Trans Urge Users Manual

KYPIPE LLC, USA
Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………… 13 6.6 Loss Element……………………………………………….………….103
1.1 Background.................................................................. 13 6.7 Turbine…………………………………………………………………...104
1.2 Working with TranSurge............................................... 13 6.8 Wicket Gate…………………………………………………………….105
1.3 TranSurge – Features................................................... 20 6.9 Variable/Rated Pressure Supply………………………………106
1.4 CAD Profiles Tool.......................................................... 21 6.10 Isolation Valves (on/off valves)……………………………..107
Chapter 2. TranSurge Overview……………………………………………….… 22 6.11 Regulators/Control Valves…………………………………….108
Chapter 3. Transient modeling of rising (pumping) mains……….... 32 6.12 Library Elements: BFPs, Pumps, Air Valves…………...109
3.1 Creating rising main model……………………………………….. 33 Chapter 7. Modeling Transient Events………………………………………110
3.2 Analyze transmission main model…………………………….. 39 7.1 Transient Events: Pumps…………………………………………111
3.3 Process results…………………………………………………………… 40 7.2 Transient Events: Active Valves……………………………….112
3.4 Surge protection………………………………………………………… 43 7.3 Transient Events: Demand Changes………………………..113
3.5 Export profile plot as CAD file…………………………………… 51 7.4 Transient Events: Reservoir Grade Changes…………….114
Chapter 4. Transient modeling of gravity mains…………………..…….. 53 7.5 Transient Events: Periodic Variation………………………..115
4.1 Creating gravity main model……………………………………… 54 Chapter 8. Surge Protection Devices…………………………………………116
4.2 Analyze transmission main model…………………………….. 60 8.1 Closed surge tanks and bladder tanks …………………...117
4.3 Process results…………………………………………………………… 62 8.1.1 Vertical closed surge tank…………………………………….119
4.4 Surge protection………………………………………………………... 64 8.1.2 Vertical closed surge tank (calc init lvl option)……..120
4.5 Export profile plot as CAD file……………………………………. 68 8.1.3 Horizontal closed surge tank………………………………..121
Chapter 5. Creating and editing network models……………………..... 70 8.1.4 Horizontal closed surge tank (calc init lvl option)….122
5.1 Creating network models…………………………………………… 71 8.1.5 Variable area closed surge tank…………………………… 123
5.2 Insert pump element…………………………………………………. 87 8.1.6 Vertical bladder tank…………………………………………… 124
Chapter 6. Surge Elements………………………………………………………….. 91 8.1.7 Vertical bladder tank (calculate initial level option)125
6.1 Active valve………………………………………………………………. 92 8.1.8 Horizontal bladder tank………………… …………………….126
6.2 Active valve used a check valve………………………………… 93 8.1.9 Hybrid surge tank ………………… ……………………………. 127
6.3 Check valves and bypass lines…………………………………… 94 8.2 Open surge tanks ………………… ………………… ……………. 128
6.4 Check valves (CV) or Non-return valves (NRV)………….. 95 8.2.1 Open surge tank – cylindrical ………………… ……………129
6.5 Pumps – General Information……………………………………. 96 8.2.2 Open surge tank – variable area ………………………….130
6.5.1 Pumps: Head-Flow Table………………………………………… 97 8.2.3 One-way open tank (or feed tank) ……………………….131
6.5.2 Pumps: Useful Power……………………………………………… 98 8.3 Air valves ………………… ………………… ………………………….132
6.5.3 Pumps: Rated Pressure and Flow……………………………. 99 8.3.1 Air valves: 1 or 2 stage ………………… …………………….. 133
6.5.4 Pumps: Constant Pressure and Constant Flowrate…..100 8.3.2 Air valves: 3 stage ………………… …………………………….134
6.5.5 Pumps: File …………………………………………………………… 101 8.3.3 Dynamic air valve ………………… …………………………….135
6.5.6 Pumps: File/Table ………………………………………………..… 102 8.3.4 Siphon breaker ………………… …………………………………136
Contents
8.4 Relief valves ………….... ………….... ………….... …………..137
8.4.1 Pressure relief valve (PRV) ………….... ………….........138
8.4.2 Surge anticipation valve (SAV) ………….... …………...139
8.4.3 Hydraulically actuated SAV (Hyd SAV) ………….... …140
8.4.4 Electrically actuated SAV (Ele SAV) …………............141
8.4.5 Rupture disk ………….... ………….... …………...............142
8.5 Side discharge orifice - SDO ………….... …………..........143
8.6 Zero velocity valve (ZVV) ………….... ………….............. 144
Chapter 9. Tools ………….... ………….... ………….... ………….... ………. 145
9.1 Tools: Wave speed ………….... ………….... …………........ 146
9.2 Tools: Select pump file/calculate inertia …………..... 147
9.3 Tools: Resistance ………….... ………….... ………….......... 148
9.4 Tools: Bladder pre-charge ………….... …………............ 149
Chapter 10. Results Presentation ………….... ………….... …………... 150
10.1 Node and pipe graphs ………….... ………….... …………. 151
10.2 Labels on network map ………….... ………….... ………. 156
10.3 Tabulated text and spreadsheets ………….... ……….. 158
10.4 Static and animated profiles ………….... …………...... 162
Appendix A – Acronyms/Abbreviations ………….... …………......... 164
Appendix B - Units ………….... ………….... ………….... ………….......... 165
Appendix C - Nomenclature ………….... ………….... …………........... 167
Appendix D. References and related pubs from KYPIPE LLC……. 168
LICENSE AGREEMENT
This is a legal agreement between the user and KYPipe LLC. By accepting, using or installing any portion of this software the user agrees to be bound by the
terms of this agreement.
SOFTWARE LICENSE
GRANT OF LICENSE: For each license purchased from KyPipe, LLC, or one of its authorized distributors, KYPipe LLC grants to the user the right to use one copy
of the software program(s) on a single terminal connected to a single computer (i.e., with a single CPU). The user may not network non-network versions of
the software or otherwise use single user versions on more than one computer terminal at the same time. Network versions are only to be used with one
physical site (buildings at the same mailing address) and are not to be used in a WAN environment. The number of network licenses purchased for a network
version is the maximum number of users permitted to run the software concurrently. If granted for an evaluation period by KYPipe LLC, user agrees not to use
the software beyond the evaluation period specified by KYPipe LLC. The user agrees not to utilize features, options, or number of pipes beyond the license the
user has purchased.
COPYRIGHT: The software and the documentation are owned by KyPipe LLC and are protected by United States copyright law and international treaty
provisions. The user must treat the software like any other copyrighted material except that the user may make one copy of the software solely for backup or
archival purposes or may transfer the software to a single hard disk and keep the original disk(s) sole for backup or archival purposes. The user may not copy
the written materials accompanying the software without explicit written permission from KyPipe, LLC.
TRANSFER BY USER: The user may not rent, lease, assign or permit others to use the software but may transfer the software and accompanying materials on
a permanent basis provided the user retains no copies and the recipient agrees to the terms of this agreement. As a condition to permit the recipient use the
software under this License Agreement, when such a transfer is made, KYPipe LLC must be notified, in writing, of the transfer, including the identity and
address of the recipient, and the agreement of the recipient to the terms of this License Agreement.
OTHER RESTRICTIONS: The user may not modify the software. The user may not reverse engineer, decompile, disassemble, or otherwise attempt to
determine the source code of the software. The user shall protect the software from unauthorized use, and shall protect the software and the intellectual
property from infringement by others. The user shall notify KyPipe, LLC, in writing, immediately upon receiving any information that would indicate that the
software is being used in an unauthorized manner or the intellectual property is being infringed.
DISCLAIMER
Although every reasonable effort has been made to ensure that the results obtained are correct, neither the author(s) nor KYPipe LLC assumes any
responsibility for any results or any use made of the results obtained with these programs. THE SOFTWARE IS SOLD AS IS WITH NO IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
INCLUDING WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. NO EXPRESS WARRANTY EXISTS EXCEPT AS SPECIFICALLY SET
FORTH IN WRITING BY KYPIPE, LLC. IN NO EVENT, REGARDLESS OF THE NATURE OF ANY CLAIM, WILL KYPIPE, LLC, ITS MEMBERS OR AFFILIATES, BE LIABLE
FOR ANY LOSS FOR PERSONAL INJURY, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, LOST PROFITS, OR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, AND ITS LIABILITY, IF ANY,
SHALL BE LIMITED TO THE PURCHASE PRICE OF THE SOFTWARE.
USE OF THE DOCUMENTATION AND PROGRAM
The documentation is provided for the use of individuals or companies which purchase it from KYPipe LLC. Except for back-up copies, the program disks or
documentation may not be copied, marketed, or distributed without explicit written permission from KyPipe, LLC. For users who wish to use the programs on
networks or multiple computers or different locations, network copies and multiple copy discounts may be obtained. Please contact KYPipe LLC for details.
GOVERNING LAW AND VENUE FOR ENFORCEMENT AND DISPUTES
This Agreement will be governed by and construed in accordance with the substantive laws of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, and, to the extent federal law
applies, to the laws of the United States. The state and federal courts of Fayette County, Kentucky, shall have exclusive jurisdiction over any claim brought
against KyPipe, LLC, and the user agrees to submit to the jurisdiction of the state and federal courts of Fayette County, Kentucky, in the event any claim is
brought against the user, and user waives all defenses to jurisdiction and inconvenience of forum.
Contact us
Software Development and Support Team

The following individuals are involved in the software development including KYPipe, Surge, TranSurge, Gas, Steam, GoFlow, and SWMM
and directly support the software.
Don J. Wood Ph.D, Civil Engineering (859) 492-6097 Don@kypipe.com

Srinivasa Lingireddy Ph.D, Civil Engineering (859) 258-0469 Srini@kypipe.com
Jana Faith BS, Civil Engineering (812) 843-4145 Jana@kypipe.com
Doug Wood MS, Computer Engineering (859) 263-0401 Doug@kypipe.com
Eric Liebenauer MS, Mechanical Engineering (859) 263-2234 Eric@kypipe.com
Ferran Guillen Mechanical Engineering by ETSEIB (+034) 938 712 483 Ferran@kypipe.com
KYPIPE LLC
710 Tom's Creek Rd. Cary, NC 27519, USA
Phone: (469) 250-1362 or (812) 843-4145
Installation and Key Options
You may install the software on as many computers as you like (work, laptop, and home). Only computers with access to one of the Key Options
below will run the software at the full license level. With the Portable Hardware USB Devices, if you need to do a presentation for a client, for
example, you can simply unplug the key from your main computer and insert it into your laptop.
Computer Requirements
For outstanding performance the minimum RECOMMENDED system is:
2 gigahertz (GHz) or faster processor

4 gigabyte (GB) RAM
200 GB available hard disk space
Windows XP or later
1280 x 800 screen resolution or higher
Demo Installation – no key required

Download the latest version from the web site and unzip the file to a User location, e.g. Desktop.
Browse to the location of the unzipped files. Run (double click) the setup.exe file.
After installation, use the TranSurge shortcut.
Key Options
Portable Hardware USB Devices:
USB Key – The current default key type. Hardware device for local and LAN Network licenses. Device may be a silver USB device with key chain
and logo provided by the KYPipe Software Office or a USB storage device provided by the user or it may be placed in a folder on a network. May
be remotely created and modified.
Wibukey – Hardware device for local and LAN network licenses. This is a bluish green USB device with key chain which is being phased out of
use. May be remotely modified, but not created.
Software Keys - Dedicated Location:
Softkey - Software key for local (non-network) installations only (on a hard drive, not portable). The key may be moved to another dedicated
location. Contact the KYPipe Software Office for instructions. May be remotely created and modified. For multiple model licenses, must quit
Pipe2016 to change to a different model (e.g. change from KYPipe to Surge).
LAN-WAN – For Pipe2012 versions 6.000 and higher only. Software key for any network application, both LAN and WAN (on a hard drive, not
portable). Computer hosting key does not need to have Pipe2016 installed and key location does not need to be mapped. May be remotely
created and modified. The key may be moved to another dedicated location, contact the KYPipe Software Office for instructions.
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Wibu (bluish green) Key Installation
INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS (Stand Alone Version)
Do not log in as the administrator to install, unless the user IS the administrator.
Do NOT insert the hardware key into your computer during installation. It is important to run the software install (which will setup drivers) and
THEN insert the hardware key.
Unplug the Wibu hardware key!
Install Pipe2016 on each computer that will run it

Download Pipe2016 from www.kypipe.com under Support | Download Software
After the installation is complete insert the hardware key into your computer. If have multiple USB ports, use the same port as before. If this is a
new installation, it does not matter which port you use. Once the key is plugged in, your operating system should recognize it. You may see
some drivers being installed or configured or a New Hardware Wizard may appear. Follow through this wizard.
Use the TranSurge shortcut.
NETWORK VERSION INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS

The network license does NOT apply to WAN use. This means that you are not permitted to use your network key to run PIPE2016 at multiple
buildings, companies, or mailing addresses.
*** CLIENT MACHINE

Do not log in as the administrator to install, unless the user IS the administrator.
DO NOT insert the hardware key into your computer. It is important to run the software install (which will setup drivers) and THEN insert the
hardware key.

