RESEARCH REPORT

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDG) :

GLOBAL ISSUES
TOPIC : VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN MYANMAR
GROUP NAME : TERUNG
SUBJECT : MALAYSIAN STUDIES 2
SUBJECT CODE : MPU1113U1
SEMESTER : JULY 2023
NO. ID NUMBER STUDENT’S NAME PROGRAM
1. MUHHEMED SHIRAAJ BIN ADAM
012022091179 MURALIDHARAN DLG
2. 012022091078 AMIRUL FAIZ BIN ADZELAN DLG
3. 012021072155 HARRIS DANIEL BIN ZAINAL ABIDIN DIM
4. 012022071173 MUHAMMAD IMAN HAZIM BIN HARON DETR
5. 012021090792 ABU HAZRIQ BIN ABU TALIB. DIM
6. 012021071437 MUHAMMAD HAZIQ BIN SARIHUDIN DRM
7. 012021091035 KHARAN RAU A/L A.MUNEESWARAO DIM
8. 012021091546 AMIROOL HAKEEM BIN MOHD NOR DIM
9. 012022090453 DARYL NAZWEER BIN SHARUL REZAL DLG
10. 012021071163 MUHAMMAD FADIL BIN MOHD RAFFI DIM

LECTURER : ZURIANI BINTI MOHD ARIFIN

MARKS:
/100
INTRODUCTION

Due to allegations of widespread human rights breaches, notably against the ethnic Rohingya
minority, the situation in Myanmar has drawn considerable attention and concern. Recognising
and addressing a variety of concerns, including as forced relocation, extrajudicial killings, sexual
violence, and denial of citizenship rights are all part of acknowledging human rights breaches in
Myanmar. An important first step towards justice, accountability, and preventing such
wrongdoing is admitting these transgressions. Governments, international organisations, and
civil society organisations have all agreed that systematic human rights abuses are taking place
in Myanmar, especially with regard to the Rohingya community. Some international
organisations have labelled these violations as possible crimes against humanity and even
genocide. The United Nations and other foreign organisations have looked at the situation in
Myanmar. These investigations seek to compile proof of violations of human rights, record
survivor testimony, and hold those accountable. Documenting and drawing attention to the
abuses in Myanmar has been made possible in large part by independent human rights
organisations and media. Their efforts contribute to keeping the world community informed and
ensuring that the truth is revealed. Supporting initiatives to create legal and accountability
frameworks that hold offenders accountable for their deeds constitutes acknowledgment. This
can include national courts, international criminal courts, and other legal systems. Recognising
transgressions also entails lending support and help to the victims, such as displaced people,
refugees, and violence survivors. This may entail making an effort to offer them options for life
reconstruction, psychological support, and humanitarian relief. International pressure on the
Myanmar government to address the crimes and take significant actions towards justice
frequently results from an admission of guilt. To promote accountability, diplomatic and
economic penalties may be used. Recognization can also serve as the cornerstone of
diplomatic attempts to effect positive change in Myanmar. Finding ways to stop the violations
and advance human rights may be the main topic of discussions with the government, regional
organisations, and international partners.
Objectives

Serious human rights breaches have been occurring in Myanmar as of late, especially with
regard to the Rohingya ethnic minority. There are two main goals for correcting these violations.

Accountability for Offenders: The primary goal is to make sure that individuals accountable
for violating human rights, especially those who have committed war crimes, crimes against
humanity, and maybe genocide, are made to answer for their deeds. In order to pinpoint the
people, organisations, and institutions accountable for the infractions, rigorous and unbiased
investigations must be conducted. Accountability procedures can involve both national and
international legal actions, such as those before national or hybrid courts, international criminal
tribunals, or national courts. Making offenders answerable sends a clear message that such
behaviour will not go unpunished and helps prevent further violations of human rights in the
future.

