Republic of the Philippines

COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION

Higher Education Regional Office VI (HERO VI)
City Government of Bago
BAGO CITY COLLEGE
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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

Course Syllabus in CDI 101 – Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Basic Intelligence

MODULE

What is criminal investigation? Criminal investigation is an applied science that involves the
study of facts that are then used to inform criminal trials. A complete criminal investigation can
include searching, interviews, interrogations, evidence collection and preservation, and various
methods of investigation. Modern-day criminal investigations commonly employ many modern
scientific techniques known collectively as forensic science.

Criminal investigation is an ancient science that may have roots as far back as 1700 BCE in the
writings of the Code of Hammurabi. In the code, it is suggested that both the accuser and the
accused had the right to present evidence they collected. In the modern era, criminal
investigations are most often done by government police forces. Private investigators are also
commonly hired to complete or assist in criminal investigations.

In order to effectively conduct or perform criminal investigative functions, one must understand
the basic definition of; investigation and investigate.

An investigation is an examination, a study, a survey and a research of facts and/or

circumstances, situations, incidents and scenarios, either related or not, for the purpose of
rendering a conclusion of proof.

When one investigates, he/she makes a systematic inquiry, closely analyses and inspects while
dissecting and scrutinizing information.

An investigation, therefore, is based upon a complete and whole evaluation and not a
conjecture, speculation or supposition.

Investigation can be defined quite simply as a systematic fact finding and reporting process. It is
derived from the Latin word vestigere, to “track or trace,” investigation is finding facts; it is akin
to research conducted in the academic arena. Investigation is a multi-disciplined field of study.

Crime detection and investigation is both an art and a science; a collaboration of common
sense, judgment, intellect, experience and an innate intuitiveness along with grasp of relative
technical knowledge.

Types of criminal investigations

(1. Homicide; 2. Cybercrimes; 3. Forensic investigations; 4. Fraud; 5. Family and sexual
violence; 6. Crimes against property; 7. Cold cases; 8. Narcotics; 9. Gang violence)
1. Homicide - Detectives in the homicide unit are responsible for investigating the killing of one
person by another. They typically begin their investigation by assessing the scene of the
incident, including collecting evidence, dusting for fingerprints, photographing the scene and
exploring the surrounding area for potential witnesses to interview. Homicide detectives must
be skilled at interviewing both witnesses and suspects to gather as much information as
possible—this is challenging even with a willing witness, let alone one who is reluctant to speak
out.
2. Cybercrimes - Many of the crimes that occur in the real world can also, unfortunately, take
place online. These cybercrimes include identity theft, illegal firearms sales, online drug
trafficking and online harassment. Cybercrimes can be tricky to investigate because they often
 take place across different jurisdictions, and their perpetrators can hide in anonymity behind
their computer screens. Despite these challenges, these tech-savvy sleuths use technical
analysis and electronic evidence to uncover the truth and bring justice for victims.
3. Forensic investigations - Many different types of crimes are investigated using forensics. The
police detectives in this special unit scientifically analyze evidence from crime scenes to piece
together the truth about what happened and who committed the crime. They work with DNA
evidence such as hair or bodily fluids to help identify or eliminate possible suspects, and they
use methods like ballistics examination and soil analysis to recreate the scene of the crime.
4. Fraud - Fraud occurs when someone intentionally uses false information to scam a person or
company, usually for financial gain. There are many different types of fraud, and detectives are
needed to investigate all of them, including insurance fraud, identity theft, credit card fraud and
forgery. Detectives use their sleuthing skills to gather evidence proving that fraud has occurred
and following a paper trail that leads to the culprit.
5. Family and sexual violence - Detectives in this unit specialize in any investigation related to
domestic abuse, sexual assault and child abuse or neglect. These detectives interview victims
and witnesses and gather forensic evidence to make a case against the perpetrator. These
detectives often receive special training to help them assist victims in these complex cases,
especially when violence or abuse has occurred between family members. Detectives involved
with these investigations may also partner with other organizations that offer support to
victims, such as social workers, counselors and safe houses for women and children.
6. Crimes against property - This is a broad category that includes investigations of burglary,
theft and vandalism. Detectives in crimes against property cases may not have many leads to
help them, especially in situations where there were no witnesses. These detectives rely on
gathering detailed reports from the property owner, sharp observation of evidence and
canvassing the area to see whether anyone saw suspicious activity.
7. Cold cases - No detective wants to see a case go unsolved. Some detectives dedicate their
work to these cold cases, reviewing past evidence, searching for new clues and using updated
forensics technology so that justice can hopefully be served no matter how much time has
passed. Cold cases that are reopened for investigation are often related to violent crimes like
assault or homicide.
8. Narcotics - Narcotics detectives are responsible for investigating drug-related crimes. This
includes smuggling, sales, the growing or production of drugs, and even the use of fraud to
obtain prescription drugs illegally. These detectives may work undercover to break up a drug
trafficking ring, or they may work on a smaller scale in order to curtail drug use in a particular
neighborhood.
9. Gang violence - These detectives focus on ending violence between gangs in a particular city.
Some of their investigations may overlap with narcotics cases, while others involve investigating
offenders in gang-related crimes. Their goal is to promote safer neighbourhood’s and end
violence, so some of their work is preventative, such as removing illegal firearms from the
streets or patrolling areas that are known for violence.
What are the different types of investigators?
 Police Detective. also called criminal investigators, investigate crimes such as arson, homicide,
robbery, vandalism, fraud, burglary, and assault. ...
 Forensic Detective. ...
 Computer Crime Detective or Computer Crime Investigator

