ENVI SCI

Highlighting Guide

Title
Topic
Subtopic
Important person/place
-

Vocabulary
Important Information and tips
Event/Date
 Date 08/17/2025

Environmental Science

FERMS :
1) Environment -

place where things are such as hot or cold environment

2) Science -

SYSTEMATIZED body of knowledge that builds & organize information in different form
of testable experiments & predictions about
everything in the universe

3) Environmental Science -
field of science that integrates all the
physical biological
,
and information to the

study of the environment & the solution to environmental problems ·

4) Ecology -

branch of
biology concerning interactions
among organisms ,
Includes biotic and abiotic

5) Chemistry
.
-

study of MATTER its ,

properties ,
how & why substances combine or
separate to form other

elements , and how elements interact w/

energy
6) Biodiversity -

group of individual life that inhibit

planet Earth
7) Habitat -
an environment that is naturally occuring to a
specific organism to survive

-where species find food shelter , & mates

,
protection
both
physical biological features characterize it
~
&

5) Sustainability -

ability of a
system to exist at a cost

the 21st
century refers to the capacity for the
biosphered human civilization
-

in
,

to COEXIST

9) Ethics -
branch of
Philosophy that somehow be systematized ,
defend ,
recommend &
identify
what right & behavior is
wrong
10) Environmental Science Ethics -

discipline of
Philosophy that studies or focus on moral relationship among humans

to the value & moral status of the environment which includes & animals
, plants
Ecosystem
11.) -

community of LIVING ORGANISMS in

conjunction or in relationship w/the non living components

12) Photosynthesis process of plants

that transform into the release of
energy ATP
-
.

13) A species -
basic unit
classifying & identifying the taxonomic rank of an
organism ,
as well as unit of

biodiversity
14) Food chain-linear network of links in a food web
starting from
producer organisms &
ending at
apex
predator
15) Food web -

natural interconnection of food chains

aka consumer resource

system
-
 week 1 notes
Date 08/18/2023

Envi Sci -overview of how science affects our environment

Energy
-

ability to do work

Thermodynamics -

study of relations between heat ,

work , temperature &
energy
Ist law-energy cannot be created or
destroyed only
,
transformed

2nd law -
every exchange of
energy increases the
entropy of the universe

Goals of Environmental Education

of environment
improve quality
~

create awareness among

people environmental problems & Conservation
-

on

-create atmosphere so that

people participate in decision making & develop the
capabilities to

evaluate the developmental programmes

Atmosphere
physical Hydrosphere
Lithosphere

living (climate, water minerals

entiment
,
non sunlight)
Abiotic thing

Biological Producer
Biotic Consumer
living thing

Decomposer

Cultural society
Economy
politics
 Date 08/18/2023
Environmentalism began after the industrial revolution when there was an increase of smoke pollution & chemical

discharge

history of environmentalism
1863 Britain's Alkali Acts -
combat air
pollution
ending of something
1898 Coal Smoke Abatement Society -

response to coal combustion leading to

heavy smoke in industrial cities

After World War II -

industrialization expansion led to economic development & brought nature
degradation
1948 LUCN International Union for Converservation of Nature -
created to protect & preserve nature in its original form

1956 The Clean Air Act -

formed following the London Smog Episode in 1952

1960 to 1970 Modern Environmental Movement created to

protect animals &
places from human developmental activities
I
World Wildlife Fund (WWF)

1966 Green Revolution in Agriculture -

initiated to understand the negative impacts of uncontrolled use

of
pesticides & fertilizers on the environment

-
intended to
improve agriculture using environmental-friendly techniques
National Environmental
1969 NEPA Policy Act -
aimed to ensure environmental health by negotiation policies & acts

1970 US EPA -
monitor human activities that are
negatively impacting the environment

1971 Greenpeace -

campaign of commill -
ed individuals who tried to stop the American Nuclear Weapon test
1980 Environmental Justice Movement economic & environmental
aims to
encourage social
-

justice by identifying the connection

,

between health & environmental issues began in response to unjust treatment of low-income

communities that were exposed to environmental pollution

1972 United Nations Conference on Human Environment

1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete Ozone layer conferences organized
1997 Kyoto Protocol