Restoration and Protection of Victims' Rights: The second goal is to help victims of human
rights abuses, notably the Rohingya community, by delivering justice, making amends, and
offering support. Included in this are initiatives to reclaim their rights, dignity, and wellbeing.
Specific actions could include:

- Payment of restitution and compensation to victims for the harm they have endured,
including material, emotional, and bodily loss.
- Truth-and-reconciliation processes: establishing platforms for victims to speak up and
share their stories. Processes of truth-telling and restitution can help heal rifts in society
and advance understanding.
- Psychological and Emotional assistance: Providing resources for healing and recovery
as well as psychological and emotional assistance to victims of abuse and trauma.
- Humanitarian relief: Giving displaced people and refugees affected by the violation’s
humanitarian relief, such as food, shelter, medical attention, and education.
- Return and Reintegration: Ensuring that displaced people and refugees can return safely
and voluntarily, and assisting with their reintegration into society by providing them with
access to essential services, an education, and possibilities for employment.
- Assuring Non-Repetition: Putting institutional and structural changes into place to stop
future occurrences of these infractions. This can entail enhancing the rule of law,
implementing legal reforms, and fostering diversity and tolerance.
Together, these goals address Myanmar's complicated circumstances and pave the way for
justice, reparation, and enduring peace. To properly accomplish these objectives, it is crucial to
enlist global cooperation, diplomatic efforts, and coordination with pertinent parties.

ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

The division of group task

INTRODUCTION

 Acknowledgement. (AMIROOL)
 TWO (2) objectives. (AMIROOL)
 Group organization chart. (ABU)
  The division of group task. (FADIL)
 The related Sustainable Development Goals (FADIL)

(SDG) for example: SDG1 – No poverty.

BACKGROUND OF THE ISSUE

 The country, specific location/area and year. (FAIZ)

 The affected community/state. (ABU)
 Statistics/data related to the issue. (ASH)
 The factors contributed to the issue. (HAZIQ)
 The effects of this issue. (HAZIQ)

GROUP REFLECTION & CONCLUSION

 Reflection on the issue. (DARYL)

 Reflection on the importance of SDG program. (RAU)
 Reflection on the challenges faced by Malaysia

in handling global issues. (DARYL)

 Reflection on group assignment. (HAZIM)

 Conclusion. (HAZIM)

The related Sustainable Development Goals

- Zero hunger
The number of undernourished people has dropped by almost half in the past two
decades because of rapid economic growth and increased agricultural productivity.
Many developing countries that used to suffer from famine and hunger can now meet
their nutritional needs. Central and East Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean have all
made huge progress in eradicating extreme hunger.

Unfortunately, extreme hunger and malnutrition remain a huge barrier to development in

many countries. There are 821 million people estimated to be chronically
 undernourished as of 2017, often as a direct consequence of environmental
degradation, drought and biodiversity loss. Over 90 million children under five are
dangerously underweight. Undernourishment and severe food insecurity appear to be
increasing in almost all regions of Africa, as well as in South America.

The SDGs aim to end all forms of hunger and malnutrition by 2030, making sure all
people–especially children–have sufficient and nutritious food all year. This involves
promoting sustainable agricultural, supporting small-scale farmers and equal access to
land, technology and markets. It also requires international cooperation to ensure
investment in infrastructure and technology to improve agricultural productivity.

- Good health and well being

We have made great progress against several leading causes of death and disease. Life
expectancy has increased dramatically; infant and maternal mortality rates have
declined, we’ve turned the tide on HIV and malaria deaths have halved.

Good health is essential to sustainable development and the 2030 Agenda reflects the
complexity and interconnectedness of the two. It takes into account widening economic
and social inequalities, rapid urbanization, threats to the climate and the environment,
the continuing burden of HIV and other infectious diseases, and emerging challenges
such as noncommunicable diseases. Universal health coverage will be integral to
achieving SDG 3, ending poverty and reducing inequalities. Emerging global health
priorities not explicitly included in the SDGs, including antimicrobial resistance, also
demand action.

- Quality education
Since 2000, there has been enormous progress in achieving the target of universal
primary education. The total enrolment rate in developing regions reached 91 percent in
2015, and the worldwide number of children out of school has dropped by almost half.
There has also been a dramatic increase in literacy rates, and many more girls are in
school than ever before. These are all remarkable successes.