Kinds of Criminal Investigation

Generally speaking, there are only two kinds of criminal investigation:
 Investigation while the suspect is under arrest and detention; and
 Investigation while the suspect is “at large”. It means that the suspect is not under
arrest or detention, as distinguished from fugitive from justice.

What are the principles of investigation?

Describe and analyse the fundamental principles of investigations including, but not limited to:
obtaining, developing, and substantiating information; processing crime scenes; conducting
interviews and interrogations; developing informants; developing sources of information; and
conducting surveillance and undercover …

What is an investigative framework?

The framework applies the six investigative questions – who, what, why, when, where and how
– to the individual stages of an incident as well as to the entire incident.

These include collection, analysis, theory development and validation, suspect identification
and forming reasonable grounds, and taking action to arrest, search, and lay charges. In any
case, as unpredictable as criminal events may be, the results police investigators aim for are
always the same.

Goals of Criminal Investigation

The main objective of a police investigator is to gather all facts in order to:
In proving the guilt of the accused in court, the fact of the existence of the crime must be
established; the accused must be identified and associated with the crime scene; competent
and credible witnesses must be available; and the physical evidence must be appropriately
identified. The investigator must know by heart the elements of a specific crime.

When the most basic of Law Enforcement functions:

 The preservation of life;
 The protection of property and the maintenance of peace; are not substantially
realized, the investigative process must then be undertaken.

 The Three phases of Criminal Investigation.

1. Identification of the criminal
2. Apprehension – tracing and locating the offender
3. Prosecution – gather, provide and present evidence to prove and establish the guilt of
the accused in court.
What are the four ways in identifying criminals?
(1) Confession - is the declaration of an accused expressly acknowledging his guilt of
the offense charged. It is an expressed acknowledgement by the accused, in a
criminal case, of the truth of his guilt as to the crime charged, or of some essential
part thereof.

Admission is a voluntary acknowledgement in express term or by implication, by a

party in interest or by another by whose statement he is legally bound, against his interest, of
the existence or truth of a fact in dispute materials to the issue.

Kinds of Confessions
a. Extra Judicial Confession - outside the court, maybe during preliminary
investigation before trial (writing, under oath, understood by the accused,
presence of counsel preferable own choice).
b. Judicial Confession – those made by the accused in open Court. The plea of guilt
maybe during arraignment or any stage of the proceedings where the accused
changes his plea of not guilty to guilty.
 (2) eyewitness testimony - is the statement of the person whom the investigator
believes to have direct knowledge of what possibly transpire--- before, during, and
after the commission of an offense. This may include an intelligently conducted
“LINE-UP”, to eliminate the process of suggestion, as one of the factor during
identification.

 Two kinds of criminals for purposes of identification by witnesses.

a. Known fugitives – If the criminal is known, then police records and pictures are
available. His relatives and friends can offer description. Further description can be obtained
from local police files, background investigation and from verbal description of others.
b. Unknown criminals – Identification of unknown criminals by eyewitnesses must
be approached with caution by the investigator. Their identity are unknown to eyewitnesses
before the commission of the crime.

 Methods of identification by witnesses.