Download Pipe2016 from www.kypipe.com under Support | Download Software
Open the control panel and run the Wibu-Key applet. Click the tab marked ‘Network’. In the subsystems box make sure that only Wk-Local (or
Local Kernal) and Wk-Lan are selected. In the box below the server search list (lower right corner of this screen) Type in the IP address of the
machine that is (or will) host the physical WibuKey. Click the ADD button to put the server in the list. (The IP address of the server machine
should be made static. To get an IP Address use a Command prompt (under Accessories) and type ipconfig).
After configuring the Server location, use the TranSurge shortcut.
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SERVER INSTALLATION – Client machine also acting as server
If a machine where PIPE2016 is installed as a client is also going to act as the key server for the network then please do the following:
Install Pipe2016 on each computer that will run it. Download Pipe2016 from www.kypipe.com under Support | Download Software
(If you see a message during installation which says “Wibukey\Server\WkSvMgr.exe is in use,” choose the option to “Ignore, setup will replace at
system startup” and make sure computer is rebooted at the end of the installation)
After the installation is complete insert the hardware key into your computer. If you have multiple USB ports, use the same port as before. If this
is a new installation, it does not matter which port you use. When the key is plugged in, your operating system should recognize it and you may
see some drivers being installed or configured. Click START | PROGRAMS | Wibu-KEY and select Network Server. A small icon should appear on
your screen, click the right mouse button on it once (which will bring up a menu) and select INSTALL AS SERVICE. If you do not want this icon to
always be on your screen then click the right mouse button on it once (which will bring up a menu) and select SET INTO TASKBAR.
SERVER Installation – Stand Alone Server
Important: Use “Client Machine as Server” installation instructions if these don’t work. Any machine on the network may be used as a server.
Go to a client machine where Pipe2016 has been installed. Browse the folder C:\Program files\KYPIPE\Pipe2016\Wibu. Copy the file
WKRuntime.exe to the server machine. (If you see a message which says “Wibukey\Server\WkSvMgr.exe is in use,” choose the option to “Ignore,
setup will replace at system startup” and make sure computer is rebooted at the end of the installation)
Unplug the Wibu hardware key. Browse to the WKRuntime file and Run (double click) on it. This will install the latest drivers for the WIBU key.
Then plug the Wibu key back in and choose NEXT or YES for all blanks on the hardware wizard. If you are have multiple USB ports, use the same
port as before. If this is a new installation, it does not matter which port you use. If this is a new installation continue with the following
instructions. Click START | PROGRAMS | Wibu key and select Network Server. A small icon should appear on your screen, click the right mouse
button on it once (which will bring up a menu) and select INSTALL AS SERVICE. If you do not want this icon to always be on your screen then click
the right mouse button on it once (which will bring up a menu) and select SET INTO TASKBAR.
If you have problems, repeat steps 2-4 and reboot the machine.
** IMPORTANT - The machine that is acting as the server MUST have the hardware key inserted any time the machine is restarted for the
network license to work properly.
If something does NOT work correctly, then please call Jana Faith at 812-843-4145 we will help you get up and running.
8
Pipe2016 General and Network Installation with a USB Device
Note: These directions do NOT apply to the bluish green WibuKey device or software keys (placed on a hard drive).
Stand-Alone (local) Installation

Download Pipe2016 from www.kypipe.com under Support | Download Software, or install it from the silver USB device.
Plug in USB key. All users running Pipe2016 for the first time:
Use the TranSurge shortcut under Applications in the Start menu to access the program.
When you run Pipe2016 for the first time you will be asked if you want to search for USB keys. Select “Yes”. As it searches various drives
which may not have disks or are not accessible, you may get error messages. Click “Continue” any time this occurs until the USB key has been
found. You will not need to repeat this process when Pipe2016 is launched the next time.
Network Installation
First Install Pipe2016 on each computer that will run it
Download Pipe2016 from www.kypipe.com under Support | Download Software, or install it from the silver USB device.
Next setup the computer that will act as the network server
Select the drive on the network server where the USB key will be placed. The selected drive must be accessible with read/write privileges to
all Clients on the network. If you do not have a USB device with a key already on it then contact KYPipe.
Browse to USB device in Windows Explorer. Right click.
9
Network Installation Continued
XP: Select “Sharing and Security”
Select the “Sharing” tab. If it asks you if you are sure you want to share, click the link. In the Network Sharing and Security area, check the box
which says “Share this folder on the network”
Check the box which says “allow network users to change my files” Click ok.
Vista: Select “Share” (Vista)
Under Advanced Sharing click the Advanced Sharing button
Then check the box “Share this Folder”
Click on “Permissions”. Check the “Allow” box next to “Change” and “Full Control”. Click OK.
Win7: Select “Share With”.
Under “Advanced Sharing” click the Advanced Sharing button.
Then check the box “Share this Folder”.
Click on “Permissions”. Check the “Allow” box next to “Change” and “Full Control”. Click OK.
Next set up the client computers that will run Pipe2016
Pipe2016 should have been installed on each computer in the first step. On each client machine, map the USB drive. For all operating systems
(XP / Vista / Win 7), from the client machine, go to My Computer then navigate over the network to USB device. Right click on it and select map
network drive. Assign it a single, unique drive letter.
All users running Pipe2016 for the first time
Use the TranSurge shortcut under Applications in the Start menu to access the program.
When you run TranSurge for the first time you will be asked if you want to search for USB keys. Select “Yes”. As it searches various drives which
may not have disks or are not accessible, you may get error messages. Click “Continue” any time this occurs until the USB key has been found.
You will not need to repeat this process when the program is launched the next time.
If the key is not found, run 'Diagnostic Settings' and set the Key type to 'USB' and then specify the drive letter where the key location is mapped
on that computer.
10
Remotely Create New Key
To create a new USB key remotely
Go to a client computer where Pipe2016 is installed. If you have your own USB device to host the license key, plug it in first.
Go to Pipe2016 in the Start menu, run Remote Update. Select 'USB Key (not Wibukey)’ and the drive letter where the USB device is located. Click
OK.
Next under the 'Get USB License” click the button “Generate an Activation Request Code" and send it to KYPipe.
Keep the application open and we will send back an Activation Code which will create your Key when you paste it in and click “Activate”.
If the new USB key is a network license, follow the Network Installation instructions.
Modify Existing Key

To modify an existing USB
Go to a computer where Pipe2016 is installed. Plug in the USB device with the key.
Go to Pipe2016 in the Start menu, run Remote Update. Select 'USB Key (not Wibukey)’. Specify the drive letter where the USB device is located.
Click OK.
Next click on the tab “Change USB License”. Click the button “Generate a License Change Request Code" and send it to KYPipe.
Keep the application open and we will send back an Activation Code which will modify your Key when you paste it in and click “Update License”.
11
Troubleshooting Tips
Problems launching the program:
Copy the Setup.exe file to the Desktop of the computer. The Setup.exe file is part of the web site download. On the USB key, setup.exe may be
found in the Pipe2000 folder.
Do not install using remote access.
Do not install using a copy of the install file located on a device or network drive, see tip #1.
Problems accessing the license key:
If the key cannot be found, make sure the USB key drive (or folder for Hard Drive key) can be written to. To test write access, save a text file to
the usb drive or folder.
If the key cannot be found, run 'Diagnostic Settings' and set the Key type to 'USB key' and then specify the drive letter where the key location is
mapped on that computer.
Updating Pipe2016
You can update Pipe2016 to the current version by visiting the support | download area of our website http://www.kypipe.com. Because we
update the image frequently (to add features, update compatibility, or fix reported issues) you should visit our www site regularly to update
your software.
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Online Help
Under help in the main Pipe2016 menu, search the index for topics for which you have questions.
Pipe2016 Tutorial (Audio/Video)
Tutorial videos are contained on the USB device or online at www.kypipe.com under Support.
From the USB Key: Insert your Pipe2016 USB key to begin the tutorial. When the menu pops up select Start Tutorial. If it does not pop up then
use Windows Explorer to browse to your USB drive and run the Pipe2016Tutorial application.
When the Tutorial Subject menu pops up select KYPipe, Surge, GoFlow, Gas, Steam or SWMM. You may switch to a different subject by clicking
the Tutorial Subject button at any time. For KYPipe users there is also an advanced tutorial entitled KYPipe Advanced.
The tutorial menu has Play and Pause buttons and a Trackbar that allows you to back up or advance the presentations at any time. The video
clips are grouped according to their purpose. It is recommended that you review the Pipe2016 GUI and Model Development clips prior to using
Pipe2016. The additional clips may be reviewed as you utilize the capabilities which they address.
13
Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1 Background
TranSurge uses the same hydraulic engine used by the most powerful transient modeling tool in the world, Pipe2016: Surge. This hydraulic
engine is based on the Lagrangian Wave Plan Method first conceived in 1959 and later developed into a software program in 1965 (Wood et.
al. 1965). The method was well documented in scores of publications; some of the earliest and the latest publications include: Wood et.al.
1966, Dorsch et.al. 1966, Wood et.al. 2005, Ramalingam et.al 2009. Thousands of copies of Pipe2016 and its predecessor versions have been
in circulation worldwide for several decades and for good reasons. Ramalingam et.al. document the superiority of this Lagrangian based wave
plan method in providing accurate solutions several orders of magnitude faster than the other commonly used approach called method of
characteristics. Besides, the method is not prone to numerical instabilities inherent to method of characteristics thus allowing the users to
compute pressure-flow variations wherever desired.
Because of its well-known power and accuracy, Pipe2016 software has been used for variety of applications across many different industries –
small and large water utilities, oil and other liquid transportation, fire protection systems, nuclear and space industry, etc. At the same time,
Pipe2016 appears to be too powerful and overwhelming for some of users, particularly for those whose interests are limited to designing
surge protection systems for transmission mains with little or no interest in modeling large distribution networks. TranSurge is a highly
streamlined version of Pipe2016: Surge that allows novice users to model long transmission mains and design surge protection systems with
minimal efforts while providing access to all the features of Pipe2016: Surge for advanced users. Imagine building a surge analysis model for a
long transmission main in a matter of a few minutes from a single spreadsheet of data and that is what TranSurge is all about! A brief
description of TranSurge and its capabilities are provided in the following sections.
1.2 Working with TranSurge