Progress has also been tough in some developing regions due to high levels of poverty,
armed conflicts and other emergencies. In Western Asia and North Africa, ongoing
armed conflict has seen an increase in the number of children out of school. This is a
 worrying trend. While Sub-Saharan Africa made the greatest progress in primary school
enrolment among all developing regions – from 52 percent in 1990, up to 78 percent in
2012 – large disparities still remain. Children from the poorest households are up to four
times more likely to be out of school than those of the richest households. Disparities
between rural and urban areas also remain high.

BACKGROUND OF THE ISSUE

Myanmar, also known as the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, is a Southeast Asian nation
with a varied ethnic population and a rich cultural history. It shares borders with Thailand on the
south, Bangladesh on the west, India on the northwest, China on the northeast, and Laos on the
east. Throughout its history, the nation has encountered many difficulties, including instances of
authoritarian control and breaches of human rights. In 2017, Rakhine State had one serious
case of human rights abuses in Myanmar. The Rohingya crisis, which attracted attention on a
global scale, involves pervasive and deliberate brutality against the Muslim minority Rohingya
people. When Myanmar's security forces started a harsh crackdown in response to strikes by a
Rohingya rebel group in August 2017, the situation worsened. Due to this crackdown, hundreds
of thousands of Rohingya people were forced to flee their homes, and there were mass
executions, sexual assault, arbitrary arrests, and other horrific human rights violations. The
international world and human rights organizations have denounced the Myanmar military's
conduct throughout the crisis. The violence was described by the UN as a "textbook example of
ethnic cleansing," and genocide claims were made. Due to the situation, a sizable number of
Rohingya refugees entered Bangladesh, resulting in the establishment of Kutupalong, one of
the biggest refugee camps in the world. The atrocities in Rakhine State were not singular
occurrences; throughout Myanmar's history, there have been many cases of violations of
human rights, sometimes associated with confrontations between the government and different
ethnic groups vying for greater independence or autonomy. Forced labor, relocation,
extrajudicial murders, and limitations on the freedom of speech and travel are only a few
examples of these abuses. Myanmar has seen political changes recently, such as a move
towards a civilian-led administration. However, issues with respect to human rights and racial
tensions exist, and the nation is still dealing with the fallout from earlier wrongdoings. In
Myanmar, the preservation of human rights and the welfare of all citizens are priorities for the
international community, human rights organizations, and many stakeholders, who continue to
monitor the situation and make their voices heard. Myanmar, a nation with a diverse population
and stunning natural surroundings, has a highly distressing history of human rights abuses. In
certain areas and states of the nation, there have been egregious violations of human rights.
While conceding that after my previous knowledge update in September 2021, the situation may
have changed, this article offers light on some of the afflicted groups and states that have
suffered the most as a result of these transgressions. Muslim Rohingyas in Rakhine State. The
situation of the Muslims of the Rohingya ethnic group in Rakhine State is perhaps one of the
most well-known instances of human rights abuses in Myanmar. This minority group has seen a
constant barrage of violence, relocation, and travel restrictions. International human rights
organisations have strongly criticised the Myanmar military's actions against the Rohingya,
calling them genocide and ethnic cleansing. The Rohingya crisis serves as a sombre reminder
of the terrible repercussions that result from the violation of human rights. Ethnic conflict in the
states of Kachin and Shan. The Kachin and Shan States in Myanmar have suffered greatly as a
result of ethnic warfare. These areas have long been the scene of conflict between a number of
ethnic armed groups and the Myanmar military. As a consequence, several reports of sexual
assault, extrajudicial executions, and forced relocation have been made. Communities have
been destroyed by the violence, and a sizable number of internally displaced people (IDPs)
have been compelled to escape their homes in search of safety. The Karen and Chin States
face a number of difficulties. The Karen people have endured forced labour, relocation, and
other types of abuse, and the Karen State has been a hotbed of violence and human rights
abuses. Similar issues with racial and religious discrimination have plagued the Chin State,
along with claims of forced labour, homelessness, and limitations on freedom of religion. These
cases of human rights abuse highlight the difficulties that the ethnic minorities in Myanmar
endure. Other ethnic minorities and the general populace are affected. Other ethnic groups,
including the Shan, Mon, and Rakhine, have also documented human rights abuses outside of
the aforementioned states. These communities have been plagued by displacement, forced
labour, and atrocities brought on by war, underscoring the problem's pervasiveness. The
general civilian population has also been affected by limits on their right to free speech, arbitrary
detentions, and acts of violence by security personnel. A variety of groups and states have been
impacted by the very complicated and varied problem of human rights violations in Myanmar.