 Verbal description – The value of the description must depend on the capacity of the
witness to describe the criminal.
 Photographic files - (Rogue’s Gallery – the witness may be taken to the headquarters to
examine the photographs on file. The modus operandi file may also be shown upon
knowledge of the technique of the commission of the crime. (the witness should also
be instructed to call the investigator’s attention to any strong similarity in the
photograph of a single feature, the nose or mouth.

MODUS OPERANDI – Simply, it is the method of operation by a specific criminal

or criminal syndicates. It is the distinct pattern of how a crime is committed and
is established by a series of crimes under one classification. The modus operandi
of one criminal is distinct and different from the other. It is a criminal trademark,
logo or brand name.

 Artist assistance – identification may be made by the employment of an artist to depict

a composite features describe by the witnesses. The witness is shown a chart w/c
contains representations of various types of human features as noses, eyes, ears, etc.
and is requested to select the individual features present in the unknown criminal.
From this selection, the artist draws a composite of the face w/c maybe a close
approximation to that of the criminals.
 Police Line-up - The investigator can increase reliability of identification by eyewitness
through the medium of the intelligently conducted “Line-up”. The police line-up is
more profitably used as a means of selecting a suspect from a group of innocent
persons.
Procedure
There must be a group of seven (7) to ten (10) persons. Their appearance must be almost the
same as to height, hair color, and clothing. The suspect must be given the opportunity to select
the position in the line-

(3) circumstantial evidence – is identification established indirectly by proving other

facts or circumstances from which , either alone or in connection with other facts, the identity
of the perpetrator can be inferred.

When may circumstantial evidence be sufficient to produce conviction?

a. When there are more than one circumstances.
b. When the facts from which the inferences derived are proven.
 c. When the combination of all circumstances is such as to produce a conviction
beyond a reasonable doubt.
What must be inferred to prove identity by circumstantial evidence?
a. Motive – it may be inferred from circumstances and from the statements of
witnesses the suspect has been motivated by a desire for revenge or personal
gain. Motive is hard to establish in crimes committed by mentally deranged
persons.
b. Opportunity – this is the physical possibility that the suspect could have
committed the crime. It may be deduced from the following:
1. The suspect could have been in the vicinity of the crime.
2. Knowledge of the criminal objective
3. Absence of alibi. (on the part of the criminal)
c. Intent - the accomplishment of the Act. (including the tools and physical
capabilities)

4. associative evidence – pieces of evidence which will link the suspect to the
crime scene, such as fingerprints, foot or shoe impressions are some of the
examples.
Importance of Criminal Investigation
1. The problem on crimes and criminals should be carefully studied and provided with solutions.
2. It helps the five pillars of the Criminal Justice system in recognizing and identifying criminal
and provides clues or information in promoting social justice.
3. An aid in enforcing the laws and the protection of lives and properties.
Five (5) Pillars of Criminal Justice System
Criminal Justice System – The Criminal Justice System is a set of interdependent legal and social
institutions that enforce the criminal laws in accordance with established rules and limitations.
In the Philippines the Criminal Justice System has Five (5) Pillars, namely:
 Law Enforcement – Pillar of Criminal Justice System is mainly responsible for the
prevention of crime as well as protection of life, liberty and property of citizens.
 Prosecution – Pillar of Criminal Justice System mandated to conduct preliminary
investigation of cases involving violations of the penal code
 Courts – Pillar of Criminal Justice System which handles and tries cases and decides the
guilt or innocence of the accused.
 Correction – Pillar of Criminal Justice System mandated to administer both correctional
and rehabilitations programs for offenders for their eventual reintegration into the
mainstream society.
 Community – Pillar of Criminal Justice System where community members strengthen
their role in crime prevention and in the dispensation and administration of justice,
- provide information or data on illegal activities
- formulate and implement local peace and order plan
- cooperate with law enforcement agencies in crime prevention activities
- enlist the active participation of non-government organizations, business, etc. in
providing employment opportunities, technical assistance and skills training to inmates.