1986 Chernobyl disaster

1987 BrundantReport -

brought more conciousness among people

1992 Earth Summit discussed socio-economic development along wI ways to solve

problems concerning environment
protection
-
 Date 08/1917023

Environmental Ethics & Principle

1) Profound respect for nature

2) Maintain harmonious relationship among other species

3) Take responsibility for the impact on nature

4) Local & indigenous environmental knowledge should be respected

5) Plan for the long term

Matter , Energy & Life solid

liquid

3
Matter -

anything that can occupy space and has mass

phases of gas
a very hot gas that has a lot

matter plasma more energy than the other

three states

Bose Einstein occurs when a

condensate set of atoms is
cooled almost
to absolute
zero

Law of Conservation of Matter -

matter can't be created or
destroyed
recycled nor transformed

Kinetic Energy -

energy of moving objects

Potential Energy-stored energy ,

latent & ready to use A
Potential Energy

/ It" Chemical
Energy-swntodorcarbon is
round
Kinetic
Energy

i
 Date 08/19/2023

thermodynamics
and Energy Transfers

Study of Thermodynamics -

deals /how energy is transferred in natural processes

-
deals w/ relationship of heat ,
work &
energy
to stand equally
Homeostasis ~
refers to the dynamic balance in a
living ecosystem
Heat -
transfer or flow of energy because of temperature difference
Ist law-energy cannot be created or
destroyed only ,
transformed

2nd law -
every energy transferred ,
less
energy is available .

Energy is degraded to lower

quality
disorder
-
every exchange of
energy increases the
entropy of the universe

Species - all organisms of the same kind

Population -
consist of all the members of species living in area at the same time

Biological Community -
all the populations of organisms living &
interacting in a
particular area

Energy Flow through Ecosystems

-

ENEROY FOW
Sunlight primary producers flows to food chain

Trophic levels -

storage steps along a food chain

Ecological rule of 10 or 10 % rule -

an
average of only about 10% of
energy is transferred to the next consumer

Ecological pyramids -
ineffecient energy chain
 Date 08/20/2023

Metalanguage
Ecosystem -

biological community of
interacting organisms
Biome -
LARGE naturally-occuring community of flora and fauna occupying a
major habitat

· Flora -plants of a
particular region
Fauna
Swe
-
animals of a
particular region
Region -

area or division

biomes -
are diverse biological communities where various
plants & animals share common characteristics

-
formed in response to a shared physical climate

Trophical Moist Forest -

supports World's one of the most complex &

biologically rich biome

- share standard features such as rainfall &

unchanging temperatures

tions
One type of moist forest cool cloud forests found mountains
is in
high
Trophical
/
rainforest has abundant rainfall more than 200 cm
mast
- old , thin acidic
,
& nutrient poor soil

Communities transition
quickly from
can warm &
dry to cold & wet
moraateof
-

Vertical zonation
are e
-

vegetation zones defined by altitude

COMMUNIMES

Tropical Seasonal -
hot throughout the year drought -

tolerant
distinct characteristics of many tropical regions are wet &
dry seasons These areas
- .

support forests

that are dormant and appear to be brown

during dry season & green during rainy months

-
have annual dry seasons w/ periodic rain

which they will lose their leaves a cease to grow

-trees and shrubs that grow are
drought decidious in

during drought or when water is unaivalable

 Date 08/2012023
thin tree
cover

Tropical Savannas and Grasslands -

too little rainfalls

but rains less-abundant than in forest

-
have
rainy seasons are a

& -

plants in these areas have adaptations to survive drought ,

heat o even fires

Many plants have long-lived roots that seek deep groundwater & can live even when
-

1993
leaves & Stems die

.
Deserts -
rainfall is rare & unpredictable (less than 30cm) and hot or cold yet always dry
well-adapted plants have water excessive water loss & salt tolerance
-

sturing leaves to prevent

I -

Temperate Grasslands -
there is
enough rain to support abundant
grass but not
enough for forests

e
- not
enough
-

Vegetation can be less than a meter in

dry grasslands but can exceed two meters

000
·&-Accumulation
8
in more humid areas

-
-
--

-
-
8 000
-
-

-
1) ()))
-

-
-
2

where roots can

of dead leaves during annual winter produces thick f organic rich soil

dig deep to survive

Temperate Shrublands -

Dry environments can be biologically rich

hot coincides wl dry
-
In Mediterranean areas ,
seasons season
creating warm dry summers
,