Human rights abuses in Myanmar must be addressed immediately, as evidenced by the
Rohingya Muslims of Rakhine State, the ethnic conflict in Kachin and Shan States, the
difficulties faced by the Karen and Chin States, and the effects on other ethnic minorities and
the general populace. Despite the fact that this article offers a picture based on data up to
September 2021, it is important to reference current and dependable sources for the most
recent advancements and initiatives to solve these human rights challenges. This is some of the
broad statistics and data on the abuses of human rights in Myanmar up to the month of
September 2021. Note, however, that the circumstances may have changed since then, for the
most up-to-date information, I suggest consulting sources that are more current and reputable.
Thank you for your attention to this matter. The first one is conflict and Violence among Ethnic
Groups. The Rohingya crisis: in 2017, a military campaign in Rakhine State, Myanmar, resulted
in the deaths of thousands of Rohingya Muslims and forced more than 700,000 Rohingya
Muslims to flee to the neighboring country of Bangladesh. Reports of widespread sexual
assault, reports of deaths in huge numbers, and reports of the devastation of communities have
all been reported by international organizations and the media. The second is, Freedom of
Expression and the Suppression of Political Speech. The government of Myanmar has a long
history of censoring the media and limiting the freedom of speech. This has resulted in the
incarceration of journalists and bloggers who have been critical of the government. People who
criticized the government, the military, or religion may be arrested under several laws that the
government had passed. The third one is children Used as Soldiers. Over the course of many
decades, the military of Myanmar has been accused of using coercion to recruit young soldiers.
The continuous use of child soldiers in armed conflicts has been documented by a number of
international organizations, including the United Nations. The fourth is labor Slavery and
Trafficking in Human Beings. There have been allegations of forced labor, including the use of
child labor, in a variety of sectors, including agriculture, mining, and construction, as well as
other fields. Additionally, Myanmar is seen as a nation that is a source for human trafficking,
especially that which involves children and women. Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and
People Who Have Been Displaced Internally. There have been ongoing ethnic wars throughout
Myanmar, which have resulted in the displacement of hundreds upon thousands of people. A
great number of people have been compelled to live in improvised camps, where they have
limited access to both basic supplies and medical treatment. After that is Liberty to Practice
One's Religion. Discrimination and limitations on the ability to practice one's religion have been
obstacles that have been experienced by members of religious minority such as Christians and
Muslims.The factors contributed to the issue. The problem of human rights being violated in
Myanmar is one that has persisted for a significant amount of time, and it is one that is
complicated by a number of historical, political, social, and economic aspects. The following are
some of the most important aspects that have had a role in the development of this problem.
Rule by the Military and Authoritarianism: For many decades, Myanmar was governed by the
military, which resulted in a lack of democratic government, the repression of opposition, and
extensive violations of human rights. Because of the military junta's grip on power and authority
over the nation, fundamental liberties such as the right to free speech, assembly, and
association were severely curtailed. Diversity in Ethnic Groups and faiths: Myanmar is home to
a large number of different ethnic groups and faiths, which has at times resulted in tensions and
wars. Certain minority groups, like as the Rohingya Muslims, have been unfairly targeted by the
policies and acts of the government, which has led to discrimination, displacement, and
bloodshed. The Rohingya are a religious and ethnic minority group that have been subjected to
extreme persecution, including mass murders, sexual violence, and forced relocation as a result
of the ongoing Rohingya Crisis. The denial of their citizenship and rights by the government
contributed to the escalation of the issue and drew widespread criticism from throughout the
world. Land Conflicts and Forcible Displacement Land conflicts and forced displacement have
been prevalent, typically as a result of large-scale development projects or clashes between the
military and ethnic armed groups. Both of these issues may be traced back to a variety of
causes. Inadequate living conditions and a lack of access to fundamental services have been
experienced by communities who have been displaced. Impunity for human rights abuses has
been a big problem in Myanmar since there is a lack of accountability for these violations. The
absence of an effective legal system and of procedures to hold criminals responsible for their
actions has made it possible for breaches of human rights to go unabated and unpunished.
Censorship and the Suppression of the Media Throughout history, the government has typically
maintained tight control over the media and communication networks, which has served to
restrict the flow of information and stifle independent journalism. This has made it more difficult
to be transparent and has decreased people's knowledge of violations of human rights. Poverty
and Socioeconomic Inequality: Vulnerability among marginalised communities has been