Categories of Criminal Investigation

 Criminal Investigation and Non-Criminal Investigation
● Criminal Investigation - carried out by the police.
● Non-Criminal Investigation - involves on non-criminal incidents or events.
 Reactive Investigation and Proactive Investigation
1. Reactive Investigation - initiated on the basis of a complaint.
 Categories of Reactive Investigation
a. Walk-through - Suspect is easily determined and located.
b. Where-are-they - Suspect has been tentatively identified but has not been located.
c. Whodunit - This is a case in which no suspects are initially identified.
2. Proactive Investigation - these are designed to catch a criminal in the act of committing
a crime.
 Decoy operations are of blending and decoy types to catch criminals in flagrante delicto.
 Undercover operations usually in the form of buy-bust and entrapment.
 Buy-bust operation - A buy-bust operation is a form of entrapment, whereby a
police agent disguised as a buyer of illegal drugs undertakes a sales transaction with
a seller. ... In short, the prosecutor must prove that the sale took place, and that the
accused was the seller.
 Entrapment - the action of tricking someone into committing a crime in order to
secure their prosecution.
 Overt Investigation and Covert Investigation
 Overt Investigation - the collection of intelligence openly without concealment type
of intelligence, intelligence activity, intelligence operation. The operation of
gathering information about an enemy (openly).
 Covert Investigation - An operation that is so planned and executed as to conceal
the identity of or permit plausible denial by the sponsor (in secret).

Who is a Criminal Investigator?

A criminal investigator is a person who is charged with the duty of carrying on the
objectives of criminal investigation, e.g. to identify and locate the guilty and provide evidence
of his guilt.

Qualities of a Good Investigator are:

• THE ABILITY TO PERSEVERE or stick to task in spite of the monotony and the many
obstacles which surround it. (connections)

• HE MUST HAVE CERTAIN ABILITIES AND AN INTELLIGENCE which would enable him to
acquire information easily and readily and to use this information truthfully. He should have
the capacity to think through situations (must not be pressured). The investigator must be as
intelligent as the offender. (more or greater intelligence)

• HE MUST BE HONEST he must be incorruptible and must possess personal integrity. The
investigator will be subjected to all kinds of temptations: physical, emotional and material.
Temptation to gain will be continuously present and he must be able to recognize and resist it.

• HE MUST HAVE AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN

WHICH HE LIVES. He must know the weakness and the strength of the people, so that he can
use them to his advantage, particularly during interrogation. A knowledge of the psychology of
human behaviours is essential to the investigator.

 he must be able to influence people;

 he must have that charisma to deal with people;
 he must win the minds and hearts of the people.

The investigator should be aware of the factors of the social pattern that contributes to the
kinds of behaviour exhibited by the individual.

• HE MUST HAVE A KEEN POWER OF OBSERVATIONS AND ACCURATE DESCRIPTION.

Observation implies a clear mental picture of what is seen. It requires a seeing of detail, a study
of detail, and a recognition that the whole picture is composed of details.
A good investigator must observe them accurately and completely. He must train himself to
observe and perceive persons, places, things and incidents as they really are. He must be
trained to estimate the passage of time, and speed and distance; to recognize colours; to
distinguish between varying degree of light; estimate age, height and weight.

He must be trained to see and to record facts and must practice observing and recording facts.
The investigator must learn to describe what is observed. The accurate and all inclusive
observation by the individual is meaningless to all, even to himself, unless he can tell clearly and
precisely what was seen.

What does the investigator attempt to obtain during his/her investigation?

The answer is information. What does the investigator hope to develop as a result of
obtaining or gathering this information? The answer is evidence. All investigations,
regardless of purpose, involve the task of gathering and evaluating information.

 CARDINAL PRINCIPLES OF INVESTIGATION

1. The primary Job of an investigator is to determine and discover whether or not an
offense has been committed under the law, the following verses should guide the
investigator in his work. (this is the “5Ws & 1H” also known as the 6 cardinal points)
 what was the crime? (what specific offense has been committed? Nature of crime)
 where crime was committed? (place, location / venue)
 when crime was committed? (time and date)
 whom it was committed? (persons involved, suspect’s)
 why it was committed? (reason or motive)
 how it was committed? (manner, method or modus operandi)
2. A person is innocent unless proven otherwise.
3. “It were better that a guilty person went scot-free than that an innocent man be
hanged”
4. Presentation of evidence that will provide facts to prove the guilt of an accused during
court trial.

INITIAL STEPS IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION:

• Identify and if possible, retain for questioning the person who first notified the police.
• Determine the perpetrator by direct inquiry observe him, if his identity is immediately
apparent.
• Detain all persons present at the scene.
• Summon assistance, if necessary.
• Safeguard the area by issuing appropriate orders and by physically isolating it.
• Permit only authorized persons to enter the area.
• Separate the witness in order to obtain independent statements.
• Do not touch or move any object.
• Definitely assign the duties of the search if assistance are present.