Working with TranSurge is very simple. TranSurge employs object oriented approach for modeling and almost all modeling and processing of
results can be done with simple mouse operations and little or no use of the key board. Modeling in TranSurge is based on a series of mouse
clicks and much of the editing can be done within the familiar spreadsheet environment eliminating the need for long learning curve
associated with traditional surge modeling software. The important modeling activities are tied to a group of buttons arranged in sequence on
the main menu bar of the TranSurge program and modeling is done by clicking one of these buttons at a time. For example, the very first
model building button accesses the profile import tool where the user can load spreadsheet file of transmission main’s longitudinal section (L-
section) data, provide additional steady state and surge data as needed, generate the model which will be ready for surge analysis, and load
the model into TranSurge’s graphical user interface. The user can immediately run the surge analysis to simulate a pump trip condition, for
example, by clicking another button.
14
A max/min pressure envelope can be displayed for the entire transmission main by clicking another button immediately after the surge
analysis. Surge protection devices can be dragged and dropped to any of the nodes along the transmission main and the default data
associated with the surge protection devices allows for immediate surge analysis. After satisfactory design of surge protection system, the
user can export the profile data, including invert levels, steady state hydraulic grade line, maximum hydraulic grade line and minimum
hydraulic grade line, along with all components of the transmission main system (pumps, valves, and surge protection devices) to an elegant
CAD file.
Figures 1 through 5 show some of the steps involved in building and analyzing a transmission main model. TranSurge also comes with a unique
animated profile results processing tool which will provide highly intuitive insight into the wave propagation phenomena for the model under
consideration (Figure 6).
Figure 1. Access profile import tool by clicking one of the model building buttons
15
Figure 2. Provide additional data as needed but in a self-explanatory spreadsheet environment
16
You should see this after last step
Figure 3. Transmission main model ready for surge analysis displayed in TranSurge GUI
17
Steady state Analysis 1 2 Transient Analysis
3 Display profile
Figure 4. Perform transient analysis (step 1) immediately after generating transmission main model and display pressure envelope (steps 2&3)
18
1
5 6 7
Figure 5. Provide surge protection data, external to TranSurge for ease of learning and usage
19
Figure 6. Screen shot of an animated profile.
20
1.3 TranSurge – Features
In addition to providing ultra-simple model development and results processing environment, TranSurge can model every possible
component and surge protection device common to transmission mains. The following shows a partial list of components and surge
protection devices that come with TranSurge software. It may be noted that, the most commonly used devices from this list are also
available in the spreadsheet format in the profile import tool which will be of a great help to beginner users.
• One-way surge tanks
• Open surge tanks or stand pipes (spilling and non-spilling types)
• Compressor surge vessels
• Bladder surge vessels
• Hybrid surge vessels with dipping tubes and compressors
• Kinetic air valves
• Dual orifice two-stage air valves
• Surge suppressing three-stage non-slam air valves
• Dynamic air valves
• Pressure relief valves
• Hydraulically actuated surge anticipation valves
• Electrically actuated surge anticipation valves
• Rupture disks
• Zero velocity valves
• Vacuum breakers
• Siphon breakers
• Check valves
• Dynamic check valves
• Hydraulic actuators (HOPD)
• Threshold opening pressures
• Non-reopening check valves
• Non-linear closure characteristics
• Initiate closure ahead of flow reversal
• Inline booster pumps
• Offline booster pumps
• Multiple pumps in parallel and series in each station
• PID controllers
• Standard and non-standard isolation and control valves
• Pressure reducing, pressure sustaining and flow control valves, and modulating regulating valves
• Turbines and wicket gates 21
1.4 CAD Profiles Tool
The CAD Profile tool generates profile plots (Figure 7) for long transmission mains in DXF file format. The tool comes with a number of user
controls and generates various entities of the profile to different CAD layers allowing users to print only the desired layers. Various components
of long transmission mains including the surge protection devices such as surge tanks, relief valves and air valves are shown on the longitudinal
section of pipeline. These comprehensive CAD drawings, generated just by a few key strokes within Pipe2016 GUI, significantly reduce the time
needed for preparing construction drawings ,and more importantly eliminate the chances of errors in preparing those drawings.
Figure 7. Sample profile plot for a long transmission main showing longitudinal section of pipeline, steady state hydraulic gradeline,
hydraulic gradelines representing maximum and minimum pressures during a transient simulation, and a line representing
cavitation limits along the pipeline profile.
22
Chapter 2. TranSurge Overview
The following screen illustrates the main menu of TranSurge software.
These buttons help build the models, perform steady state and transient modeling, view envelope of
maximum and minimum pressures, view text reports etc.
Add surge control devices to

transmission main
These buttons control map display Tools – bladder precharge,

options such as show/hide surge resistance, wave speed, inertia
protection devices, turn on/off surge
protection devices, labels menu etc.
MAP AREA
Zoom
controls
Node Information
control buttons
23
TranSurge – Overview Clear selected elements
Refresh Map Area
Import Excel Profile

Undo/Redo
Import DXF Profile
Save Map to BMP file
24
TranSurge – Overview
Steady State Back to Map area

Simulation Specifications Analysis
Surge
Analysis
Error Check
Detailed Text Report
Envelope of max/min
pressures
25
Display salient data
Turn on/off all air valves
Intermediate nodes on/off
Turn on/off all other

surge protection devices
Help
Show/hide all other Label all air

surge protection devices valves
(surge tanks, pressure
relief valves, surge
anticipation valves )
Display pressure heads

Show/hide all and flows on map
air valves
26
These buttons facilitate adding some of the most commonly used surge protection devices to the transmission main model. Each device
comes with some default data which will be displayed under node information window after adding the surge protection device.
Two stage air valves

Vertical closed
surge tank with
calculate initial
level option
Three stage air valves
Dynamic air valves
Vertical bladder
tank with
calculate initial
level option
27
These buttons facilitate adding some of the most commonly used surge protection devices to the transmission main model. Each device
comes with some default data which will be displayed under node information window after adding the surge protection device.
Hydraulically Actuated Electrically Actuated Surge

Pressure Relief Valve Surge Anticipation Valve Surge Anticipation Valve Anticipation Valve
28
Wave speed Fixed mode 2
Bladder tank (celerity) calculator
pre-charge Toggle between TranSurge and
calculator KYnetic Interface of surge
Resistance
calculator
Pump
inertia
calculator
29
Group Mode – allows for

selecting multiple nodes/pipes at
Layout Mode – allows for creating a time for global editing of their
and editing network elements, data. This may also be used for
alignment changes etc displaying results for selected
nodes/pipes.
Group Box – select a group of

nodes/pipes by dragging a
rectangle over the network.
Zoom all
Group Polygon – draw a polygon

to select a group of nodes/pipes. Zoom window
Left click to draw the polygon and
right click to finish Zoom previous
Zoom in
Zoom to pump station and
nearby surge protection device
Zoom out
30
TranSurge – Overview (Node/Pipe Information Windows)
Display node/pipe results graph Insert a node on
selected pipe Display results A
Display results B
Display/hide wave speed in

pipe information window
Display pipe diameter,

material and rating as a
group or separate entities
Delete selected
pipe/node
Display node/pipe results table
31
TranSurge – Overview (Node/Pipe Information Windows)
Setup/edit transient
Paste the previously copied
conditions such as pump element to current location
startup/shutdown/trip replacing the existing data
conditions, valve
open/close conditions,
Access node library menu
demand/grade change etc.
Swap between inlet/outlet/external
positions in the node graph
Copy the selected element along Show Average/Maximum/Minimum

with all associated data so it can values of selected parameter under
be pasted at some other location node information window
Displays help associated with

currently selected node element
32
Chapter 3. Transient modeling of rising (pumping) mains
This chapter illustrates the use of TranSurge for building and analyzing pumping main models by way of detailed step-by-step instructions. An
Excel spreadsheet data (Demo 1 - Rising Main.xls under TranSurge folder of KYPipe Documents) representing longitudinal section of a pipeline
is used.
Diameter of rising main is 900mm, with a pump station at lower end of the pipeline discharging into atmosphere at the delivery end. There are
three operating pumps at pump station with a rated flow of 1200m3/h each. Pipe material is cement mortar lined mild steel with a Hazen-
William roughness coefficient of 130. The detailed step-by-step instructions illustrate:
o Building transmission main model

o Perform transient analysis without protection
o Ways to process results, and
o Sample protection measures
620
610
600
590
580
570
560
550
540
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
33
3.1 Creating rising main model
Launch TranSurge using one of the following methods .

2
Step 1
Or by clicking one of these icons

on desktop, if the icons are already
created
34
You should see this
blank opening screen of
TranSurge interface.
35
Access profile import tool
1 Click on this button to launch profile import tool
You should see the following main window of profile import tool
36
Browse demo files folder and load the excel file – “Demo 1 - Rising Main.xls ”
3
37
Provide additional data and generate transmission main model (p2k file)
1
5
2
6
Generates p2k file that

7 includes profile data, pipe
8 diameter, roughness, wave
speed, pump data and
transient event (pump trip).
9
10
Note: Data entered by the user (other than that modifying spread sheet data) will be saved to a *.def file in the same
folder after step 10. It gets loaded along with the excel file data when the excel file is loaded next time. 38
You should see this
Delivery
after the last step
End
620
610
Pumps
600
590
580
570
560
550
540
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
3.2 Analyze transmission main model
1 Steady State Analysis
2 Transient Analysis
Screen plot showing how pressure varies at

pump discharge after a pump trip event 40
3.3 Process results 1 Plot envelope of maximum and minimum pressure heads
41
In case you see the animated profile window, click on “static” option, exit this window and click on show profile button once
again to load the static profile window.
42
43
3.4 Surge protection Note: Demo 2 – Rising Main.xls along with its
1 *.def file were setup to demonstrate this
example. Users may continue using the Demo 1
– Rising Main.xls file, provide additional data or
load Demo 2 – Rising Main.xls file which will
have all data entered as shown in subsequent
slides.
44
Surge protection:
• Bladder vessel at pump discharge
• 3m diameter
• 45m3
• Precharge head of 30m
• Connection resistance = 20
1 • Air valve at highest elevation point
• 100mm 3-stage air valve
• 25mm smaller outflow orifice
• 2kPa switch pressure
3 7
2 5
6 5
4 9
45
Provide surge protection data Surge protection:
• Bladder vessel at pump discharge
• 3m diameter
• 45m3
• Precharge head of 30m
• Connection resistance = 20
1 • Air valve at highest elevation point
• 100mm 3-stage air valve
• 25mm smaller outflow orifice
• 2kPa switch pressure
5 6 7
46
Perform Transient Analysis
1
You should see this

after the last step in the
previous slide
Screen plot showing how pressure

varies at pump discharge after a
pump trip event (with protection)
Note the surge tank at pump station
47
1
Plot envelope of maximum and minimum pressure heads
48
View node results graph
2
1 Left click on this node
49
Pressure variation graph at node 6
50
1
Zoom to pump station and first surge protection device
51
3.5 Export profile plot as CAD file Right click on Show Profile button to access DXF profile tool
Enter data as shown and click on “Generate DXF File” butt
52
Profile plot as DXF file
53
Chapter 4. Transient modeling of gravity mains
Pressure surges are not limited just to rising mains; they can occur wherever rapid changes to velocities are possible. The most common cause of
pressure surges in gravity mains is the rapid closure of valves at delivery end of pipelines for emergency shutdown operations. This chapter
illustrates the use of TranSurge for building and analyzing gravity main models by way of detailed step-by-step instructions. An Excel spreadsheet
data (Demo 3 – Gravity Main.xls under TranSurge folder of KYPipe Documents) representing longitudinal section of a pipeline is used. Diameter
of gravity main is 500 mm and water levels at inlet and outlet are same as the ground elevations. Create the model and analyze the model for a
60s valve closure time. Provide a suitable pressure relief valve if maximum surge pressure exceeds 8 bars.
540
525
510
495
480
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
54
4.1 Creating gravity main model
Launch TranSurge using one of the following methods .