exacerbated by the widespread presence of poverty and socioeconomic inequality. The
perpetuation of cycles of human rights violations has been facilitated by the lack of access to
education, healthcare, and economic opportunity. Isolation on the International Stage: During
the time that the military ruled Myanmar, the country was kept relatively isolated from the rest of
the world, which reduced the amount of pressure from outside for advances in human rights.
Because of the reluctance of several nations and organisations to interact with Myanmar,
diplomatic attempts to resolve the human rights situation were hampered. The transition from
military authority to a semi-civilian administration that took place in Myanmar in 2011 brought
about certain changes; nonetheless, the process remained difficult and was not yet finished.
Comprehensive changes on human rights have been hampered as a result of the continued
involvement of the military in politics and government. Exploitation of Natural Resources The
exploitation of Myanmar's natural resources, including as its minerals, lumber, and jewels, has
often been linked to violations of human rights, environmental degradation, and territorial
disputes over resource ownership. It is essential to keep in mind that each of these elements is
related to the others and has played a role in the escalation of the human rights crisis in
Myanmar. Reforms in governance, enhanced accountability, conflict resolution, and
socioeconomic growth are all necessary components of an all-encompassing approach, which
must be taken at both the national and international levels in order to address these concerns.
The problems that you have listed have had significant and far-reaching repercussions on
Myanmar's society as well as the country's stability and its position in the international
community.Tensions Due to Ethnic and Religious Groups. The targeting of particular members
of minority groups has contributed to the escalation of racial and religious tensions, which has
resulted in confrontations and population relocation. Mistrust between various populations has
been exacerbated by acts of discrimination and violence directed towards minority groups.
Humanitarian Disaster and Widespread Criticism Around the World. The Rohingya issue has
resulted in a major humanitarian catastrophe, with communities who have been uprooted now
suffering precarious living circumstances and a lack of access to essential services. Myanmar's
standing on the international scene has suffered as a result of the issue involving the Rohingya
people as a result of international censure and sanctions that have been directed at Myanmar.
Migration and the Uncertainty of Socioeconomic Conditions. The disruption of livelihoods and
the breaking down of social cohesiveness caused by land wars and forced relocation has further
exacerbated poverty and instability. In communities that have been uprooted, the lack of access
to resources and essential services has contributed to the perpetuation of cycles of poverty and
vulnerability. Impunity and a Decreased Respect for the Rule of Law. The public's faith in
institutions and the legal system has suffered as a direct result of the absence of accountability
for violations of human rights. Reconciliation and the healing process for victims have been
hampered since abusers have been allowed to go free. Restricting Access to Information and
Maintaining a Lack of Transparency. Access to information has been restricted due to
censorship and the repression of the media, which has prevented the general population from
being informed of violations of human rights. Human rights breaches have been permitted to go
unchecked and neglected because there is a lack of openness. The Never-Ending Circle of
Destitution and Disparity. Widespread poverty and inequality have contributed to the deepening
of social divides and have hampered the development of a society that is both inclusive and
equitable. The cycle of poverty and marginalisation that continues from generation to generation
is exacerbated by limited access to education and healthcare. Isolation and Restricted
Participation in International Activities. During the time that Myanmar was under military control,
the country's isolation from the international world severely restricted the options for interaction
with and support of efforts to enhance human rights. The absence of collaboration from
international actors hampered attempts to address the underlying causes of breaches of human
rights. Incompletion of the Political Transition and Continued Influence from the Military. The
complicated political transition has resulted in many reforms being unfinished, which has
created space for ongoing abuses and inequalities of power. The continuous involvement of the
military in political affairs has made it more difficult for the nation to make the transition to
complete democracy and ensure the preservation of all human rights. The depletion of natural
resources and the deterioration of the environment. The use of natural resources has resulted in
the destruction of the environment as well as disputes over control of the resources. The
exploitation of local resources often has a detrimental impact on the surrounding community,
which may contribute to societal conflicts and abuses of human rights. These consequences are
linked, and together they have contributed to the creation of an atmosphere in Myanmar that
makes it difficult to preserve and advance human rights. In order to effectively address these
problems, comprehensive efforts will be required. These efforts will need to include the
settlement of conflicts, international cooperation, internal reforms, and equitable development
plans.