GOLDEN RULE IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

The golden rule states “Do not touch, alter, move, or transfer any object at the crime
scene unless it is properly marked, measured, sketched and/or photographed.”
(MAC RULE) – (standard procedure in the care & handling of evidence – Do not Mutilate, Alter
and Contaminate evidences)

 What should then be the primary job of an investigator before applying this rules? The
investigator upon his arrival at the scene of the crime should consider the following two
important steps before he touches or moves any objects.

a) If the victim is still alive , the investigator should try to gather or acquire
information from the victim himself with regard to the surrounding
circumstances of the crime, while assistant is calling for ambulance from the
nearest hospital. Then measure, sketch and photograph the crime scene
immediately after the victim is removed and brought to the hospital for medical
attendance

b) If the victim is dead, the body should be removed only after the crime scene is
measured, sketched and photographed.

Dying Declaration - is one of the exemptions to the Hearsay Rule, and if a

declaration of a dying person, made under the consciousness of an impending
death, which may be received in any case wherein his death is the subject of inquiry,
as evidence of the cause and surrounding circumstances of such death.

Assignment of Duties

Only one investigator may be assigned to handle a case when it is minor one and
if the workload of the office is great. When a case is relatively important and to
insure thoroughness of the investigation, several investigators maybe assigned to
form a team, the following arrangement is recommended to insure maximum
effectiveness.

a. Officer–in-charge - one who directs the search, assigns duties an assumes responsibility
for the effectiveness of the search.
b. Assistant – one who must implement the orders of the OIC.
c. Photographer – one who photographs the scene and individual pieces of evidence.
d. Sketcher – one who makes a rough sketch of the scene given andlater a finished sketch.
e) Master note taker – one who writes down, in short hand, the observations and
description during the search.
f) Evidence man – one who collects, preserves and tags articles of evidence.
g) Measurer – one who makes overall measurements of the scene.

 THE THREE TOOLS OR I’S OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR’S IN GATHERING FACTS (3 RD)

A. Information - data or knowledge gathered by the investigator and acquired from other
persons and from records. (private & public records & modus operandi file)

 Information classified as to sources –

 Regular Source – company records, school record, barangay record, police
record, etc.

 Cultivated Source – informants or informers, taxicab driver, waiter, bartender,

vendor, etc.
 Grapevines Sources – these are information coming from the underworld
characters such as prisoners, ex-convicts.
  State the importance of Information

Information by far is the most important among the tools since it answers the question
“Who did it?” Once acquired, such information will enable the investigator to try to solve the
problem to find the proper solution.

 METHODS USED IN ACQUIRING INFORMATION

1. ELICITATION
● Obtain information through the process of direct communication
2. CASING
● is reconnaissance or surveillance of a building, place or area to determine its
suitability for intelligence use or its vulnerability in an intelligence operation.
3. SURVEILLANCE
● is the discreet observation of places, persons and vehicles for the purpose of
obtaining information concerning the identities or activities of subjects.
● Definitions of Terms
Pre-surveillance Conference is a conference held before a surveillance is conducted.
Stake-out is the observation of places or areas from a fixed point.
Tailing or Shadowing is the observation of a person’s movement.
Undercover man is a person trained to observe and penetrate certain organization
suspected of illegal activities. Program is the assignment of trained intelligence
personnel to other agencies in order to obtain information
Safe house is a place, building, enclosed mobile, or an apartment, where police
undercover men meet his action agent.
Drop is a convenient, secured, and unsuspecting place where agents can leave notes,
small package or envelope.
Convoy is an accomplice or associate of the subject.
Decoy any person almost similar to the subject used to avoid or elude surveillance.
Contact refers to any person whom the subject picks or deals with while he is under
surveillance.
Made occurs the operation was compromised.
Lost happens when the agent do not know the whereabouts of their subject.
Rabbit (Hare) is a term referring to the subject of shadowing and tailing.
Test for tailing is the common trick of the subject when he becomes conscious that he is
being tailed.
Two (2) General Types of Surveillance
a. Moving Surveillance – Maybe referred to as tail or shadow. A
moving surveillance is conducted when a person, object or activity being watched move
from one place to another. The surveillant may however, move from one vantage point
to another in the immediate area.
b. Fixed Surveillance - Maybe referred to as stakeout. It is conducted when a
person, object, or activity being watched is not expected to move from one area. The
surveillant may however, move from one vantage point to another in the immediate
area.