2
Step 1
Or by clicking one of these icons

on desktop, if the icons are already
created
55
You should see this
blank opening screen of
TranSurge interface.
56
Access profile import tool
1 Click on this button to launch profile import tool
You should see the following main window of profile import tool
57
Browse demo files folder and load the excel file – “Demo 3 - Gravity Main.xls ”
3 58
Provide additional data and generate transmission main model (p2k file)
2
Generates P2K file that
includes profile data, pipe
diameter, roughness, wave
speed, pump data and
7 transient event (pump trip).
Generates 8
valve closure 9
event
3
4 10
Note: Data entered by the user (other than that modifying spread sheet data) will be saved to a *.def file in the same
folder after step 10. It gets loaded along with the excel file data when the excel file is loaded next time. 59
You should see this after the last step in the previous
Source slide
Delivery End
540
525
510
495
480 60
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
3.2 Analyze transmission main model
1 Steady State Analysis
2 Show profile
Profile shows Steady State Hydraulic Grade line 61

1 Transient Analysis
Screen plot showing how pressure varies

upstream of valve during a valve shut down
event 62
3.3 Process results 1 Plot envelope of maximum and minimum pressure heads
63
Max surge pressure > 20bars
3
64
Note: Demo 4 – Gravity Main.xls
4.4 Surge protection along with its *.def file were setup to
demonstrate this example. Users may
continue using the Demo 3 – Gravity
Main.xls file, provide additional data
or load Demo 4 – Gravity Main.xls file
which will have all data entered as
1 shown in subsequent slides.
3 65
Surge protection:
Provide surge protection data • Pressure relief valve
• 150mm size (resistance is about 500)
• Opening head = 50m
• Opening time = 3s
• Closing head = 40m
• Closing time = 20s
1
5
8
2
4
3
7
1 Perform Transient Analysis
You should see this

after the last step in
the previous slide
Screen plot showing how

pressure varies upstream of
active valve at delivery end of
pipeline
Note the PRV placed near delivery Reservoir

1 Plot envelope of maximum and minimum pressure heads
With protection (150 mm PRV at delivery end) 68

3.5 Export profile plot as CAD file Right click on Show Profile button to access DXF profile tool
Enter data as shown and click on “Generate DXF File” butt
69
Profile plot as DXF file
70
Chapter 5. Creating and editing network models
Chapters 3 and 4 illustrate the use of TranSurge’s profile import tool for creating transmission main models. Users may want to edit
or append the model, in particular the detailed layout within pump stations. This chapter illustrates the use of TranSurge graphical
interface by way of creating and editing a simple network model described in the following.
Schematic of Network Model Pipe length and diameter
300m,150mm 300m,100mm
demand
Reservoir
200m ,150mm 200m ,150mm
15m
200m,200mm 300m,150mm Junction Nodes
Elevation at all nodes = 100m

Depth of water in reservoir = 15m
Demand at all nodes = 500 lpm
Pipes: DI pipes, Hazen William Roughness Coefficient = 120
Step-by-step instructions for creating and editing the network model, performing steady state analysis, processing results etc. are presented in
the following.
71
5.1 Creating network models
1
2
3
72
After previous step….
73
1
After previous step….
4 6
7
5 8
74
Right click
Left click
Empty grid after previous step
1 Move cursor to any grid point

and RIGHT click – a junction
node will be created as shown
75
Next step is to change junction node to reservoir node
1
76
Next step is to create a pipe and junction node 200m from reservoir node
Place cursor about 2 grid spaces from reservoir node and RIGHT click
77
Repeat these steps to complete the layout process
Move cursor 3 grid spaces from junction node J-1 and RIGHT click
78
Now LEFT click on J-2 to select
that node first and then create
other pipes and nodes
3
2
79
Provide Data for Pipes and Nodes
!!! This is where the beginners should use extreme caution on RIGHT and LEFT clicks !!!
RIGHT click adds a new node and pipe. Accidental RIGHT click
can generate unwanted nodes and pipes. Sometimes the pipes may
overlay each other and the user may not see this easily.
LEFT click is used for SELECTING a node or a pipe
2
3
1 80
LEFT click on any pipe Provide data
Provide Pipe diameter for ALL pipes as given below
81
Next provide data for nodes:
LEFT click on this node 1
2
3
82
Provide Elevation and Demand for ALL the Junctions as given below
83
Save the model before further processing.
3
2
84
1 Error Check
2 Steady state analysis:
85
View Results
1 Label Heads and flows
Pipe Flows
86
Change displayed parameters
3
4
Pipe velocities and pressure heads
87
5.2 Insert pump element
Add a 20kW Pump
300m,150mm 300m,100mm
demand
200m ,150mm 200m ,150mm

15m
300m,150mm
200m,200mm
Elevation of all nodes = 100m

Depth of water in reservoir = 15m
Demand at all nodes = 500 lpm
Pipes: DI pipes, Hazen William Roughness Coefficient = 120
88
Left click on pipeline where the pump needs to be inserted
Pump inserted on pipe P-1

2
89
Left click on pump to select and edit pump data
3 4
90
1 Steady state analysis:
Display Flow rates and Pressure Heads
91
Chapter 6. Surge Elements
A partial list of devices with specific data requirements for surge analysis are described in this chapter. The following schematic shows some of
these devices.
PID Control Module Loss element
Junction Node Sprinkler

Pump (no suction pipe)
Library Element
Check
valve On/off valve
Reservoir Pressure supply
Pump Active valve
Regulator
ZVV
ZVV
Tank
92
6.1 Active valve
Valves that open/close during a transient event should be modeled as active valves. Partially closed
valves and valves that remain closed during a transient event should also be modeled as active valves
in order to capture the wave action at closed or partially closed valves. All other valves may be
modeled as on/off valves.
Type of valve matters only if the valve is operated during transient simulation or if the initial ratio is
other than 0 or 1. Ball/Butterfly/Gate/Globe/Needle valves use standard stem position vs. area ratio
relationships (search Help file with Active Valve Table for this data). User specified stem position vs
area ratio data may be used by specifying the valve type with X- prefix.
Active valve element may be used to model a check valve, see the next slide for details.
Resistance = ∆H/Q2 where ∆H is headloss (m

or ft) and Q is flowrate (ft3/s or m3/s). User
Resistance Calculator Tool to compute
resistance based on other data.
Ignore this data if this is not a check valve and

there is no bypass line at this location
Elevation
Hydraulic grade at this connection. Enter data
(ft or m)
only if valve connects to a reservoir or tank or
discharges to atmosphere
Active Valve Resistance at 100% opening
Datum Ratio of initial stem position (flow area) to

fully open stem position
6.2 Active valve used a check valve
Active valve element may be used to model a check valve by checking the box next to “Check Valve”
under active valve information window. A better way of modeling check valves is to use check valve
element instead of active valve with check valve.
Check valve
Check this box if check valve does not

reopen once it is closed
Bypass line
Check this box only if there is a bypass line
at this valve and enter combined resistance
associated with bypass line
Elevation Check valve closure time (seconds) to go

(ft or m) from fully open to fully closed mode after
flow reversal.
Datum
94
6.3 Check valves and bypass lines
For Surge, Check Valves and Bypass lines may take one of the following forms:
• In Pumps and Active Valves by using Check Valve check box For Surge Analysis CV’s must be designated in this manner.
• Bypass Lines in Pumps and Active Valves. For Pumps these are surge control devices which allow flow through the bypass when suction
pressure > discharge pressure. For Valves the bypass line sets resistance for reverse flow. Use Bypass line check box shown above.
• Check Valve Element this is a separate element, see device help
• Check valves designated as part of pipe element (when models are created for steady state analysis using KYPIPE software) will be ignore d
for surge analysis.
Check this box if check valve does not

reopen once it is closed
Check this box only if there is a bypass line

at this valve and enter combined resistance
associated with bypass line
Check valve closure time (seconds) to go

from fully open to fully closed mode after
flow reversal.
95
6.4 Check valves (CV) or Non-return valves (NRV) Isolation
Pump Valve
Check
Valve
Check this box if check valve does not reopen once it is closed
Check valve closure time (seconds) to go from fully open to

fully closed mode after flow reversal.
Use this icon to view the data provided for

standard active valves for flow area changes.
Valve starts closing when flow drops below this value
Valve starts opening when pressure head exceeds this value
Flow area reduces at constant acceleration. Higher closing

speed towards the end of closure
• If % steady state flow is 0, valve starts closing at flow reversal

• If Differential Pressure is zero, valve starts opening at positive differential head
• Resistance defined as headloss (m or ft) divided by square of flowrate in (m3/s or ft3/s)
6.5 Pumps – General Information
TranSurge offers many different and convenient ways to model pumps. While it is more accurate to model complete pump station piping, it
may be convenient to model multiple parallel (and identical) pumps as a single element in the network model for preliminary studies. It may
also be convenient to ignore suction side piping when liquid source is within a short distance from the pump or when the pump is submerged
in the supply source. If check valves are located within a very short distance from pump discharge, they may be modeled as integral part of the
pump element (instead of separate elements either on active valves or check valve elements).
Pump with long suction pipe 4 pumps in parallel

Multiple connections modeled as one element
Ignore this data if there is no

check valve at this location
and there is no bypass line.
See active valve section for Detailed pump station layout
more details on this.
Pump with little or

no suction piping
Additional resistance that accounts for manifold

losses when modeling parallel/series pumps
Depending on the type of data available, pumps may be defined using head-flow characteristics, rated pressure and flow values, constant
useful power, constant head and constant flow. If variable speed operation is desired, pumps must be defined with head-flow characteristic
data. Pumps may also be defined by non-dimensional head-flow-speed-torque characteristics (four quadrant pump characteristics) and this
data is necessary to simulate transient pressures resulting from pump trip conditions (power outage). The next few pages illustrate the various
methods of defining pump data. 97
6.5.1 Pumps: Head-Flow Table
Manufacturer provided head-flow-efficiency characteristic data may be entered for
each type of pump under pump curves data. The associated pump curve ID may be
used with all other pumps that have the same head-flow characteristics. Speed ratio
data under pump information window allows for specifying initial operating speeds
for pumps equipped with variable frequency drives. Pumps defined by the same ID
may operate with different initial speed ratios.
Head-flow data
Head in ft or m, Pressure in psi or kPa or bar

Elevation
(ft or m) Flow is in specified flow units
Efficiency in percentage(%)
Ratio of speed at current time (steady state) to rated speed.

Datum A speed ratio of 1  pump is operating at rated speed. 98
6.5.2 Pumps: Useful Power
At times, the user may have information on pump power (rated horse power or rated
power in kW) only and may need to use that information for modeling an existing
system. TranSurge allows for modeling pumps defined by useful power but caution
must be exercised in interpreting the results as TranSurge builds a 3-point head-flow
curve internally (based on the steady state head-flow conditions) for transient
simulations.
Pump curve based on useful power
Rated point (HR, QR)
Manufacturer supplied data
Elevation
(ft or m)
Enter useful power here (not break power)
Datum 99
6.5.3 Pumps: Rated Pressure and Flow
At times, the user may have information on pump rated pressure and flow data only
and may need to use that information for modeling an existing system. TranSurge
allows for modeling pumps defined by pump rated conditions but caution must be
exercised in interpreting the results as TranSurge builds a 3-point head-flow curve
internally (based on the steady state pressure-flow conditions) for transient
simulations.
Pump curve based on useful power
1.2xHR
Rated point (HR, QR)
Manufacturer supplied data
Elevation
(ft or m) 1.5xQR
Rated pressure in psi or kPa or Bars

Rated flowrate in user specified flow units
Datum 100
6.5.4 Pumps: Constant Pressure and Constant Flowrate
Constant Pressure : This element maintains constant pressure Constant Flowrate: This element maintains constant flow
difference across d/s and u/s sides of the element irrespective irrespective of pressure u/s and d/s of the element. Suitable for
of flow through the element. Suitable for sizing pumps that are sizing pumps that are required to deliver know flowrates
required to maintain known pressures (determine rated flow (determine rated pressure for a given flow). Difference between u/s
for a given head). Steady state analysis determines the and d/s pressure heads obtained from steady state analysis
corresponding flowrate. Not suitable for surge analysis. represents the required pump head. Not suitable for surge analysis.
Elevation
(ft or m)
Datum
101
6.5.5 Pumps: File
One of the primary reasons for surge analysis of pumping mains is to determine the potential for
extreme surge pressures resulting from pump trip conditions. The severity of transient conditions
depends on the rate at which pump speed changes which in turn depends on the initial operating
speed and more importantly the inertia of moving parts and type of pump (radial, axial or mixed
flow). Four quadrant pump characteristics data (Suter curves) from standard references have
been compiled into eight different pump files and are supplied with TranSurge software. Use
“Pump File/ Calculate Inertia” tool to select the appropriate pump file.
Suter pump files are named as 9991, 9992, 9993…. 9998 (files 1-8) and are
located in the KYPIPE Program Data Folder (Start  All Programs  Pipe2016 
Utility  Program Data Folder). Users may alter this data if and when necessary
to reflect more accurate non-dimensional pump characteristics. File 9999 may be
used with user defined data. Files 10-20 are reserved for future use.
Inertia should be in WR2 units

and NOT in GD2 units.
Elevation Pump Specific Speed

(ft or m) file English Units SI Units
1 1270 25
2 7600 147
File (1-20): Pump File Number
3 13500 261
Rated Head (ft or m) 4 3725 72
Rated Flow (specified flow units) 5 4409 85
6 5203 101
Rated Speed (rpm)
7 6792 131
Datum Inertia: Pump + Motor Inertia (N-m2 or lbf-ft2 ) 8 8764 169
6.5.6 Pumps: File/Table
This pump type combines the file and table options into one so the table option is used for
steady state analysis and rest of the data for surge analysis.
Pump Specific Speed

file English Units SI Units
1 1270 25
2 7600 147
3 13500 261
4 3725 72
5 4409 85
6 5203 101
7 6792 131
8 8764 169
Elevation
(ft or m)
Head in ft or m, Pressure in psi or kPa or bar