& cold ,
moist winters

-
periodic fires burn ferociously due to fuel-rich plants ale gorge allowing plant succession
,
and

to bloom
spring flowers
-
Temperate shrublands or chaparral have summer
droughts
 Date 08/2012023
having foliage that remains
green and functional through (of a tree or shrub) shedding its leaves
more than one growing season annually

Temperate Forest -

can be evergreen or decidious

mainly between 30 and t

degrees
-

Decidious Forests -
rain is
plentiful
-
decidious forests located in forests lose their leaves during winter

forest
-
Loss of green pigments in plants produce brilliant colors in the during autumn

can
regrow very fast
-

Coniferous Forests -

They occur in a limited moisture area

cold climates such as winter where moisture is unaivalable (frozen)

- - may experience

-
-

E
~

and hot climates might have a seasonal drought

>

Breal Forests - Conifers can survive winter cold & they tend to limit the existence of boreal forest between

about 50° & 60"north

-
occur at high latitudes

Tundra -
treeless landscape in
mountaintops or high latitudes

only two three months

growing season is to
-

frosted of the
any month year & year temperatures
have most of the
-

may
are below
freezing point
-
can freeze in
any month

Arctic Tundra -extended biome that has short

growing Hence, low
a season .

productivity .

24-hour sunshine during midsummer supporting booming of plant growth and

plenty of insect's life

-
essential for birds
 Date 08/0/2023

Alpine Tundra -
occurs near mountaintops
short &
-
have
extraordinary growing seasons

-mind-blowing abundance of flowers

weathered leaves to
numerous alpine tundra plants have deep pigmentation & secure
-

against the sunlight

-
tundra has relatively low diversity

Natural Ecosystem Artificial ecosystem

VS
created
natural unit consisting by humans
·
·
is a

balance of
of plansts animals
,
&
·

management
nature is disturbed regularly
microorganisms
 Date

marine ecosystems Oceans cover 3/4 of Earth's surface

Most marine species depend on photosynthetic organisms

Open Oceans -

usually associated w/
free floating photosynthetic
deserts due to low productivity

-Phytoplankton are essential to support the marine food web

Coastal Zones Shoreline communities in terms of depth light nutrient concentration & temperature
vary
-

, ,

200 dead zones occur in coastal zones due to excessive loads of nutrients that
-

may

stimulate bacterial that consumes the water

growth oxygen
in

Coral reefs -

exceptional biological diversity & diverse beautiful organisms

& clear
-

reef-building corals exist where water is shallow enough for sunlight to reach the

photosyntheti algae

Biggest threat to reefs is global warming

-

- Elevated water temperature cause coral

bleaching in which corals
expel their
algathertee

Mangroves -

trees that
grow in saltwater .

They take place along calm ,

shallow tropical coastlines
,

around the world

shorelines & also significant nurseries for fish , other

-

swamp help stabilize they are

shrimps &
species

Estuaries bays where

water meets sea hence mixing of saltwater freshwater
- river :

there is &

Salt marshes -
shallow wetlands flooded
regularly or
occassionally & drained by seawater ,
usually on shallow

coastlines , including estuaries

Tide pools
may experience violent wave-blasted shorelines that support enchanting life forms
-

depressions in a
rocky shoreline that are flooded at high tide but retain some water at low tide

e
~r
↳ where wave action
2
⑧ areas remains rocky prevents most plant growth
en
-
,
2 -
..
⑳
E

more
-
 Date 08/21/2023

Barrier islands -
low , narrow ,
sandy islands that form
parallel to a coastline

occur where the continental shelf shallow & rivers coastal currents
-
is or
provide steady source
of sediments

freshwater ecosystems -
not as wide as marine ecosystem but abundant & center of
biodiversity

Lakes -
have distinct vertical cones

Epilimnion -
warmer
upper layer mixed wI wind & warmed
by the sun
Hypolimnion - colder, deeper layer that is not combined

