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 7912625

' g h a n e h * hussam mohahed fahmy

STUDY OF BASE PLATES FOR A X I A L L Y LOADED
COLUMNS.

OKLAHOMA STATE U N I V E R S I T Y , P H .D ., 1978

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 STUDY OF BASE PLATES FOR AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

By
HUSSAM MOHAMED FAHMY GHANEM

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Bachelor of Science
University of Alexandria
Alexandria, Egypt
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1971

Master of Science
Oklahoma State University
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S tillw ater, Oklahoma

1974
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Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College

of the Oklahoma State University
in partial fu lfillm en t of the requirements
for the Degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
December, 1978

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 STUDY OF BASE PLATES FOR AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

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Thesis Approved:
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Chesf4ftAdv?spr
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r v jL u ^
Dean of the Graduate College

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the members of my com­

mittee: Dr. John P. Lloyd, who served as my major adviser, for his valu­

able guidance and suggestions throughout this study; Dr. William P.

Dawkins, for his helpful assistance and advisement; and Dr. Allen E.

Kelly and Dr. Richard L. Lowery, for their sound instructions.

I would like to thank Dr. James V. Parcher and Dr. John W. Harvey

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for their invaluable assistance. I am grateful to Ms. Charlene Fries for

her efforts in typing my disseration.

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Finally, I am deeply indebted to my parents for their early guidance,

sacrifices, support, and encouragement. My special thanks to my wife,

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Amina, for her patience, understanding, and support.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page

I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1

1.1 General .............................................................................. 1

1.2 S c o p e .................................................................................. 2

II. HISTORICAL AND LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................... 4

2.1 Bearing Capacity of Concrete ......................................... 4

2.2 Stress-Strain Response and Strengthof Concrete . . 7
2.3 Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Structures . . 9

III. FINITE ELEMENT IDEALIZATION

3.1
3.2
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General ..............................................................................
Material Behavior ...........................................................
14

14
15
3.3 Elemental Stiffness Matrices ......................................... 20
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IV. METHOD OF SOLUTION............................................................................... 32
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4.1 G e n e r a l.............................................................................. 32
4.2 Nonlinear Solution ............................................................ 33
4.3 Constitutive Laws of IncrementalP lasticity . . . . 36
4.4 Evaluation of Excessive Stresses................................... 40
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4.5 Outline of Computational Steps ..................................... 42

V. ANALYTICAL RESULTS ................................................................................ 46

5.1 G e n e r a l..................................... 46
5.2 Example Solutions ............................................. 46
5.3 Circular Base Plate System............................................. 47
5.4 Variables Influencing a Circular Base
Plate System .................................................................... 60

VI. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................... 64

6.1 Summary............................................................................... 64
6.2 Conclusions and Recommendations .................................. 65

A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................... 66

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 Chapter Page

APPENDIX A - EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ...................................................... 73

APPENDIX B - INPUT/OUTPUT INFORMATION .......................................................... 83

APPENDIX C - COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING ......................................................... 89

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

I. Outline of Base Plate Specimens ...................................................... 74

II. Tensile Properties of Plates .......................................................... 76

III. Results of Circular Base Plate Specimens ................................... 82

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1. Comparison of Measured and Computed Strengths for

Series B and D . .......................................................................... 6

2. Biaxial Strength of Concrete ................................................................. 17

3. Idealized Stress-Strain Curve for Concrete ....................................... 18

4. Idealized Stress-Strain Curve for Steel ........................................... 21

5. Parasitic Shear Stresses Induced in a Linear Element Under

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Bending Mode.............................................................................................. 24

6. Linear Rectangular Element .................................................................... 26

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7. Bond-Link Element ................................................................................... 30

8. Incremental-Iterative Procedure ......................................................... 35

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9. Flow Chart for Computational Steps ...................................................... 44

10. Thick Cylinder Pressure-Displacement Curve ...................................... 48

11. The Distribution of Radial, Hoop, and Axial Stresses When

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the Radius of the Plastic Zone is 1 . 5 a ..............................................49

12. Finite Element Idealization of Circular Base Plate System . . . 51

13. Load-Deformation Curve, Base Plate Cl .................................................. 52

14. Load-Deformation Curve, Base Plate C2 .............................................. 53

15. Load-Deformation Curve, Base Plate C3 .............................................. 54

16. Load-Deformation Curve, Base Plate C4 .............................................. 55

17. Load-Deformation Curve, Base Plate C5 .............................................. 56

18. Load-Deformation Curve, Base Plate C6 .............................................. 57

19. Load-Deformation Curve, Base Plate C7 . . . . ............................... 58

20. Load-Deformation Curve, Base Plate C8 .............................................. 59

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 Figure Page

21. Influence of Compressive Strength of Concrete on

Ultimate Load...................................................................................... 61