Datum Flow is in specified flow units
Efficiency in percentage(%)
6.6 Loss Element
This element uses one or three points of head loss vs. flow or pressure loss vs. flow curve data (similar to pump) to calculate the loss caused
by this device at different flowrates. Loss elements may be used to represent any device for which a head loss vs. flow or pressure loss vs.
flow relationship is known (heat exchangers, cooling devices, etc.)
A check valve may be added to this element by providing appropriate data.
Click on ID number to enter pressure

loss vs. flow data
Elevation
(ft or m)
Datum 104
6.7 Turbine
Speed Ratio =operating speed/rated speed
Device data (use negative value when operating in turbine

mode)
Turbine
Rated Head in ft or m
Wicket Gate
Rated Flow is in specified flow units
Rated Speed in RPM
Inertia: Combined turbine and generator Elevation
inertia (WR2) in lbf-ft2 or N-m2 (ft or m)
File (1-20): Non dimensional head-flow-

torque data in Suter representation
Datum 105
6.8 Wicket Gate
Non-dimensional turbine head-flow-torque can be different at different Wicket Gate
openings and requires multiple non-dimensional Suter characteristic curves for turbines.
Turbine
Wicket Gate
Elevation
(ft or m)
Resistance 100% : Wicket gate resistance

at 100% opening Datum
Initial ratio =Initial Valve Stem
Position/Fully Opened Stem Position
106
6.9 Variable/Rated Pressure Supply
Connection to a pressure main where the supply pressure will change with flowrate
Static Head/Pressure
Head and flow from a

partially opened hydrant
Residual Head and flow when

The hydrant is fully open
Head in ft or m
Pressure in psi or kPa
Flow is in specified flow units
Ignore efficiency column
Gage Difference - Difference
in elevation between pipe
and hydrant pressure gage
PUMP CURVE FOR ID #1
220
200
180
160
140
HEAD
120
100
Elevation 80
60
40
20
Use Hydrant Flow Test to get 0

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
data for Pressure Supply Datum FLOW
107
Pressure/Flow Curve
6.10 Isolation Valves (on/off valves)
Indicates location of cut-off or isolation valve. The minor loss for this inactive valve is not
automatically included in the network analysis or the report. To account for a minor loss due to an
on/off valve, the user may enter the loss as a pipe fitting or using the active valve element. Partial
throttling of this valve is NOT permitted in the model. This valve adds no nodes or pipes to model
and will not be included in surge analysis
ON OFF
108
6.11 Regulators/Control Valves Regulators/Control
Valves
Used for controlling pressure in certain regions or flow through certain pipelines in the network. For surge analysis, these valves are converted
into active valves internally and the active valve resistance is set based on the steady state flow and pressure drop across the valve. Caution
must be exercised while working with regulators that operate in wide open mode (during steady state analysis) as pressure drop across the
valve would be zero (hence zero resistance for active valve which is an unacceptable condition) unless additional resistance associated with
regulators is specified.
PRVs, PSVs, and FCVs

(Pressure Reducing Valves, Pressure Sustaining Valves, and Flow Control Valves
Setting for PRV, PSV in psi or kPa or bars

Setting for FCV in user specified flow units
Additional resistance associated with regulators. Loss through the valve is calculated based
on this resistance when the valve operates in wide open mode.
Check this box and enter response time (how long the regulator takes to go from open to
close position and vice-versa in seconds) to allow the regulator change its position during
the transient event.
PRV-1: Maintains set pressure d/s from the valve (Activated or Throttled Mode). If the pressure d/s is less than the set value, then the valve
operates in wide open mode. Closes if the hydraulics forces flow in the reverse direction.
PSV: Maintains set pressure u/s from the valve (Activated or Throttled Mode). If the pressure u/s is greater than the set value, then the
valve operates in wide open mode. Closes if the hydraulics forces flow in the reverse direction.
FCV-1: Maintains set flowrate through the pipeline (Activated or Throttled Mode). If the flowrate through the pipeline is less than the set
value, then the valve operates in wide open mode. Closes if the hydraulics forces flow in the reverse direction. 109
6.12 Library Elements: Back Flow Preventers, Pumps, Air Valves, Surge Tanks
This element uses a Library of Data to describe the characteristics of a device. Shown
here is a Library for a Backflow preventer. Three points of Head/Flow Data is used to
describe this device. Pipe2000 models BFP using a Head/Flow curve to calculate the
loss caused by this device. Users can develop customized Libraries for any device.
Library table found under components button
110
Chapter 7. Modeling Transient Events
This chapter illustrates how to setup data for transient initiating events. While the most common transient events (full pump trip event and full
pump shut down events) can be setup directly within the profile import tool, this chapter illustrates setting up of these and other transient
events within TranSurge graphical user interface. Any event that changes steady state pressure and flow conditions within a pipeline system may
be referred to as a transient initiating event. The most common causes of transients in pipeline systems are:
• Tripping of single or multiple pumps within a pump station
• Controlled shut down and startup of pumps
• Valve opening and closing events
• Rapid changes in flowrates and pressure conditions
• Pressure and flow changes that occur at certain frequency (periodic variations)
• Any combination of these events
Since transient events are associated with node elements, data for transient events is specified using “Edit Node Changes” button under
“Node Info” window. Select any node and click on “Edit Node Changes” button, the following change data table appears. The change data table
has three columns. The time at which a transient event starts is specified under first column. The type of transient event is specified under
middle column. Value associated with the transient event is specified under third column.
Change data associated with a pump trip event is shown in the following table. Speed ratio (ratio of operating speed to rated speed) for Pump-3
at time 0 is set to 1. The speed ratio remains constant at 1.0 for 2 seconds (hold steady state conditions for first two seconds). Pump trip
condition is initiated at the end of 2 seconds by specifying “trip” under change column at time 2. When change data is provided for more than
one element, a click on “All Changes” button will displays change data pertaining all elements. Cut/Copy/Paste operations facilitate duplicating
change data to several elements. Check “Ignore Changes” box under node information window to not consider the associated transient data for
a particular simulation.
ZVV
ZVV
111
7.1 Transient Events: Pumps
Sample transient events associated with pumps are illustrated in the following.
Pump trip followed by a pump start up event.
Pump- operates at a steady state speed ratio of 0.95 and the steady state conditions
are held for first two seconds of simulation. Pump trip event is initiated at 2s.
Pump need to be restarted at 110s. For this, the pump speed should be brought to
rest first as the pump could be spinning either in positive or negative direction
following the trip condition. A speed ratio data is specified a few seconds ahead of
the intended restart time (100s in this case) which will gradually bring the pump
speed to 0 by 110s.
Pump speed ratio is ramped up to 0.85 in 5 seconds starting at 110s and held
constant till 150s. Pump speed is ramped up again to rated speed between 150 and
152s.
The options available for type of change are restricted depending on the type of
element and the data provided. For example, a pump defined by head-flow table
data will allow for changing pump speed ratio only. Pumps that are defined by File
(Suter curves) data allow for simulating pump trip events. “Trip Ratchet (Surge)”
ZVV option allows for simulating a pump trip event simultaneously preventing reverse
ZVVof pump (suitable for pumps equipped with reverse rotation ratchet
rotation
arrangement).
Note: Value specified under third column at time 0 should match the corresponding steady state value. For
example, if the steady state speed ratio for a pump is 1.0, specifying a speed ratio of 0.85 at time 0 under node
changes data is not acceptable.
112
7.2 Transient Events: Active Valves
Sample transient events associated with active valves are illustrated in the following.
Valve closure followed by re-opening
Valve is fully open (area ratio = 1) at time 0. A

two stage closure of the valve is initiated at time
0 with 90% of the closure taking place in first
15s and the remaining 10% closure in the next
15s.
Valve remains closed till 100s and is fully

reopened by 115s.
It remains fully open till 150s and is partially

closed (95% open) in next 5s.
Active valves may be defined as standard type (ball/butterfly/gate/globe/needle) that use built-in flow
area vs. stem position characteristics or as Cv Ratio (Kv Ratio for SI units) valves where the flow area
changes linearly with stem position. Depending on the type of active valve, the value under column three
may refer to either area ratio (for Kv Ratio valves) or ratio of stem position (for standard valves) and the
associated area ratio is obtained internally using the built-in flow area vs stem position characteristics.
ZVV
Area Ratio = current open flow area to 100% flow area
example, if the steady state area for the valve is 1.0, specifying an area ratio of 0.85 at time 0 under node
changes data is not acceptable. Value under third column may only vary between 0.0 and 1.0 for active valves.
113
7.3 Transient Events: Demand Changes
A change in demand at a junction node results in a transient condition. This can be used to simulate a fire hydrant opening and closing event
or any other event that results in a rapid variation in flowrate at a location within the pipeline system.
Hydrant opening and closing event
Hydrant opening and closing is simulated as demand

change at node J-19. Demand at J-19 is 0 at steady
state. Demand is increased from 0 to 1500 (user
specified flow units) in 10s starting at 2s. The hydrant
is kept open from 12 to 20s and is closed by 23s
taking demand at node J-19 from 1500 to 0 in 3s.
Rapid change in demand simulating a pump trip

event when pump station details are not available
Flowrate at pump station may be modeled as inflow

(negative demand) at a node. Flow at node J-19 for
steady state is -3600 (user specified flow units). This
flow rate is dropped to 0 within one second simulating
rapid decrease in flowrate following a pump trip event.
example, if the steady state demand is -3600 at node J-19, the value under column three at time 0 in the
corresponding change data should also be set to -3600.
114
7.4 Transient Events: Reservoir Grade Changes
A change in the water surface elevation or hydraulic grade (elevation + pressure head) at a reservoir results in a transient condition. This
condition cannot be simulated directly by specifying change data at a reservoir node, instead, the change data should be created on an active
valve (or a pump) simulating connection to a reservoir (one end of active valve left open)
Reservoir grade
Initial hydraulic grade at AV-3 is 125ft (steady state).

This grade changes to 95ft in 30s.
115
7.5 Transient Events: Periodic Variation
Periodic variations in valve stem position ratios, pump speed ratios, hydraulic grade changes, and demand changes may be simulated using this
data.
Several different scenarios are shown above.

1. An active valve (AV-2) operates at 50cps (period = 0.02s) with stem position ratio changing from 0.25 to 0.75 (average = 0.50)
2. Pump-1 operates at 50cps with a speed variation from 0.8 to 1.2. This oscillation is 180o (3.14159 radians) out of phase with the other
shown.
3. The grade at valve AV-2 varies from 50 to 150ft at 50cps.
4. The demand at junction J-3 varies from 40 to 60 (user specified flow units) at 50cps.
For grade variations at a valve or pump, use Type = 1, for all others, use Type = 0
116
Chapter 8. Surge Protection Devices
This chapter describes data requirements for surge protection devices. A partial list of devices is shown below.
Closed Surge Tanks Air Valves

Compressor Vessels – horizontal/vertical alignment, variable area Single, two or three stage air valves
Bladder vessels - horizontal/vertical alignment, variable area Dynamic air valves
Hybrid vessels – dipping tube Siphon breakers
Open Surge Tanks Air release valves
Standpipes, variable area tanks Vacuum breaker valves
One-way surge tanks Relief Valves
Pressure relief valves
Surge anticipation valves – hydraulically /Electrically activated
Rupture disks
Stand pipe
Dynamic air valve

Surge anticipation valve
Siphon breaker
Hybrid vessel
Bladder tank
One-way surge tank

2 stage air valve
Pressure relief valve
Compressor vessel
117
8.1 Closed surge tanks and bladder tanks
TranSurge offers many different options for modeling closed surge tanks (compressor vessels and hybrid vessels) and bladder tanks. Both
horizontally mounted as well as vertically mounted vessels can be modeled. Options to model cylindrical tanks and non-cylindrical tanks are
available as well. A complete list of options is shown below.
• Vertical closed surge tank • Vertical bladder tank
• Vertical closed surge tank with calculate initial level option • Vertical bladder tank with calculate initial level option
• Horizontal closed surge tank • Horizontal bladder tank
• Horizontal closed surge tank with calculate initial level option • Horizontal bladder tank with calculate initial level option
• Variable area closed surge tank • Variable area bladder surge tank
Data common to all surge tanks is illustrated here.
Inflow Resistance = Resistance for flow into the pipe.