Thermocline -

sharp temperature limit

Mesolimbic -
underneath thermocline limit
 Date 08/21/2023

Wetlands -

shallow biological systems where I and surface is saturated or lowered in late part of
the year
-
have vegetation adjusted to develop under saturated conditions

swamps are wetlands with trees

Marshes are wetlands without trees

Bogs are areas of concentrated land , a

usually ground is
comprised of deep

layers accumulated , undecayed vegetation known as

peat Primarily
. fed by precipitation
exceptionally
Ferns are like bogs except they are mainly fed by groundwater ,
so
they have mineral-rich water & adapted plant
species
 Date 09/07/2023

Human Population

FERMS :
1) Population -group of individuals belonging to the same species ,
which live in a given area at a
given time
2) Demographic Transition-shift in history of birth and death rates in
society because of absence of enogy
3) Population Density -
measurement of number of
people in an area

number of individuals of the

population per unit area or per unit volume
-

4) Mortality Rate -
number of death in a
given population
5) Sex ratio -
ratio of males to females .
In most sexually reproducing species ,
ratio tends to be 7: 1

6) Fecundity - similar to
fertility ,
wherein it is a natural way to
produce offspring
7) Demography -
statistical features of human population
Demographic analysis cover whole
societies/groups comprising education nationality , ,

religion & ethnicity

3) Migration -

movement of people from one

country to another

9) Morbidity -
occurence of disease & illness in a
population
10) Taxonomy -

science of categorization or dassification

human population
⑳ 7 8-8 billion
.
-
current world human population · Additional 83 million
per year
annual rate
1 :1 % per growth 9 3 billion
by 2050
· ·
year
.

Population dynamics ,
birth death &
, growth rates are expressed in
percentages (number per 100 individuals)
These rates terms of the number the crude rate Thus , we have
are stated in
per
1, 000
,
referring to .

crude birth rate , crude death rate & crude growth rate
-
-

-
⑧

-
↳
&

⑲SA
Population Growth rise of number of
people
-

⑧
population number whether positive negative
change in or
-

N
result interaction between three
of
important variables
-
:
&

birth of new individual from

emergence parent
· -

·
death -
loss of life

·
migration -
move from one place to another
-
change location in an organism
 Date

Parameters Affecting Population Size :

~ Foreign
countie Immigration

we
1) Birth Rate -

emergence of life
(Mortality)
2) Death Rate -
loss of life

3)Immigration -
to enter & usually become established
miratee
4) Emigration -
to leave one's
p lace

wood
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un (13 Human population growth has

.

j lead to :
off Pollution Ozone depletion
·
·
-

Population Starvation Deforestation

·

Overpopulation · Extinction of species

Global
warming (climate change)
growth & malnutrition
·

Human
population growth effects :

increase of environmental resources extraction

Impacts of
Population Growth
·

increased of fossil fuels

electricity
of population growth
Impacts
produce
Impacts of population growth
use
·
·
to
physical environment
biological environment
on
on

comprises
of freshwater
environment
physical environment means.
Biological increased
·

environment or : of
·
use
living
:
non

human
increased environmental effects of ecology
-

-
land
·

- air -

biological system
-flora & fauna
increased fishing hunting
-water
·
&
-

soil -

living creatures
(moth to
midgets)
minerals
increased import & export of supplies
-

spread of illnesses

Problems on Population Growth in the Philippines

Environmental problem increase in population means increase in waste materials thrown in the environment &
·
-

there is a
greater degradation & deterioration of nature
Social problem population may result to prostitution drug addiction , crime ,
over
juvenile delinquency
· -

,
,

opportunity to have a stable job because of too much competition

suicide & others due to lack of

·
Economic
problem
-

population growth hinders the country's effort satisfy the needs of the citizens to

·
Educational problem -
Ph gov't can't provide enough education classrooms school facilities education materials even
, , ,

qualified teachers

As human population increases biodiversity ,

& other life forms are
decreasing
 Date

biodiversity-vast variety of life on earth

⑳ ⑧

· 8 7 million species
.
are
thought to exist

·
but only about 1 2 million
.