GROUP REFLECTION AND CONCLUSION

The issue of human rights violations in Myanmar is deeply concerning and demands our
attention and action. The country has a long history of human rights abuses, but the situation
escalated significantly in recent years, particularly with the Rohingya crisis. The Rohingya, a
Muslim ethnic minority group, have faced systemic discrimination, violence, and displacement
by the Myanmar military, resulting in a massive refugee crisis. It's crucial to recognize that the
violation of human rights has far-reaching consequences, not only for the victims but also for
regional and global stability. The suffering of innocent civilians, loss of life, and displacement of
communities are not only morally unacceptable but also contribute to instability, refugee flows,
and potential radicalization. As global citizens, we must push for accountability and justice. This
involves diplomatic efforts, international pressure, sanctions, and raising awareness through
media and advocacy. Governments, international organizations, and civil society groups have a
role to play in supporting those affected and advocating for human rights and rule of law in
Myanmar. It's also important to be well-informed about the complexities of the situation.
Myanmar is a diverse country with a range of ethnic and religious groups, and addressing
human rights violations requires understanding these nuances. Supporting peaceful dialogue
and reconciliation among various communities is essential for a sustainable solution. Moreover,
taking a long-term approach is necessary. Rebuilding trust, fostering inclusive governance, and
promoting economic development are vital components of addressing human rights violations
and preventing their recurrence. In conclusion, reflecting on the human rights violations in
Myanmar should lead us to a commitment to stand against injustice, support the victims, and
work towards lasting change. It's a reminder that the protection of human rights is not only a
matter of law but also a reflection of our shared humanity and the responsibility we have
towards each other. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global
Goals, are a universal call to action adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015. They
provide a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the
future. The SDGs consist of 17 interconnected goals and 169 targets that aim to address a wide
range of global challenges, including poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental
degradation, peace, and justice. The SDGs were created to build upon the success of the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which were a set of eight international development
goals that were established in the year 2000 and aimed at reducing poverty and improving well-
being by 2015. The MDGs had a significant impact on global development efforts, but they were
criticized for not being comprehensive enough and for lacking a focus on sustainability and
environmental concerns. The SDGs were designed to be more comprehensive, addressing not
only social and economic issues but also environmental and governance-related challenges.
Each goal has specific targets and indicators that provide a framework for countries and
organizations to measure progress and guide their actions toward achieving these goals by
2030. The SDGs emphasize the need for international cooperation to address pressing global
issues. They recognize that no single country or entity can effectively tackle challenges like
poverty, inequality, climate change, and environmental degradation alone. By uniting countries,
organizations, and individuals around common objectives, the SDGs foster collaboration and a
shared sense of responsibility. The assessment from this group assignment is that the
cooperation given by the group members is very good. our group members have 10 members
each assigned a task. There are various challenges faced by members of the Eggplant group is
the division of information that needs to be found. Therefore we took the road to divide 15 parts
that need to be included in the assignment. Due to the fact that our group members have 10
members, we distribute assignments freely, for example each person has to take 1 or 2 topics,
for members who take topics that are easy to be reminded to take two parts or two topics.
Indirectly all members get their respective assignments and parts. During the process of
completing the task our group members give and ask each other. This can further strengthen
the relationship between group members and bring forth the value of cooperation between
groups. therefore this can also highlight the ability of group members to find and analyze
information. To be honest at the beginning some of our group didn't know each other, but we
didn't make it a problem for us to complete our tasks. Our group members have their own
abilities such as being wise in history, the ability to find information, the ability to analyze and
identify information and the ability to lead. Finally, the hope of our group members is to be able
to work together in assignments, as well as to strengthen the relationship between group
members so that it is easy to find and do assignments well and quickly.
CONCLUSION