Outflow Resistance = Resistance for flow out of pipe
For tanks that are attached directly to the pipeline (tank bottom sitting on
the pipeline), the resistance could simply be based on an equivalent orifice
representing the opening size on tank bottom. If the tanks are attached to
the pipeline to be protected through another pipeline, resistance should
take into account all losses between tank bottom and pipeline to be
protected. Use piping resistance option under resistance calculator tool.
Gas Expansion Constant. This can range from 1.0 for isothermal process to
1.4 for adiabatic process. Most commonly used value is 1.2.
Elevation Difference.
Elevation
(ft or m)
Datum 118
To place a surge tank at a node, click on the node type dropdown menu, go to SDOs (side discharge orifice elements) option as shown below.
119
8.1.1 Vertical closed surge tank
Tank Volume (sum of volume of liquid and gas)

ft3 or m3. When Initial level is specified by the
user , tank volume is used only for generating
warning messages in case the total (expanded)
gas volume exceeds the total volume).
Initial Gas Volume – ft3 or m3

Amount of total volume that is gas at the
beginning of simulation
Diameter - ft or m
For non-cylindrical tank, use equivalent diameter
or use horizontal and variable area tanks.
Initial Level - ft or m
Elevation
(ft or m)
Datum
8.1.2 Vertical closed surge tank (calculate initial level option)

ft3 or m3.

Diameter - ft or m
Initial Liquid Level (ft or m) will be computed

internally based on initial gas volume, total tank
volume and steady state pressure at closed surge
tank connection.
Elevation
(ft or m)
Datum
121
8.1.3 Horizontal closed surge tank

ft3 or m3.

Diameter - ft or m
Diameter is cylindrical diameter,
not equivalent horizontal diameter
Elevation
(ft or m)
Datum 122
8.1.4 Horizontal closed surge tank (calculate initial level option)

ft3 or m3. When Initial level is specified by the
user , tank volume is used only for generating
warning messages in case the total (expanded)
gas volume exceeds the total volume).

Diameter - ft or m

Elevation tank connection.
(ft or m)
Datum 123
8.1.5 Variable area closed surge tank
This allows for modeling tank volume more accurately.

ft3 or m3.

Depth to Total Depth Ratio (0 to 1)
Volume to Total Volume Ratio (0 to 1)

Elevation
(ft or m)
Datum 124
8.1.6 Vertical bladder tank
Diameter - ft or m

ft3 or m3.
Elevation
(ft or m)
Datum
Preset (pre-charge) Head - ft or m.
125
8.1.7 Vertical bladder tank (calculate initial level option)
Diameter - ft or m
Preset (pre-charge) Pressure – psi, kPa or bars

ft3 or m3.

Elevation
tank connection.
(ft or m)
Datum
126
8.1.8 Horizontal bladder tank
Diameter - ft or m

ft3 or m3.
Preset (pre-charge) Head - ft or m.
Elevation
(ft or m)
Datum
127
8.1.9 Hybrid surge tank
Hybrid surge tank functions like a compressor tank when water in the tank is above
certain level and as open surge tank when water level falls below that level.
Air vent
Dipping tube
Elevation
(ft or m)
Datum When this box is checked, initial gas volume is treated as
volume at which the air vent opens (and then hybrid
surge tank acts like a open surge tank)
8.2 Open surge tanks
Open surge tanks are storage devices with water surface open to atmosphere. Open surge tanks that let water in and out of the tanks are
generally located at places where the hydraulic gradeline is close to pipeline profile (to prevent spilling). By restricting flow of water only out
of the open surge tank (and NOT into the tank through the pipeline being protected), the open surge tanks may be located at places with
high hydraulic gradeline. Such open surge tanks are called one-way open tanks, one-way surge tanks or feed tanks.
Inflow Resistance = Resistance for flow into the pipe.

Outflow Resistance = Resistance for flow out of pipe
For tanks that are attached directly to the pipeline (tank bottom sitting on
the pipeline), the resistance could simply be based on an equivalent orifice
representing the opening size on tank bottom. If the tanks are attached to
the pipeline to be protected through another pipeline, resistance should
take into account all losses between tank bottom and pipeline to be
protected. Use piping resistance option under resistance calculator tool.
Elevation
(ft or m)
Datum
129
8.2.1 Open surge tank – cylindrical
Open surge tank (stand pipe) may be used as a surge protection device at places where the hydraulic grade line is close to the
pipeline elevation.
Diameter of tank in ft or m
Max Level: Depth of water in tank above pipe centerline elevation
Note: If Max Level is set to zero (or blank), then the tank is
assumed to be infinitely tall and facilitates sizing the height of
open surge tank
Inflow R = Resistance for Flow into the pipe (use a large number
Elevation such as 99999 if no flow is allowed into pipe)
(ft or m)‫‏‬ Outflow R = Resistance for Flow out of pipe
Resistance (s2/ft5 or s2 /m5 ) = headloss/flow2
Datum
130
8.2.2 Open surge tank – variable area
Create a Depth vs. Surface Area relationship for

the entire height of the Open Surge Tank.
Depth to Total Depth Ratio (0 to 1)
Volume to Total Volume Ratio (0 to 1)

Elevation
(ft or m)‫‏‬
such as 99999 if no flow is allowed into pipe)
Outflow R = Resistance for Flow out of pipe
Datum
131
8.2.3 One-way open tank (or feed tank)
One way open tank or one way surge tank (feed tank) allows water to flow out of the tank into the pipeline during a down surge
event and prevents water from flowing back into the tank during steady state operation and/or up surge conditions.
Diameter of tank in ft or m
Check Valve Resist: Resistance associated with the check valve
connecting the one way surge tank wit h main pipeline
Check Valve Time: Time for opening the check valve from fully
closed to fully open mode
Check Inflow R = Resistance for Flow into the pipe (use a large number
Valve such as 99999 if no flow is allowed into pipe)
Elevation
(ft or m)‫‏‬
Datum
132
8.3 Air valves
Air valves (for filling operation, draining operation etc) are integral part of most pipeline systems. Depending on the nature of transient
condition and the type of protection provided to the pipeline system, air valves may or may not get activated during a transient event. If the
lowest pressure in pipeline during a transient event does not drop below atmospheric level, then there is no need to include air valves in the
surge models. Air valves may also be used as part of surge protection system. The primary purpose of air valves as surge protection devices is
to relieve the pipeline from extreme negative pressures by allowing atmospheric air into the pipeline. While air valves should be sufficiently
large to relieve extreme negative pressures during a down surge event , uncontrolled release of air during an up surge event may lead to
extreme positive pressures. Carefully sized non-slam air valves can significantly reduce the overall surge protection cost without
compromising the integrity of pipeline. The following section describes different types of air valves used as surge protection devices and their
data requirements.
133
8.3.1 Air valves: 1 or 2 stage
Kinetic air valves with unrestricted inflow and outflow areas are generally referred to as single stage air valves.
Air valves that allow air into the pipeline through a large orifice but let the air out of the pipeline through a
smaller orifice are referred to as 2 stage air valves. For air valves that allow air into the pipeline but not out of
the pipeline, the outflow diameter should be specified as a positive small number (e.g. 0.01) instead of 0.
Similarly, valves that only let air out of pipeline and do not allow air into the pipeline should be specified with a
small positive number for inflow diameter instead of 0. Automatic air valve (which is meant for releasing small
quantities of residual air ) on a combination air valve should NOT be considered as part of surge analysis.
Initial Gas (Air) Volume – ft3 or m3
Inflow diameter – in or mm (or enter

negative (-) value for orifice area)
Outflow diameter – in or mm (or enter
negative (-) value for orifice area)
Delay - Valve activation time in seconds
Disc(harge) Coef(ficient) – Blank or 0 will

Elevation default to 0.62
(ft or m)‫‏‬
Note: initial air volume is to model startup

with accumulated air at air valve. For other
applications this will be zero
Datum
134
8.3.2 Air valves: 3 stage
3 Stage air valves facilitate removal large quantities of air more efficiently while minimizing the risk of air slam conditions.
Bulk of the air from pipeline is removed through a larger orifice and switches to a smaller outflow orifice before all air is
out of pipeline. Automatic air valve (which is meant for releasing small quantities of residual air ) on a combination air
valve should NOT be considered as part of surge analysis.
Inflow diameter(D) – in or mm
Outflow diameter(D1) – in or mm
Outflow diameter (after switch)

Automatic Air Valve (D2) – in or mm
Switching Value
(flow units, pressure – psi or kpa.
volume – ft^3 or m^3)
Smaller outflow diameter
Initial Air Volume – ft3 or m3
Delay time (before AV activates) –

Seconds
Switch Type – Flow, Pressure or

Volume
Disc Coef - Discharge Coefficient
Elevation
(ft or m)
Datum
8.3.3 Dynamic air valve
Air valve that opens and closes in a controlled manner allowing water flow after all air is out of pipeline. Dynamic
air valve (DAV) starts opening when pressure at valve location drops below atmospheric levels , allowing intake of
air. Air is let out of the valve when pressure at air valve goes above atmospheric levels. DAV doesn’t close after all
air is out of pipeline, continues to let water out of pipeline thus preventing air slam conditions. DAV starts closing
after all air is out of pipeline and closes in a few seconds.
• Inflow Diameter (mm or inch) for flow into the pipeline

• Outflow Diameter (mm or inch) for flow out of pipeline
• Close Time: Time to close dynamic air valve from full open to closed mode
• Initial Volume: Volume of air at time zero of transient simulation, usually zero.
• Open Time: Time to open dynamic air valve from closed to full open mode
• Disc Coeff: Coefficient of discharge (default value is 0.62)
136
8.3.4 Siphon breaker
Used where reverse flow associated with back siphoning of flow needs to be prevented (to protect pumps)
Siphon Breaker
Main Pipeline
Air compressor
• Diameter: Inflow Diameter (mm or inch) of siphon breaker valve for flow into pipeline
• Open Time: Time to open siphon breaker from closed to full open mode (seconds)
• Close Time: Time to close valve full open to closed mode – during air outflow cycle (seconds), usually not applicable for most siphon
breakers
• Delay Time: Valve starts opening with this delay time after pressure drops below atmospheric level
• Disc Coeff: Coefficient of discharge (default value is 0.62)
Siphon Breaker
Delivery Side
Suction Side
PUMP 137
8.4 Relief valves
The primary purpose of relief valves is to contain high surge pressures by venting liquid out of pipeline. Pressure relief valves open after
sensing high pressures at specified locations while surge anticipation valves open on down surge (when pressure drops below a set value) in
anticipation of subsequent upsurge and the associated high surge pressures.
138
8.4.1 Pressure relief valve (PRV)
Pressure relief valve opens during upsurge when the pressure at sensing position exceeds the high pressure
pilot setting.
Open Pressure : PRV starts opening when pressure exceeds this setting
Open Time: Time for PRV to go from closed to full open mode
Close Time: Time for PRV to go from full open to closed mode
External Head – Head in discharge vessel (zero if discharging to atmosphere)
Sensing Node defaults to PRV location if left blank
If Head (Hd) option is selected for SAV then all settings are either in feet or meters. If
Elevation (ft or m)
pressure option is selected then the setting should be in psi, kPa, or bars.
All times are in seconds. Datum
8.4.2 Surge anticipation valve (SAV)
This SAV opens on down surge when the pressure at sensing position drops below the low pressure pilot (LPP)
setting and stays open for a set time period (Full Time) and closes thereafter.
Open Head: SAV starts opening when pressure head drops below this setting
Open Time: Time for SAV to go from closed to full open mode on down surge
Close Time: Time for SAV to go from full open to closed mode on down surge
External Head – Head in discharge vessel (zero if discharging to atmosphere)
Sensing Node defaults to SAV location if left blank
Full Time: Time for SAV to stay in full open mode during down surge
Elevation (ft or m)
8.4.3 Hydraulically actuated surge anticipation valve (Hyd SAV)
This SAV opens on down surge when the pressure at sensing position drops below the low pressure pilot (LPP)
setting and keep s the valve open until the pressure exceeds the LPP setting. If the pressure exceeds high
pressure pilot (HPP) setting , the SAV starts opening again keeps the valve open until the pressure drops below
its setting.
LPP: Low Pressure Pilot
HPP: High Pressure Pilot
LPP Pr: Pressure setting for LPP