species mostly
,
↳ ⑳

Ur
-
insects have been
, recognized a described
L
Millions of species
yet to be discovered
·
are

taxonomy-science of classification
-

biology that classifies all living things

-

developed by Swedish Botanist Carolus Linnaeus

binomial nomenclature system of
giving each
type of organism a
genus
-

Carolus Linnaeus & species name

taxonomic hierarchy process of

arranging various organisms into successive
-

levels of
biological classification either in decreasing
a

& vice
or
increasing order from kingdom to species versa
 Date 09/10/2023

Biological Communities
FERMS :

1)
Biological Communities -
all the living components in an
ecosystem
biota all flora & fauna in
region
-

2) Keystone species -

concept by Robert T Paine . in 1969 -helpsdefinean ecosystem be dramatically different or cease to existent

-
pertains to species relative to its abundance is a
disproportionate effect on its natural environment

biological community -
an interacting group of various species in a common location

Population -
all individuals of
single species that exist together at a given prace & time

Community -
biotic part of an
ecosystem Population Community

⑳
-
consists of all the populations of all the species in the same area

⑱) W -
I

liv

same species Multiple species

Organisms must make a living . This means that each individual organism must acquire enough food energy to live & reproduce

Niche
- role of an
organism plays in a
community
Habitat where an organism lives
-

factors
characteristics of habitat include cimate , & other
-

important availability of food , water & other resources , such as

weather

Community Interactions
1 I
Competition
organisms attempt to use the same
Predation Symbiosis
close interaction of different organisms
relationship in which one animal
.

same
limitedecological resources in the
hunts, kills & eats another animal
sym means
together
the time
place at same
bio means life

Predator -
Killer
Intrastsecific Interspecific & eaten Mutualism Commensalism
prey killed by Parasitism
-

competitio Competition
between members of
another organism both species benefit
from other
one benefits without harming one benefits & the
other is harmed
each the other
the same
species different species organism

Ectoparasite parasite that

- lives on its host

- lives on the surface of its host

Endoparasite parasite that lives inside its host

-

- lives inside its host

 Date -/2023

& their interactions

Communities
community structure -
number & size of
population
community dynamics -
how members & their interactions change over time
structure & time often
following environmental disturbances
-changes in community composition over ,

such as volcano Climate

, earthquakes ,
storms fire &
, change

Succession
sequential appearance & disappearance of species in a
community after severe disturbance
-

primary
newly exposed newly formed rock is colonized by living organisms
-

or
succession

secondary
remain
part ecosystem is disturbed & remnants the previous community
-

of of
succession

environmental health -
branch of public health that is concerned with all
aspects of the natural
& built environment that affect human health
may
related
-
priorities of environmental health lie in areas to contamination of environment &

human health
possible adverse effects environmental pollutants on
of

-focuses on disease-causing external factors including elements of the natural social cultural
,
,

&
technological worlds we live in

World Health
Organization (W .

A .
0) defines health as a state of complete physical , mental a social
well being
 Date

Disease -

impairment of an individuals well-being & capacity to function & is mostly attributed to behavioral & environmental change
also environmental factors such as the Earth's climate system
-
can be influenced
by by impairing physical and

functions
psychological

Environmental health is important to increase quality of life &

years
of
healthy life

Factors that result in

morbidity (illness)
and
mortality (death) 25 % of all deaths & total disease burden
diet & nutrition ·
poisonous substance
globally
be attributed to environmental factors
·

can
infections agent injury
·
·

hereditary qualities Stress

·
·

People are
exposed to risk factors in their homes , work
places & communities through :

·
Air
pollution including indoors & outdoors ·

occupational risks

Inadequate water, sanitation & hygiene .