22. Influence of Yield Strength of Steel on Ultimate Load ................. 61

23. Influence of Plate Thickness on Ultimate Load ................................ 62

24. Influence of Plate Diameter on Ultimate Load ................................ 62

25. Loading Apparatus for Circular Plates .............................................. 75

26. Typical Stress-Strain Curve for Concrete ....................................... 77

27. Typical Stress-Strain Curve for Steel .............................................. 78

28. Loading Arrangement for Circular Plates ........................................... 80

29. Circular Base Plate System at Failure .............................................. 81

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 NOMENCLATURE

a radius

{a} derivative of stress invariants

[B] strain matrix

C], Cg, constants dependent on fa ilu re c rite ria

[D] material property matrix in elastic range

[Db] property matrix of a bond-1 ink element

[Dep]

[Dp]

[D-j], [Dg]
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elasto-plastic material property matrix

plastic material property matrix

partitioned property matrices

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E modulus of e la s tic ity
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fg ultimate compressive strength of concrete

F yield surface

{F} force vector

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{AF} load increment vector

||F ..|| norm to applied load vector

G shear modulus

H parameter equal to the slope of uniaxial stress

equivalent plastic strain curve

Jl* J2’ stress invariants

k yield stress in pure shear

k j, constants

K. stiffness coefficient of a bond-1 ink element in

horizontal direction

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 K stiffness coefficient of a bond-link element in the
vertical direction

[K] stiffness matrix

{N} normal to yield surface

N- shape function for node i

[N] matrix of shape function

[N, ] shape function derivative with respect to r

[N ,z] shape function derivative with respect to z

{p} unbalanced force vector

{q} vector of force intensity

Q plastic potential

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r , r^ factors for correcting stress increments

r, z cylindrical coordinates
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(R> residual load vector

| ]R|| norm to residual force vector

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Sv, S , S deviatoric stresses

a y z
t convergence factor

u displacement in r or x direction
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{u} displacement fie ld

{U> vector of nodal displacements

(U^} ith generalized displacement increment

v displacement in y or z direction

x, y, z rectangular coordinates

e ratio of biaxial strength to uniaxial strength of

concrete

Yxy’ Yyz’ Yzx shear strain in rectangular coordinates

y P_ plastic Incremental shear strain in cylindrical
coordinates

e uniaxial strain

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 ep plastic strain

Gp equivalent uniaxial plastic strain

gx , c^, e2 strains in the rectangular coordinates

Gr ’ ez* ee strains in the cylindrical coordinates

{g } strain vector

(AeJ incremental strain vector

de£, dejj), dGg plastic incremental strain in cylindrical coordinates

cy(J yield strain

A , a relative displacement in horizontal andvertical direc­

tions between a bond-1 ink element node

< hardening parameter

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v Poisson's ratio

5, n local natural coordinates

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n total potential energy

o uniaxial stress
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a invariant for fa ilu re c rite ria

om
m octahedral normal stress or invariant for failu re
c rite ria
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°x* °y* °z stresses in rectangular coordinates

o y a 3 a
V z* uo stresses in cylindrical coordinates

*1* ° 2 * °3
principal stresses

oyc| yield stress

{a} stress vector

{aexJ excessive stress vector

t shear stress

TQCt octahedral shear stress

xrz shear stress in cylindrical coordinates

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 Txy’ Txz’ r yz shear stresses In rectangular coordinates
<f> invariant for fa ilu re c rite ria

I EW
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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

The design procedure recommended by the American In stitute of Steel

Construction (1) assumes that the bearing pressure under a base plate is

of uniform intensity. A permissible bearing stress related to the ratio

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of the loaded area to the surface area of concrete lim its the minimum

dimensions of the base plate. The column load is assumed to be uniformly

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distributed over an effective area which is approximately equal to the

depth times the width of the column section. The plate thickness is
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determined by considering the portions of the plates which extend beyond

the effective column area to act as cantilevers; the plate thickness is

chosen to lim it the flexural stresses at specified c ritic a l sections.

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The American In stitute of Steel Construction (AISC) specifies that

the basic allowable bearing stress for concrete is 35 percent of the com­

pressive strength of concrete (1) (2 ). The American Concrete In stitu te

specifies that the basic bearing stress is 30 percent of concrete

strength (3). Both specifications permit the basic bearing strength to

be increases as much as 100 percent where only a portion of the concrete

surface is subjected to bearing.