LPP OpTm: Time for LPP to open SAV from closed to full open mode
LPP ClTm: Time for LPP to close SAV from full open to closed mode
HPP Pr: Pressure setting for HPP

HPP OpTm: Time for HPP to open SAV from closed to full open mode
HPP ClTm: Time for HPP to close SAV from full open to closed mode
Valve Type closure characteristics (Under Components icon )
External Pressure – Pressure in discharge vessel (zero if discharged to atmosphere)
Sensing Nd default to Hyd SAV location if left blank
Inflow R = Resistance for Flow into the pipe (use a large number such as
99999 if no flow is allowed into pipe)
Elevation (ft or m)
8.4.4 Electrically actuated surge anticipation valve (Ele SAV)
This SAV starts opening on pump trip (actuated by a solenoid) and stays open for a set time period (Full Time)
and closes thereafter. If the pressure exceeds high pressure pilot setting , the SAV starts opening again keeps
the valve open until the pressure drops below its setting.
Valve Type closure characteristics (Under Components icon )
High Pressure Pilot (HPP) Hd: Pressure head setting for HPP
HPP Open Time: Time for HPP to open SAV fully closed to fully open mode
HPP Close Time: Time for HPP to close SAV from fully open to fully closed mode
External Head – head in discharge vessel (zero, if discharging to atmosphere)
Close Time: Time for SAV to go from full open to closed mode on down surge
Open Time: Time for SAV to go from closed to full open mode on down surge
Full Time: Time for SAV to stay in full open mode during down surge

Inflow R = Resistance for flow into the pipe (use a large number such as
99999 if no flow is allowed into pipe)
Outflow R = Resistance for flow out of pipe
Sensing Nd defaults to Ele SAV location if left blank
pressure option is selected then the settings should be in psi, kPa, or bars.
All times are in seconds. Elevation
Datum (ft or m) 142
8.4.5 Rupture disk
A rupture disk is a device which opens quickly (ruptures) when pressure exceeds a specified value. Does not close after disk has
been activated.
Open Pressure : Pressure that activates rupture disk
143
8.5 Side discharge orifice - SDO
This device represents an orifice mounted to the side of the pipeline (side discharge orifice) where flow enters or exits based on
the orifice relation. Inflow refers to flow into the pipeline and outflow is out of the pipeline.
External Head (ft or m) – Head in discharge vessel (zero if discharging to atmosphere)
144
8.6 Zero velocity valve (ZVV)
Zero Velocity Valve (also known as Reflux Valve) is a valve used for preventing flow reversal on rising
mains. An ideal ZVV closes right when flow velocity in the pipeline becomes zero (just before flow
reversal) and thus the name zero velocity valve. Since no check valve can realistically close in zero
time upon flow reversal, the user must specify a closing time (ZVV Time in seconds) to obtain realistic
transient results.
• Cv : Flow coefficient for zero velocity valve, when valve is fully open
• ZVV Time: Time for opening and closing of ZVV. Valve starts closing on flow reversal
and closes fully in ZVV Time
ZVV
ZVV
145
Wave speed
Chapter 9. Tools (celerity) calculator
A number of useful tools come with TranSurge software. The
following are the most commonly used tools and are made
available as quick access buttons on second row.
• Calculating Wave Speed Bladder tank pre-
Pump inertia
• Select Pump File and Calculate Inertia charge calculator calculator
• Calculate Resistances
• Bladder Pre-charge
These tools are self explanatory and the most commonly used
tools are presented in the next few pages.
Resistance
calculator
Toggle between TranSurge and
KYnetic Interface of surge,
provides access to other tools
146
9.1 Tools: Wave speed
147
9.2 Tools: Select pump file/calculate inertia
148
9.3 Tools: Resistance
149
9.4 Tools: Bladder pre-charge
This tool allows for converting compressor vessel based data into bladder vessel data. For example, if the initial gas volume (steady
state) is 120 cubic feet at 55psi pressure and maximum gas volume during a transient simulation is 300 cubic feet, then the equivalent
empty bladder tank should be precharged to 13.18psi so the initial gas volume for steady state compresses to 120cubic feet.
150
Chapter 10. Results Presentation
TranSurge offers a number of ways to process results from transient analysis.:
• Node and pipe graphs of several different parameters (pressure, hydraulic grade, pressure head, flow rate, pump speed, air
volume etc)
• Display data and results as labels on network map
• Tabulated text and spreadsheet formats
• Static and animated profile plots
This chapter demonstrates some of these features on Demo 2 – Rising Main example described in Chapter 3. Follow the instructions
presented in Section 3.4 to cerate and analyze the model before proceeding with the following sections.
Demo 2 – Rising Main.P2K 151

10.1 Node and pipe graphs
At the bottom of node information window
Click on any node 1
Next page
3
152
Pressure variation at node 19
From previous page
1
Pressure Head variation at node 19
2 3
153
3
Zoom to pump station and first

1 surge protection element
154
1
155
1
3 4
2
Pressure head variation at nodes 6, 14, and 19
156
10.2 Labels on network map
1
Display heads and flows at time 0s
Head
Flowrate
Control the parameters to be displayed and simulation times

157
1 Right click on this to access detailed labels menu
158
10.3 Tabulated text and spreadsheets
1
159
160
Swap steady state and surge analysis results
161
2
1 Click on this button, draw a box around the entire pipeline