 The Methods of Foot Surveillance

 One Man Shadow

 Two-Man Shadow
 Three-Man Shadow or ABC Shadow
Objectives of Surveillance

1. To detect criminal activities

 2. To discover the identities of persons who frequent the establishment and determine
their relationship.
3. To discern the habits of a person who lives in or frequents the place
4. To obtain evidence of a crime or to prevent the commission of a crime

4. COVER AND UNDERCOVER

a. Cover – is the means by which an individual, group or organization conceals the true nature
of its activities, and/or its existence from the observer. It is used so that the intelligence unit
may operate with minimum interference from the outside elements. By “outside elements” ,
we mean those not having the “Need to Know”.
Operators adopt different cover stories, either by natural or artificial cover story. It also
uses different aliases, backstopping for their falsified documents to make the cover credible.

Hazards to Cover
● Passive opposition – refers to people who are not directly involved in security and CI
activities. (ordinary citizen)
● Friendly or Unhostile opposition – refers to the friendly organizations that may hinder
operations. (police, security agencies)
● Unfriendly or Hostile active opposition – refers to the enemy intelligence operations that may
compromise the under cover. (enemy intelligence operatives)
B. Interview and Interrogation
 The term interview may be used to mean the simple questioning of a person
who is cooperating with the investigator. A casual conversation or questioning
of persons having relevant knowledge of the crime committed,
 while interrogation may be used to describe the skillful, vigorous questioning of
persons suspected of committing an offense or person reluctant to divulge /
reveal information to the police. It is questioning a hostile witness.

NOTE: Although the “interview” and interrogation have the same purpose, We are preferred
to use an “interview” when questioning witnesses and informants, and “interrogation” when
questioning suspects.

 INTERVIEW -
“ The Golden Rule in Interview Never conduct or let anyone conduct an interview if the
interviewer has not gone to the crime scene.”
The investigator must not overlooked to ask the suspect whether he committed the
offense. Sometimes this question is overlooked by investigators in their eagerness to use
refined ways or techniques of modern crime detection. If the questions are intelligent and
forceful, the suspect will be induced to talk.

 Techniques of Interview –

The interview of a witness can be described by the acronym “IRONIC” which stands for
Identity, Rapport, Opening Statement, Narration, Inquiry and Conclusion.

 Identity – prior to the commencement of an interview, the investigator should identify

himself to the subject by name, rank and agency; except when there is no need to know
the officer’s identity.
  Rapport – it is good to get the positive feeling of the subject towards the investigators,
such as friendly atmosphere. The investigator must establish good interpersonal
relationship with the subject.
 Opening Statement – the witness/subject(victim) should be told the reason why he is
contacted.
 Narrative – the subject should be allowed to tell and narrate all he knows without or
with little interruptions from the investigator.
 Inquiry – after all information have been given by the subject, that is the time for the
investigator to ask question to clarify him about the case under investigation.
 Conclusion – after the interview, it is but proper to close the interview with outmost
courtesy and thanking the subject for his cooperation.

 INTERROGATION
A. Definition of Terms
1. Custodial Interrogation or Investigation is the investigation conducted by the
investigator on the suspect who is under police custody.
2. Debriefing is the interrogation of a friendly interrogee who has information at the
direction of or under the control of friendly unintelligence service.
3. Interrogation Report is an oral or written statement of information by the questioning of
an interrogee.
4. Interrogator is a person who does the questioning.
5. Interrogee refers to any person subjected to the interrogation process.
6. Screening is the initial examination of an interrogee to determine the extent of his
knowledge.
7. Source refers to any person who for any reason submits information of intelligence
interest usually on a voluntary basis.
8. Suspect refers to any person believed to be associated with prohibited activity.
9. Witness refers to any person who has directs knowledge of facts concerning an event or
activity.
B. Forms of Interrogation
1. Direct – the subject is aware but he may not learn the true objectives of the interrogation
2. Indirect – the subject is aware.
C. Types of Interrogation
1. Screening. This is usually applied immediately after capture to obtain background
information about the interrogee (subject).
2. Formal interrogation (detailed). This is the systematic attempt to exploit to an appropriate
depth those areas of the interrogee’s knowledge.
3. Debriefing. It is generally used when the area of knowledge ability of the interrogation is
known.
4. Interrogation of lay personnel (special type). In this type, the techniques are similar to
interrogation but special effort must be made.
5. Tactical interrogation. The level of interrogation where the source has specific and
detailed information that requires a trained expert in the subject matter to be explored.
D. Phases of Interrogation
1. Planning of Interrogation
2. Approach (Meeting the Interrogee). The first meeting in which it is extremely critical because
the outcome may depend on the initial impression created by the interrogator.
3. Questioning. This is the heart of the interrogation.