In the event of modest column loads, i t is possible to calculate a

small plate area which has no overhang beyond the c ritic a l section. In

such a circumstance the designer has no specified procedure to establish

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 2

a suitable plate thickness. The assumption of a uniform distribution of

stresses between a base plate and aconcrete footing is not true for rela­

tiv e ly fle x ib le plates. The factor of safety which results from the use

of the method is unknown. These problems demonstrate that the current

design procedure is not rational.

A knowledge of the actual behavior of the base plate system in both

the elastic and inelastic stages is of fundamental importance for design.

The safety of most structures can be correctly assessed i f their ultimate

load carrying capacity can be predicted analytically. With the recent

development of numerical methods in general, and of the fin ite element

method in p articular, solutions of complex structural systems are now

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possible. The application of this displacement method results in a sys­

tem of linear simultaneous equations which can be solved on d ig ita l com­

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puters. Nonlinear problems can be solved either by iterations or as a

sequence of consecutive linear problems.

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1.2 Scope
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The objective of this study is to develop a re lia b le procedure for

analyzing circular base plate systems through the entire elastic and in­

elastic ranges of loading. The proposed procedure can be used to predict

the ultimate load carrying capacity and the behavior of the base plate

system throughout the load history.

A mathematical model is formulated for the base plate system that

reflects the behavior of the steel base plate and the plain concrete foot­

ing in the actual system. The analytical study is limited to small deflec­

tions and to short time behavior of an axisymmetric base plate system

under monotonically increasing static loads. The main emphasis is placed

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 3

on the behavior in the inelastic range. An incremental-iterative proced­

ure is used for solving the nonlinear problem. After each load increment

the forces and deformations are computed. The adequacy of the proposed

procedure is illu s tra te d by comparing analytical solutions for some base

plate systems with experimental results. A limited parametric study is

formed to investigate the major variables which influence the behavior

of the base plate system.

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 CHAPTER I I

HISTORICAL AND LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Bearing Capacity of Concrete

The problem of applying large loads to limited areas of concrete is

one frequently encountered in structural design. Base plates for steel

columns resting on concrete footings, anchor plates in post-tensioned con­

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crete structures, and bridge bearings over piers are a few examples of

the numerous bearing problems.

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Previous investigations (4) through (13) of the bearing capacity of

concrete are discussed in detail in Reference (14). In these studies in­

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vestigators concentrated their attention on a few principal variables

influencing the bearing strength of concrete loaded through rigid plates.

The main conclusionsof these investigations were as follows:

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1. Bearing strength increases continuously for an increase in the

ratio of the footing area to the loaded area; for a large ratio any bene­

f i t of a further increase is small.

2. Bearing strength is dependent on the depth of the concrete foot­

ing.

3. The higher the compressive strength of concrete the lower is the

ratio of the bearing strength to the compressive strength of concrete.

4. A footing supported on a compressible bed w ill have a decreasing

strength.

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 5

5. Lateral reinforcement in a footing increases the ultimate bear­

ing strength of concrete.

6. Friction on the base of footings does not influence the bearing

strength of concrete.

Hawkins (15) investigated the bearing strength of concrete loaded

thorugh fle x ib le plates; the effects of the thickness and yield strength

of the plate, the strength of the concrete, and the ratio of the loaded

area to total area of the plate were considered. Test results showed that

the ultimate bearing capacity for fle x ib le plates increased lin early with

the plate thickness, whereas for semi-flexible plates the rate of increase

of the ultimate bearing capacity was continuous until a maximum value is

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reached corresponding to the capacity of rigid plates. Hawkins observed

that the f ir s t indication of impending collapse was the formation of short

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vertical cracks on the sides of the specimens, and for fle x ib le plates

there was an almost solid core surrounded by a cone of crushed concrete.

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He developed expressions to predict the ultimate bearing load for fle x ib le

and semi-flexible plates based on the yield line theory. He also devel­
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oped an expression for determining the thickness of rigid plates. Figure

1 compares the experimental and the computed strengths of test series B

and D. The curve represents the proposed theoretical results. I t is

linear over the range for which the plate is fle x ib le . At the end of the

semi-flexible range, the ultimate load increases significantly for an in­

crease in the plate thickness until a lim iting value is reached which

represents the strength of rig id plates. Experimental results showed that

the bearing capacity for fle x ib le plates increased in a direct proportion

to the concrete strength raised to 0.7 power and the square root of the

yield stress of the bearing plate.