Agricultural practices including pesticide use waste-water use
·

Chemicals & biological

agents Built environments
including housing roads
·
·

·
Radiation (Ultraviolet & ionizing) ·
Climate
change
·

Community noise

Benefits of Environmental Health only important for optimal health , it is also beneficial both for individuals & for their
it is not
surrounding
-

communities

·
Cleaner air
quality ·
Clean water ·
Reduced hazardous waste

·
Increased access to
healthy foods
·
Safer outdoor environments Improvised population health

·
Improved health
equity for adults & children

Global Burden Disease (GBD) -

a
comprehensive regional &
global research program of disease burden that assesses mortality & disability from
major diseases ,
injuries & risk factors

considers the health social , , political , environmental demic factors to determine the cost that particular disease
the individual
&
disability exert upon &
society

Disease burden health

impact of
problem on a given population
-

be measured using variety of indicators such financial cost

-
can a as
mortality morbidity
,
or

-makes possible to predict future health care needs

Mortality data -
measure of disease burden based on
Disability Adjusted life Years (DALYs)
 Date
distribution & control
of disease in a

population

Ecological Epidemiology -study of the ecology of infections diseases

includes
-

population &
community level studies of the interactions between hosts & their
pathogens & parasites
caused by infection w/ a virus
of the
family Filoviradae genus
,
Ebolavirus
& covers diseases of both humans & wildlife an organism causing
disease to its host
Ebola TYPES of PATHOGENS

kills up to
hemmorhagic fever -
90 % of its human victims -virus-protozoa-worms
-
bacteria -

fungi

Ecotoxicology study of toxins (poisons) & their effects

particularly living organisms because
many substances
-
on are
,

poisonous to life (whether plant ,

animal & microbial) .

Measuring toxicity
used & sted test
Expose a
population
doses
of laboratory animals to measured

substances
-
most
in controlled cdaction toxicity
of
specific

Types of
Toxicity Types of Toxic Effect
-effects within 24-72 hours after exposure but should occur

Acute Allergic agents itching rashes sneezing watery eyes

· ·
-

within 14 days of
exposure , , ,

be as serious as death or
temporary as drunkenness
may
·

Asphyxiants
hubog diay LOL
displacement of oxygen & thus suffocation
va man ·

-
cause

Chronic
propane
effects manifest several weeks months
examples nitrogen argon helium methane
·
or
years after exposure
-

· -
,
, , , ,

may have
been an isolated exposure or
repeated over the
years ·
Irritants -
cause
pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs) when inhaled at
-
toxic substance on specific area of contact such as skin ,
mucous

Local high concentrations & rashes when spilled into skin

·

membranes throat
, eyes ,

Necrotic cell death

agents
·
-

cause

action and greeasande e

-effect
Carcinogens , mutagens
Cancer mutations & deformed
embryos result from chronic
or
W

&
-

teratogens ,

solvent ,
bran exposure to low levels
used substance that helps other substances
carcinogens
as a
substance capable
·

cancer
of
causing
~

dissolve
examples
-
asbestos , nickel , cadmium , radium ,
vinyl chloride ,
benzidene & Jenzene

of in DNA called
mutag ens-chemical
↓ or
physical agent capable inducing changes
mutations

-exameto products ,
radioactive substances ,
X-rays ,
UV radiation & wide variety of

chemicals

teratogens -

any agent
that causes an
abnormality following fetal exposure during pregnancy

Systemic poisons -
can have adverse effect on the whole body when taken

internally
·

example potassium cyanide

agriculture -
science & art of
growing plants & other crops & raising of animals for food & other human needs or
egwis
when they are sustainably managed they help preserve & restore critical habitats
can
protect watersheds , improve soil health
-

,
,

& water
quality
-when
practiced without care, it
presents the greatest threat to species &
ecosystems
 Date

Pesticides chemical compounds used to kill

pests including insects , rodents
fungi & unwanted plants (weeds)
-

, ,
-
kills parasitic fung, or their
spores
·

Fungicides

-
chemicals used to
manipulate or control undesirable vegetation
·
Herbicides

- kills bacteria
·
Bactericide

kill nematode worms (roundworm or threadworm)

·
Nematicide

used to kill birds

fe Avicide
-

used to kill rodents ,

including mice a rats
·
Rodenticide

used for killing insects , especially those that eat

plants
·
Insecticide

-
used for killing of
algae
·

Algicide

Pellets slug pellets

Molluscicides a rai basic
,

-
used to kill eggs
·
Ovicides
 Date

Bioaccumulation increase of concentration of

pollutant in
organism
-

an

occurence in an
organism
-

Biomagnification -
increase of concentration of
pollutant in a food chain

increase of toxic substance when food chain , from lower level to higher level
going along a
-

between levels
occurence
trophic
-

:
Date
Date
Date