4. Termination. The termination of the interrogation will depend on various factors such as the
physical condition of the subject.
5. Recording. The interrogator should take notes in cryptic if possible.
6. Reporting. The end product of an interrogation is the Tactical Interrogation Report
containing the information gained. Report must be made orally or in written form.
E. The Techniques of Interrogation
1. Emotional Appeal
2. Sympathetic Approach
3. Friendliness
4. Tricks And Bluff Techniques:
a. The Pretense Of Solid Evidence Against The Accused
b. The Weakest Link
c. Drama
d. Feigning Contact with Family Members
e. The Line Up
f. Reverse Line Up
5. Stern Approach – The investigator displays a stern (demands immediate response)
personality towards the suspect by using the following methods:
a. Jolting –investigator selects the right moment to shout to the subject with a pertinent
question in an apparent righteous outrage.
b. Opportunity to Lie – The suspect is given all the opportunities to lie.
6. The Mutt and Jeff or Sweet and Sour Method
7. Removing the Ethnic or Cultural Barrier
8. Searching for the Soft Spot
F. Additional Modern Techniques of Interrogation
1. Rationalization –use of reasons
2. Projection –putting the blame to other persons, not alone to the suspect.
3. Minimization – It is the act of minimizing the culpability of the suspect.
G. Physical Signs of Deceptions
1. Excessive Sweating
2. Face Color Change
3. Dry Mouth
4. Excessive Breathing
5. Increase of Pulse Beat
6. Avoidance of Direct Eye Contact
A philosophy of Interview and Interrogation

The Right Officer

Asking the Right questions
In the Right manner
At the Right time and in the Right place
Will get the Right answers

C. Instrumentation - scientific examination of real evidence; application of instrument and

methods of the physical sciences in detecting crime otherwise known as Criminalistics.

The different divisions of forensic science include:

1. Forensic Medicine – used to determine the cause of death as one of the elements of corpus
delicti and it could also approximate the time of death and other pertinent and relevant
matters in the investigation. Forensic Odontology - The remove of dentures are of paramount

importance in the identification of unknown bodies especially when other means of

identification is lost.

2. Forensic Ballistics or Firearm Identification. This is the science of firearms identification.

3. Forensic Chemistry. It involves the use of the science of chemistry in the examination of
fibers, hairs, powder burns, blood, stain, paints, poisonous substances and other matters in
their relevance to the investigation.
4. Forensic Photography – division of forensic science focused in providing pictorial record of
the crime scene.
5. Dactyloscopy or Personal Identification. This is otherwise known as the science of fingerprint
identification.
6. Questioned Document examination - establish if there is alteration, superimposition, or
erasures, either mutually or chemically of a document.
7. Polygraph or Lie Detection Test – focused in detecting deception.
 Modern discoveries of Instrumentation –
1. DNA –(Deoxyribonucleic Acid) – sources of DNA – blood, saliva, semen, bones,
sweat, hair, skin)
2. Automated Fingerprint Identification System – a questioned fingerprint is feed
into the afis machine which will automatically search the files of fingerprints and
renders report in matters of seconds.
3. Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS)- The Integrated Ballistics
Identification System (IBIS) is used for the acquisition, storage and comparison of
digital images from projectiles and/or cartridge/shotshell cases. The system is a
screening tool that enables the laboratory to identify local, national and
international linkages that may exist amongst firearms cases submitted for
examination. Through the use of computers and a modified microscope, an
operator can compare previously recorded images to new evidence received.
4. Facial Composite Illustration - A facial composite is a graphical representation of
one or more eyewitnesses' memory of a face, as recorded by a composite artist.
Facial composites are used mainly by police in their investigation of (usually serious)
crimes. These images are used to reconstruct the suspect's face in hope of
identifying them and a “composite image” was assembled with a computer
application.