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 6

160
Rifiia
FLEXIBLE
i 120

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40
□ SERIES B
O SERIES D
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0 .2 0 .3 0.4 0.5 0 .6 0.7

THICKNESS OF PLATE, IN.
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Figure 1. Comparison of Measured and Computed Strengths

for Series B and D (From Reference (15))

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 7

2.2 Stress-Strain Response and Strength of Concrete

In many experimental investigations concrete has been subjected to

complex states of stress. Most of the available information about the

behavior of concrete under load has been obtained from s ta tic uniaxial

compression or tensile tests. Popovics (16) reviewed the stress-strain

relationship for concrete subject to uniaxial loading. He discussed the

available empirical formulas for describing the stress-strain behavior of

concrete.

Concrete specimens subject to any state of stress can support up to

60 percent of the ultimate load before any major internal structural

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changes occur. Under low states of stress most deformations are linear

and recoverable. According to G riffith 's theory (17) at the end of the
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linear range the presence of micro-cracks and stress concentrations result

in the slow propagation of micro-cracks of unstable length. Under steady

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sustained load the slow crack propagation w ill continue as the excess

strain energy is dissipated in the formation of new surface until a stage

is reached where the stressed material is in equilibrium with the external

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loading system. The system w ill become unstable i f the load is increased

and severe cracks w ill s ta rt to propagate. Newman (18) defined the load

stage at which more severe cracking begins as "discontinuity."

Investigators (19) through (23) have attempted to analyze structural

and in terp a rtic le models of concrete to explain the mechanism and modes

of fa ilu re . Although the fa ilu re of concrete has been the subject of

much research, there is s t i l l no universal theory of fa ilu re for concrete.

Several investigators (24) through (35) attempted to develop theories of

fa ilu re for concrete under complex states of stress. These studies are

summarized and discussed in Reference (14).

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 8

Bresler and Pister (24) suggested a criterion relating the octahedral

shear stress to the octahedral normal stress at fa ilu re in the form

(2 . 1 )

where

Toct = octafiedral shear stress; and

= octahedral normal stress.
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The octahedral stresses have been widely used for expressing the

fa ilu re of concrete subjected to multiaxial stresses. Kupfer et a l. (31)

obtained a fa ilu re envelope based on their extensive tests on concrete

under a biaxial state of stresses which can be expressed in octahedral

shear stresses.
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M ills and Zimmerman (36) observed two distinct types of fa ilu re in

their study of the compressive strength of concrete under multiaxial load­

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ing conditions. There was a difference in the compressive strength of
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concrete between the type I test where ~ °3 anc* ^P® ** test

where = o2 >a.j. They developed a criterion for fa ilu re of concrete

based on the results of th e ir tests in which they used octahedral stresses.

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The two types of fa ilu re may be a result of the difference in testing pro­

cedure and loading sequence as discussed by Pandit (37). The test results

were presented in the form

(2 . 2 )

where

al *a2*a3 = Pn n c iPa^ stresses;

fp = uniaxial compressive strength of concrete; and

k^,k2 = constants.

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 9

M ills arid Zimmerman pointed out that they do not propose this form

for multiaxial compressive strength of concrete because of the limited

test data available.

Kostovos and Newman (38) recently identified distinct levels of

change in the behavior of concrete when i t is subjected to multiaxial

states of stress. The onset of localized cracking occurs primarily as a

result of breakdown of the concrete matrix. After this stage is reached

the concrete exhibits distinctly inelastic properties but can s t i l l behave

in a stable manner. The onset of continuous cracking occurs mainly as a

result of fractures within the matrix, after which the material disrupts

in an unstable manner when cracks continue to propagate. They suggested

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that stresses and strains at the onset of stable fracture propagation form

an envelope which may serve as a basis for a lower bound failure c r it e r i­

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on. For the onset of unstable fracture propagation, the envelope may be

used as a basis for the upper bound fa ilu re criterion.

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2.3 Nonlinear Finite Element

Analysis of Structures
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The nonlinear analysis of structures was one of the most intractable

problems prior to the widespread use of high speed digital computers.

There are three categories of nonlinearity: geometric nonlinearity, which

arises from nonlinear terms in the kinematic equations; material nonline­

a rity , which arises from nonlineartieis in the constitutive equations; and

combined geometric and material nonlinearity.

Progress in the area of inelastic analysis was accelerated by the

simultaneous development of the direct stiffness method by Turner et a l.

(39) and the principal of the in it ia l strain method developed by Mendelson

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