Myanmar, a Southeast Asian nation with a diverse ethnic population and cultural history, has
faced numerous human rights abuses throughout its history. In 2017, the Rohingya crisis in
Rakhine State involved brutality against the Muslim minority Rohingya people, leading to mass
executions, sexual assault, and arbitrary arrests. The Myanmar military's conduct was criticized
as a "textbook example of ethnic cleansing," and genocide claims were made. The Rohingya
crisis serves as a reminder of the terrible repercussions of human rights abuses. Ethnic conflicts
in Kachin and Shan states have led to forced labour, relocation, and atrocities, causing
displacement, forced labour, and homelessness. Other ethnic groups, including the Shan, Mon,
and Rakhine, have also experienced human rights abuses outside these states. Addressing
human rights abuses in Myanmar is crucial, as evidenced by the Rohingya Muslims of Rakhine
State, the ethnic conflict in Kachin and Shan States, the Karen and Chin States, and the general
population. The Rohingya crisis in Myanmar has highlighted the ongoing human rights violations
in the country. The military has censored the media and limited freedom of expression, leading
to the incarceration of journalists and bloggers. Children have been accused of using child
soldiers in armed conflicts, and labour trafficking in Myanmar has been reported. The country
has also experienced internal displacement, religious discrimination, torture, and unjust
detention without trial. The military's dominant position in Myanmar's political scene has limited
civilian participation in democratic processes. Factors contributing to the issue include military
rule, ethnic diversity, land conflicts, forced displacement, censorship, and poverty and
socioeconomic inequality. The ongoing crisis has further exacerbated vulnerability among
marginalized communities, highlighting the need for more comprehensive and effective human
rights protections. Myanmar's military rule has led to a lack of international pressure for human
rights advancements, hindering diplomatic efforts. The transition from military authority to a
semi-civilian administration in 2011 brought about some changes, but the process remained
difficult. The exploitation of natural resources, such as minerals, lumber, and jewels, has been
linked to human rights violations, environmental degradation, and territorial disputes over
resource ownership. These issues have had significant repercussions on Myanmar's society,
stability, and position in the international community. Political oppression, ethnic and religious
tensions, humanitarian disasters, migration, uncertainty of socioeconomic conditions, impunity,
censorship, and lack of transparency have contributed to these issues. The absence of
international collaboration and the military's involvement in political affairs have further
exacerbated the situation. To address these issues, comprehensive efforts must include conflict
resolution, international cooperation, internal reforms, and equitable development plans. The
Rohingya crisis in Myanmar highlights the ongoing issue of human rights violations, with the
Rohingya minority group facing discrimination, violence, and displacement. This has far-
reaching consequences for both victims and regional and global stability. To address human
rights violations, global citizens must push for accountability and justice through diplomatic
efforts, international pressure, sanctions, and media advocacy. Myanmar's diverse ethnic and
religious groups require understanding and supporting peaceful dialogue and reconciliation. The
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a universal call to action adopted by the United
Nations in 2015, aiming to address global challenges such as poverty, inequality, climate
change, and environmental degradation. The SDGs emphasize international cooperation and a
shared sense of responsibility, recognizing that no single country can effectively tackle these
issues alone.
REFERENCES

1. https://www.ohchr.org/en/news/2023/03/human-rights-council-hears-people-
myanmar-continue-suffer-profound-human-rights-harms#:~:text=Violations
%20included%20extrajudicial%20executions%2C%20arbitrary,in%20the
%20country%2C%20among%20others.
2. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2023/country-chapters/myanmar
3. https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-
pacific/myanmar/report-myanmar/
4. https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/06/1120362
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Myanmar

APPENDIX
Figure 1- RIOTS OF THE VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN MYANMAR

Figure 2- Act to Stop Myanmar Military Abuses

Figure 3- Fashion brands failing to protect Myanmar’s garment workers

Figure 4- Discussion on Myanmar at the Human Rights Council