reaction to threat.
Factors that affect Human Behavior
 Heredity - passing of traits to offspring
 Environment - refers to surroundings of
an object
 Learning – is the process by which an
individual’s behavior changes as a result
of experience or practice
Personality Traits that Affect Human
Behavior:
 Introversion
 Extroversion
 Ambiversion
 Neuroticism – generally moody, touchy,
depressed, sensitive and anxious or
nervous.
 HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY
 Psychoticism – is characterized by cold
cruelty, social insensitivity, disregard for
danger, troublesome behavior, dislike of
others and an attraction towards unusual.
The pathogenic family structure:
 Inadequate family – inability to cope
with the ordinary problems of family
living.
 Anti-social family – Those that
espouses unacceptable values as a result
of the influence parents to their children.
 Discordant or disturbed family - non-
satisfaction of one or both parent from
the relationship that may express feeling
of frustration.
 Disrupted family – Characterized by
incompleteness whether as a result of
death, divorce, separation or some other
circumstances..
Childhood Trauma- The experiences, which
affect the feeling of security of a child
undergoing developmental processes. The
developmental processes sometimes being
blocked by parental deprivation as a
consequence of parents or lack of inadequate
maturing at home because of parental rejection,
overprotection, restrictiveness, over
permissiveness, and faulty discipline.
Major kinds of Behavior
 OVERT – Behaviors that are outwardly
manifested.
 COVERT – Behavior that is hidden.
 VOLUNTARY – Behavior that is done
with full volition or will.
 INVOLUNTARY – Refers to bodily
processes that goes even when we are
awake or asleep.
Attributes of Human Behavior:
1. Duration - Refers to the aspect of human
behavior in terms of function of time, how long
or brief the interval may be.
2. Extensity - Traits of human behavior which
centers on size, distance, location (spatial
characteristics)
3. Intensity- Features of human behavior which
focuses in terms of magnitude, mild, strong,
(disintegrative)
4. Quantity- Refers to the aspect of human
behavior dealing with the normal and abnormal
traits.
How People Transacts:
Human performance, conduct and execution are
classified into two which are as follows:
1. Complimentary - Which takes place if
stimulus and response patterns from one ego
state to another are parallel.
2. Non-complimentary -Which is performed if
stimulus and response patterns from one ego
state to another are not parallel.
Conflict- A stressful condition that occurs when
person must choose between incompatible or
contradictory alternatives.
Three Basic Forms of Conflict
Approach-Avoidance - individual moves closer
to a seemingly desirable object, only to have the
potentially negative consequences of contacting
that object push back against the closing
behavior. (He or she has to choose but he or she
cannot decide which one to choose)
Approach-Approach - choosing between two
desirable alternatives. There are usually two
desirable things wanted, but only one option can
be chosen. (he or she must only choose one)
Avoidance-Avoidance - involves two
undesirable alternatives where a person has to
decide of choosing one of the undesirable things.
(he or she must choose one even if he does not
want to choose)
Frustration - situation which blocks the
individual’s motivated behavior.
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Response to Frustration
 Fight
 Flight
 Freeze
 Fawn
Frustration Tolerance - It is the ability to
withstand frustration without developing
inadequate modes of response such as being
emotionally depressed or irritated, becoming
neurotic, or becoming aggressive.
Repression – unconscious process whereby
painful traumatic experiences are completely
prevented from entering consciousness.
Suppression - conscious activity by which an
individual attempts to forget emotionally
disturbing thoughts and experiences by pushing
them out of his mind.
Regression - A person reverts to a pattern of
feeling, thinking or behavior which was
appropriate to an earlier stage of development.

Defense Mechanism – unconscious Substitution - overcome feelings of frustration

psychological process that serves as safety valve and anxiety by achieving alternate goals.
that provides relief from emotional conflict and Identification - seeks to overcome his own
anxiety. feelings of inadequacy, loneliness, or inferiority
Common Defense Mechanisms by taking on the characteristics of someone who
is important to him.
Fantasy – Resorts to day dream (Fantasy work)
as a temporary escape from the frustration of Sublimation – drives which consciously
reality. unacceptable are diverted into personally and
socially accepted channels.
Displacement - strong emotion, such as anger,
is displaced onto another person or object as the
recipient of said emotion.
Rationalization - justify their behavior to
themselves and others by making excuses or
formulating fictitious, socially approved
arguments to convince themselves and others
that their behavior is logical and acceptable
Compensation - by concentrating on another
area where they can excel.
Projection- manifest feelings and ideas which
are unacceptable to the ego or the superego and
are projected onto others so that they seem to
have these feelings or ideas, which free the
individual from the guilt and anxiety associated
with them.
Reaction formation - development of a trait or
traits which are the opposite of tendencies that
we do not want to recognize.
Denial – when a person uses this, he refuses to
recognize and deal with reality because of strong
inner needs.