PHILOSOPHY &

CURRENT ISSUES
TOPIC 2:
PHILOSOPHY IN LIFE
LECTURE LEARNING OUTCOMES
Explain the development of the discipline of Philosophy
and the division of Philosophy into Theoretical Philosophy
(Nazariyyah) and Practical Philosophy (Amaliyyah)

Describe the main branches of

Theoretical Philosophy and Practical
Philosophy

Analyze the latest developments and

emergencies in the world of Philosophy
 P
H
I
Greek:
Philosophia L
Philo = O
Love
S
Sophia = O
Wisdom
P
H
Y
PHILOSOPHY IN THE EAST

Not conceptual

Closely related to religious understanding

The word wisdom as wisdom

More to the inductive and metaphysical methods

Parsing reality according to a point of view is not

necessarily based on rational argument alone
WESTERN PHILOSOPHY
EASTERN PHILOSOPHY
ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY
 Progress

Theoretical Theoretical

Discipline PHILOSOPHY Branches

Practical Practical

New
Philosophy
 BRANCHES OF
PHILOSOPHY
Theoretical Philosophy (Nazariyyah)
Practical Philosophy (Amaliyyah)
 THEORETICAL
PHILOSOPHY

Metaphysics (Philosophy of fact and existence)

Epistemology (Philosophy of knowledge and truth)
Philosophy of Psychology (Philosophy of Reality, Nature and Potential of Humanity)
Aesthetics (theory of feeling and beauty)
PRACTICAL PHILOSOPHY
Philosophical discussions
can be applied in certain
disciplines.

Examples: political
philosophy, economic
philosophy and social
philosophy.
 PRACTICAL
PHILOSOPHY

Ethics (Moral Philosophy and Good/Bad)

Political Philosophy (Philosophy of Government and National Governance) Philosophy of
Economics (Philosophy of Wealth Distribution and Justice) Philosophy of Civilization (Philosophy
of Cultural Development and Human Civilization)
 EMERGENCE OF
NEW PHILOSOPHIES

(Economics, Politics, Environment, Technology)

 ECONOMIC PHILOSOPHY
• Discuss policy matters and questions about the
economy. Example:
1. What is meant by economic justice (economic
justice)?
2. How can we achieve justice in the elocution of
resources fairly to all walks of life?
3. How can such justice be practiced in an
economic context especially in the division of
resources between different strata of society?
• The results of philosophical thinking about the
economy or through the question of economic
justice can be applied so that the economic
policy will be fairer in the distribution of
economic resources or economic resources.
• It can help the government in formulating fairer
policies. Thus, it is more easily accepted by the
general public and there is no fundamental
dispute over government policy on economic
division.
 POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
Answering the question:
1. What is meant by government or concept the
government?
2. What is a good form of government?
3. What are the characteristics of good governance?

Provides practical results and can be advice to the

government on how to govern a country in a system of
government such as democracy and so on.

Plato in his book ‘The Republic’ advocated an ideal society,

ideal political principles that could possibly be practiced by a
given ruler.

In conclusion, systems of government such as democracy,

liberal democracy, Marxism and Communism are related and
stem from philosophy.
 ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY
• Refers to policy and philosophical questions about the
environment.
• Exists because of the environmental problems that have
plagued humans to trigger a crisis called ecological crisis.
• Questions that arise:
1. What is human's relationship with nature in fact?
2. What is the meaning of nature for human life?
3. Is this realm only for human beings to use for economic gain
for comfort or is this realm something more than a mere
economic resource?

• If we consider this world as something that is a place where

we establish a harmonious relationship between human and
human, human and the environment and its environment of
course the ethics that arise towards the environment will be
different.

• We will be more eco-friendly towards the environment and

we are not doing something that destroys the environment
like what is available today.
 PHILOSOPHY OF TECHNOLOGY
• Exists because of the emergence of new
technologies whose emergence was so rapid after
the second industrial revolution in the 19th
century.
• For example, car manufacturing technology,
airplanes, telephones, television, internet and so
on.
• Problems arise:
1. What is meant by technology?
2. What is the relationship of technology to humans?
3. What is the nature of the technology itself?
• Can we consider technology as an extension to the
human self (is technology an extension to the
human itself?) Or is the technology considered as
something that can threaten humanity itself?
• For example, technology to make atomic bombs,
nuclear weapons, or technology based on artificial
intelligence that can produce robots that may take
over human life one day.
 CAN NON -WESTERN PHILOSOPHY BE ACCEPTED AS
A PHILOSOPHY LIKE PHILOSOPHY IN THE WEST?
YES
The concept of philosophy should not be narrowed but relaxed.
All types of thought that have some similarities in the characteristics of philosophy
among philosophers around the world can already be accepted as philosophies.
Philosophy must be inclusive so that we can accept other sciences about nature, human
beings and so on from outside Western society as philosophical thought.
NO 1. What is found in Eastern thought is more of a study of the right and good way of life (virtual living) as
found in their religion.
2. It is the way they present their view of nature that does not necessarily have a rational support because it
is metaphysical as well as emotional in nature. It is not accepted as a legitimate or authentic method in
Western philosophy.

This view is unacceptable and NOT APPROPRIATE because:

1. Western philosophers also have such a nature such as their metaphysical theories reflect their views of nature which
may also not have 100% rational support but are more imaginative about nature and so on.
2. If it is said that Western philosophy is based on rational arguments and so on.
3. What about the philosophy of Postmodernism? Which is not based on rational arguments but is an opposition to
rationality itself. Non -rational aspects such as emotion and intuition are understood by postmodernists as
logocentrism.
 TITLE OF EACH PHILOSOPHY COURSE LECTURE AND CURRENT ISSUES BASED ON THE
DOMAIN OF PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS

LECTURE: PHILOSOPHY
LECTURE 2 CONCEPT QUESTION REFERENCE
PHILOSOPHY

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY Division of Philosophy State the division of Philosophy? ALatifS, Falsafah Sains (ms 1-13)
AJalilH, “Cabang-Cabang Ilmu Falsafah”
(ms 9-11)
Asariyan, Intisari Falsafah Barat (ms 6-11)
Asariyan, Intisari Falsafah Islam (ms 12-
16)
Hashim Musa (ms 1-7)

THEORETICAL PHILOSOPHY Theoretical Philosophy Give examples of Theoretical Philosophy? AJalilH, “Falsafah Nazariyyah” (ms 5)
ALatifS, “Metafizik” (ms 4)
ALatifS, “Epistemologi” (ms 5)

PRACTICAL PHILOSOPHY Practical Philosophy Give examples of Practical Philosophy? AJalilH, “Falsafah Amaliyyah” (ms 6)

EMERGENCE OF NEW Philosophy and Current What is the function of Philosophy in ALatifS, Falsafah Sains (ms 1-13)
PHILOSOPHIES Phenomena of life dealing with the emergence of the latest AJalilH, “Cabang-Cabang Ilmu Falsafah”
phenomena of life? (ms 9-11)
Asariyan, Intisari Falsafah Barat (ms 6-11)
Asariyan, Intisari Falsafah Islam (ms 12-
16)
Hashim Musa (ms 1-7)