10.4 Static and animated profiles
1
Plot envelope of maximum and minimum pressure heads
Static profile
2
From previous page
Animated profile
Appendix A – Acronyms/Abbreviations
psi: Pounds per square inch (pressure unit)
kPa: Kilo Pascals (pressure unit)
gpm: Gallons per minute (flow unit)
MGD: Million gallons per day (flow unit)
RPM: Revolutions per minute (rotational speed unit)
Kv: Flow coefficient - SI units (flowrate in m3/h for a pressure drop of 1 bar)
Cv: Flow coefficient - SI units (flowrate in gpm for a pressure drop of 1 psi)
HWC: Hazen-William roughness coefficient
NRV: Non-return valve (same as check valve)
CV: Check valve (same as non-return valve)
OST: One-way surge tank
PID: Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller
SDO: Side discharge orifice
PRV: Pressure relief valve, also pressure reducing valve
PSV: Pressure sustaining valve
FCV: Flow control valve
SAV: Surge anticipation valve
LPP: Low pressure pilot
HPP: High pressure pilot
ZVV: Zero velocity valve
165
Appendix B - Units
One of the frequently asked question is on the units associated with certain data. Extensive help is provided on this topic in TranSurge. “Units
Help” button under Help provides a summary on this topic. Help is also available on data and usage of each device and may be accessed by
clicking on the button under node information window pertaining to the device.
B.1: Units
The user specified flow units control most of the other units.
If the user specified flow units are in SI units (m3/s, l/s, etc) then:
• All linear measures (pipe lengths, tank diameters, water depths etc) are in meters. The only exception to this is pipe diameters, Darcy
Wiesbach pipe roughness values, and air valve diameters that are in milli meeters (mm).
• Hydraulic grade values, pressure heads are in meters as well.
• All pressure values will be either in kPa (kilo Pascals) gage or bars gage , unless otherwise stated.
• All flowrates (nodal demands, flowrates in pipes, pumps, loss elements, pressure supplies, regulators etc) will be in user specified
units.
• Velocities (including celerity) are in m/s.
• Volume units (air intake volume at air valves, gas volume in surge vessels etc) are all in m3, unless specified otherwise.
• Kinematic viscosity is in m2/s.
• Pump/Motor inertia is in N-m2.
If the user specified flow units are in English units (ft3/s, gpm, mgd etc) then:
• All linear measures (pipe lengths, tank diameters, water depths etc) are in feet. The only exception to this is pipe and air valve
diameters that are in inches and Darcy Wiesbach pipe roughness values that are in milli feet.
• Hydraulic grade values, pressure heads are in feet as well.
• All pressure values will be either in psi (pounds per square inch) gage, unless otherwise stated.
• All flowrates (nodal demands, flowrates in pipes, pumps, loss elements, pressure supplies, regulators etc) will be in user specified
units.
• Velocities (including celerity) are in ft/s. Volume units (air intake volume at air valves, gas volume in surge vessels etc) are all in ft3,
unless specified otherwise.
• Kinematic viscosity is in ft2/s.
• Pump/Motor inertia is in lbf-ft2.
All time units are in seconds.
Pump speeds are in RPM.
167
Appendix C - Nomenclature
Resistance for a device is defined as ratio of headloss across the device and square of the associated flowrate; both headloss and flowrates in
standard units. R = ∆H/Q2 where R is resistance (s2/ft5 or s2/m5 ), ∆H is headloss (ft or m), and Q is flow rate (ft3/s or m3/s). Resistance to flow
through a device may be expressed in several different ways (minor loss coefficient, flow coefficient, orifice size etc) and the approach used in
TranSurge expresses the same in a format similar to that used to express resistance for flow in a pipeline (∆H= RQ 2). Use resistance tool to
compute resistance if data is available in other forms.
Active Valve is a valve which may be opened, throttled, or closed for modeling purposes. Unlike other on/off valves, the minor loss for an
Active Valve is based on the valve type and the open ratio is calculated and incorporated into the analysis. The open ratio can be changed by
the user during a simulation using change data.
Trip (as in pump trip) refers to instantaneous removal of electrical torque to an operating pump. The rate at which the pump speed reduces
depends on inertial characteristics of the moving parts of pump-motor assembly.
Siphon breaker is a device or an assembly used for breaking back siphoning of liquid during a pump trip event on a short pipeline system with
no check valve to prevent flow reversal. The steady state pressure at the siphon breaker element would normally be below atmospheric levels
so a simple air valve will not be suitable as a siphon breaker.
Flow coefficient is an indirect measure of resistance to flow across a valve. It is expressed as flowrate in gpm for a pressure drop of 1 psi in
English units (Cv). In SI units, it is expressed as flowrate in m3/h for a pressure drop of 1 bar (Kv).
168
Appendix D. References and related publications from KYPIPE LLC
• Don J. Wood and T.E. Stelson, "Energy Analysis of Pressure Surges in Closed Conduits," Development in Theoretical and Applied
Mechanics, Vol. 1, Pergamon Press, 1963, pp. 371-388.
• Don J. Wood, R. Dorsch and C. Lightner, "Digital Distributed Model for the Analysis of Unsteady Flow in Liquid Filled Lines," NASA TN
D-2812, May 1965, 47 pages.
• Don J. Wood, R. Dorsch and C. Lightner, "Wave Analysis of Unsteady Flow in Conduits," Journal of Hydraulics Division, ASCE, March
1966, Vol. 92, No. HY2, pp. 83-220.
• R. Dorsch, Don J. Wood, and C. Lightner, "Distributed Parameter Analysis of Pressure and Flow Perturbations in Rocket Propellant Feed
System." NASA TN D-3529, August, 1966, 53 pages.
• Don J. Wood, and T.Y. Kao, "Generation and Propagation of Pressure Waves in Two Phase Flow," Development in Theoretical and
Applied Mechanics, Vol. 3, Pergamon Press, 1967, pp. 713-724.
• Don J. Wood and R. Dorsch, "The Effect of Propellant Feed System Coupling and Feed Systems Parameters on the Analysis of
Chugging," NASA TN-2896, May 1967, 22 pages.
• Don J. Wood and T.Y. Kao, "Evaluation of the Quasi-Steady Approximation for Viscous Effects in Unsteady Liquid Pipe Flow," ASME Paper
(No. 68-FE-33), 1967, 7 pages.
• Don J. Wood, "Calculation of Waterhammer Pressure Due to Valve Closure." Journal of the American Water Works Institution,
November 1968, Vol. 60, No. 11, pp. 1301-1307.
• Don J. Wood, "A Study of the Response of Coupled Liquid Flow-Structural Systems Subjected to Periodic Disturbances," Journal of Basic
Engineering ASME, Vol. 90, Series D, No. 4, December 1968, pp. 532-541.
• Don J. Wood, "Hydraulic Transient Analysis Employing Analog Techniques," Proceedings, 3rd Annual Workshop, American Association of
Professors of Sanitary Engineering, 1968, pp. 78-95.
• Don J. Wood, "The Influence of Line Motion of Water Hammer Pressures." Journal of Hydraulics Division, ASCE, May 1969, Vol. 95, No.
HY3, pp. 941-961.
• Don J. Wood, "Lumped and Distributed Parameter Analog Analysis of Transient Liquid Pipe Flow," Applications, Analog/HybridComputer
Educational Users Group, Vol. 4, No. E, June 1969.
• Don J. Wood, "Pressure Surge Attenuation Utilizing an Air Chamber," Journal of Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 96, No. HY5, May 1970,
pp. 1143-1156.
• Don J. Wood and S.P. Chao, "The Effect of Bends and Junctions on Water Hammer Surges," Transportation Engineering Journal, ASCE,
Vol. 97, Note 3, Aug. 1971, pp. 441-457.
• S.E. Jones and D.J. Wood, "The Effect of Axial Boundary Motion on Pressure Surge Generation," ASME, Paper No. 71-WA/FE 14, Journal
of Basic Engineering, Vol. 94, Series D., No. 2, June 1972, pp. 441-446.
169
• J.E. Funk, D.J. Wood and S.P. Chao, "The Transient Response of Orifices and Very Short Lines," ASME Paper No. 71-WA/FE 14, Journal of
Basic Engineering, June 1972, Vol. 94, Series D., No. 2, pp. 483-491.
• Don J. Wood and S.E. Jones, "Waterhammer Charts for Various Types of Valves," Journal of Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 99, No. HY1,
Jan. 1973, pp. 167-178.
• S.E. Jones and D.J. Wood, "Prediction and Control of Pressure Surges Due to Valve Closure," Proceedings, International Conference on
Pressure Surges, BHRA, England, 1973.
• S.E. Jones and D.J. Wood, "Pressure Surge Generation Due to Flow Shutdown," Proceedings, Society of Engineering Science, Oct.1975.
• Don J. Wood, "Simplified Modeling and Analysis of Fluid Transient Problems," Proceedings of the First International Conference on
Mathematical Modeling, Vol. 111, 1977, pp. 1259-1268.
• Don J. Wood, "The Analysis of Steady Flow in Pipe Networks," Proceedings of the First International Conference on Mathematical
Modeling, Vol. III, 1977, pp. 1269-1280.
• T.Y. Kao and Don J. Wood, "Pressure Surge Generation Due to Rapid Shutdown of Pipelines Conveying Slurries,"
Proceedings,Hydrotransport V, BHRA Fluids Engineering, El, pp. 1-14, 1978.
• Don J. Wood, "Waterhammer Analysis in Pipe Systems," Proceedings, International Institute on Hydraulic Transients, July 1982, Sao
Paulo, Brazil.
• A.R.D. Thorley and Don Wood, "Fault Analysis and Fluid Transients Suppression in Pipelines and Networks," Proceedings -International
Conference on Computer Application for Water Supply and Distribution - 1987, Leicester, England, Sept. 1987.
• A.R.D. Thorley and Don J. Wood, "Fluid Transients, Fault Conditions and Hazard Assessments of Pipelines and Networks," Proceedings,
1st International Conference in Africa on Computer Methods and Water Resources, Rabat, Morocco, March 1988.
• Don J. Wood and James E. Funk, "Microcomputer Analysis of Transient Flow in Pipe Networks," Proceedings, International Symposium
on Computer Modeling of Water Distribution Systems, Lexington, KY, May 1988.
• S.E. Jones and Don J. Wood, "An Exact Solution of the Waterhammer Problem in a Single Pipeline with Simulated Line Friction," ASME
Conference Paper, Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, June 1988.
• D.J. Wood, J.E. Funk and P.F. Boulos, "Pipe Network Transients - Distributed and Lumped Parameter Modeling," Chapter 10,
Proceedings, 6th International Conference on Pressure Surges, Cambridge, England, Oct. 1989, pp. 131-142.
• P.F. Boulos, D.J. Wood and J.E. Funk, "A Comparison of Numerical and Exact Solutions for Pressure Surge Analysis," Chapter 12,
Proceedings, 6th International Conference on Pressure Surges, Cambridge, England, Oct. 1989, pp. 149-159.
• J.E. Funk, D.J. Wood and P.F. Boulos, "Transient Flow Computer Model Verification: Case Studies," Proceedings, 2nd International
Conference, Computer Methods and Water Resources, 1991. Funk, J.E., Wood, D.J., Lingireddy, S. and D.C. Denger, Pressure Surges due
to Rapid Expulsion of Air, International Conference on Unsteady Flow and Fluid Transients, Sept-Oct 1992, Durham, England.
• D.J. Wood, J.E. Funk, and D. Thorley, "The Enhancement of Pressure Surge Models Through the Use of Graphics",
Proceedings - International Conference Computer Applications for Water Supply and Distribution, DeMontfort University, Leicester, UK,
Sept. 1993.
• Lingireddy, S. and Wood, D.J. (1998) Improved Operation of Water Distribution Systems using Variable Speed Pumps, Jl. of Energy
Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 124, 3 170
• Funk, J.E., S.J. VanVuuren, D.J. Wood, M. LeChevallier, and M. Friedman. 1999. Pathogen Intrusion into Water Distribution Systems Due
to Transients. Proceedings of the 3rd ASME/JSME Joint Fluids Engineering Conference, July 18-22, San Francisco, CA.
• Lingireddy, S., Funk, J.E., and Wang Hongbing (2000) Genetic Algorithms in Optimizing Transient Suppression Devices, Proceedings of
the 2000 Joint Conference on Water Resource Engineering and Water Resources Planning and Management, ASCE,
• Gullick, R.W; LeChevallier, M.W.; Svindland, R.C.; Friedman, M.; Wood, D.J.; & Funk, J.E. 2003. Field Verification of Transient Low and
Negative Pressures in Potable Water Distribution Systems. American Water, Voorhees, NJ.
• Lingireddy, S., Wood, D.J., and Zloczower, N. (2004) Pressure Surges in Pipeline Systems Due to Air Release. Jl. American Water Works
Association, 96 (7), 88-94
• Ramalingam, D. P., and Lingireddy, S., “Pathogen Intrusion into Water Distribution System due to Hydraulic Transients,” Kentucky Water
Resources Annual Symposium, Feb. 19, 2004, Lexington, KY.
• Friedman, M., L. Radder, S. Harrison, D. Howie, M. Britton, G. Boyd, H. Wang, R. Gullick, M. LeChevallier, D. Wood and J. Funk. 2004.
Verification and Control of Pressure Transients and Intrusion in Distribution Systems. AWWA Research Foundation, Denver, CO.
• Wood, D.J., (2005) Waterhammer Analysis—Essential and Easy (and Efficient), Jl. of Environmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol 131, 8, 1123
• Boulos, P.F., Karney, B.W., Wood, D.J., and Lingireddy, S. Hydraulic Transient Guidelines for Design, Operation and Protection of Water
Distribution Systems, Jl. American Water Works Association. May 2005.
• Wood, D.J., Lingireddy, S., Boulos, P.F., Karney, B. W., and McPherson, D.L. Numerical Methods For Modeling Transient Flow in Water
Distribution Systems, Jl. American Water Works Association. (July 2005)
• Pressure Wave Analysis of Transient Flow in Pipe Networks by Wood, D.J., Lingireddy, S., and Boulos, P.F., MWH Press, 2005
• Lingireddy, S. and Raval, S. Importance of Air Management in Intermittent Water Distribution Systems, IWWA Conference on Achieving
24x7 Water Supply, India, 2008
• Lingireddy, S., Wood, D.J., and Raval, S. Water hammer and Pathogen Intrusion Studies on 24x7 Water Distribution Systems, IWWA
Conference on Achieving 24x7 Water Supply, India, 2008
• Sathish K, Saran K, Raval, S., and Lingireddy, S. Role of Pump Inertia Values in Transient Analysis of Pipeline Systems, 3rd International
Perspective on Current & Future State of Water Resources & the Environment, Environmental and Water Resources Institute of ASCE,
January 2008.
• Ramalingam, D., and Lingireddy, S., and Wood, D.J. Computational Advantages of Wave Characteristic Method for Transient Analysis of
Pipe Networks, Jl. AWWA, Feb 2009
• Raval, S. and Lingireddy, S. Water Loss Mitigation through Prevention of Extreme Sub-atmospheric Conditions, IWWA Journal, Special
Issue, January 2009.
• Wood, D.J., Lingireddy, S., and Boulos, P.F., Shock and Water Hammer Loading, Pressure Vessels and Piping Systems, Ed. Yong W. Kwon
and Poh-Sang Lam. eBook and Print Libraries by EOLSS, 2009.
• Ramalingam, D. and Lingireddy, S. (2013). "Neural Network Derived Heuristic Framework for Sizing Surge Vessels." J. Water Resour.
Plann. Manage.,ASCE WR.1943-5452.0000371 (Apr. 20, 2013).
171
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KYPIPE LLC, USA

Software Development and Support Team

Don J. Wood Ph.D, Civil Engineering (859) 492-6097 Don@kypipe.com

2 gigahertz (GHz) or faster processor

Demo Installation – no key required

Install Pipe2016 on each computer that will run it

NETWORK VERSION INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS

*** CLIENT MACHINE

Install Pipe2016 on each computer that will run it

SERVER Installation – Stand Alone Server

Stand-Alone (local) Installation

Next set up the client computers that will run Pipe2016

All users running Pipe2016 for the first time

Modify Existing Key

Pipe2016 Tutorial (Audio/Video)

1.2 Working with TranSurge

Add surge control devices to

These buttons control map display Tools – bladder precharge,

Refresh Map Area

Import Excel Profile

Import DXF Profile

Save Map to BMP file

Steady State Back to Map area

Turn on/off all air valves

Intermediate nodes on/off

Turn on/off all other

Show/hide all other Label all air

Display pressure heads

Two stage air valves

Three stage air valves

Dynamic air valves

Hydraulically Actuated Electrically Actuated Surge

Group Mode – allows for

Group Box – select a group of

Group Polygon – draw a polygon

Display/hide wave speed in

Display pipe diameter,

Display node/pipe results table

Copy the selected element along Show Average/Maximum/Minimum

Displays help associated with

o Building transmission main model

Launch TranSurge using one of the following methods .

Or by clicking one of these icons

1 Click on this button to launch profile import tool

Generates p2k file that

Screen plot showing how pressure varies at

You should see this

Screen plot showing how pressure

Note the surge tank at pump station

Plot envelope of maximum and minimum pressure heads

Zoom to pump station and first surge protection device

Enter data as shown and click on “Generate DXF File” butt

Launch TranSurge using one of the following methods .

Or by clicking one of these icons

1 Click on this button to launch profile import tool

Profile shows Steady State Hydraulic Grade line 61

Screen plot showing how pressure varies

You should see this

Screen plot showing how

Note the PRV placed near delivery Reservoir

With protection (150 mm PRV at delivery end) 68

Enter data as shown and click on “Generate DXF File” butt

Schematic of Network Model Pipe length and diameter

Elevation at all nodes = 100m