SECOND GENERATION

INTACT STABILITY

Presented By
C V Sandeep Kumar
23NA60D03
SCOPE OF PRESENTATION
 Introduction
 History of Stability Criteria Development
 Existing Criteria
 Limitations in Existing Criteria
 Failure Modes
 Pure Loss of Stability
 Parametric Rolling
 Surf Riding & Broaching
 Dead Ship
 Excessive acceleration
 Proposed Criteria
 Limitations
 References
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INTRODUCTION
What is Stability?
 It is ability of ship to return to its initial position after being heeled by an external
force

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INTRODUCTION
 Factors Affecting Ship Stability

WIND
FREE BOARD

WAVE
GEOMETRY

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HISTORY
 Archimedes (287 BC – 212 BC) had laid the foundations for stability of ships
based on equilibrium of forces and moments
 Pierre Bouguer (1698 – 1758) and Leonard Euler (1707 – 1783) independently
worked and came to equivalent solution on ship stability theory, both referred
to initial stability (Meta Centric (GM) height).
 GM was used at least for 100 years to evaluate ship stability, sinking of Naval
ship Captain in 1900’s in heavy sea state raised the questions among the
Naval Architects as it has GM of 0.8m and other accompanied ship Monarch
which had survived the same sea state with GM as 0.73m. (due to higher free
board and better parameters of GZ curve for Monarch).
 IMO regulations were setup and the criteria was based on doctoral thesis of
Rahola (1939) based on extensive statistics and analysis of stable and unstable
vessels lost to sea in cyclones and rough weather.

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CURRENT STABILITY CRITERIA
 Stability criteria was introduced by Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) as
intact stability (IS) code (2008) came into force in 2010, based on Rahola work
(1939) and weather criteria added in 1950s.

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LIMITATIONS IN EXISTING CRITERIA
 Criteria is based on statistics of unstable ships.
 Ships which meet existing criteria have experienced accidents and caused severe
damages.
 It is always not possible to find the causes and develop countermeasures based on
experience.
 The accident that affected an American President Lines (APL) ship in 1998, is a
typical example which lost 406 containers to sea and experienced the worst
damages compared to other 3 ships in the same region due to parametric rolling.

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2ND GEN INTACT STABILITY
 It is incorporation of risk based approach to evaluate and manage stability
risks associated with ships considering different operational conditions and
potential hazards.

 Failure Modes
 Pure Loss of Stability
 Parametric Rolling
 Surf Riding And Broaching
 Dead Ship
 Excessive Acceleration

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PURE LOSS OF STABILITY
 When a ship is travelling through waves, submerged portion of hull and water
plane area changes, which is significant when wave length is comparable to
ship length.

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PARAMETRIC ROLLING
 Amplification of roll motion caused by periodic variation in transverse
stability of ship due to waves.
 When ship’s encounter frequency is approximately twice the ship roll
frequency roll amplitude will be magnified.

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SURF RIDING AND BROACHING
 Large waves, forces ship to move with same speed of wave which results in loss of rudder action and
can cause uncontrollable turn associated with large heel

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DEAD SHIP
 The dead ship condition is the first mode of stability failure addressed with a
physics based severe wind-and-roll criterion, also known as the "weather criterion",
adopted in Section 2.3 of the 2008 IS Code.
 This scenario assumes that a ship has lost its power and has turned into beam seas,
where it is rolling under the action of waves as well as heeling and drifting under
the action of wind.

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EXCESSIVE ACCELERATION
 When a ship is rolling, the points in higher locations covers longer distances. The
period of roll motions is the same for all the cargo locations on board the ship.
 To cover a long distance during the same period of time, the linear velocity must
be larger. As the velocity changes its direction every half period, a larger linear
velocity leads to larger linear accelerations

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PROPOSED CRITERIA
 Multi layered approach to reduce calculation demand.
 First two stages are called vulnerability assessment stages based on simple empirical
formulas based on probability of waves encountered by ship

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LIMITATIONS
 With this stability criteria, new ships have to be built with less cargo volumes
and existing ships may have to reduce cargo carrying capacity.
 There may be restrictions on operating speed and operational regions.

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REFERENCES
 Jan A. Jankowski ‘History Of Ship’s Static Stability Criteria Development’
Polski Register Statkow
 Arman Ariffin ‘An Analysis On Second Generation Intact Stability Criteria’ 04
Oct 2017, Hal Open Science
 Kyle E. Marlantes, Sungeun (Peter) Kim And Lucas A. Hurt, ‘Implementation Of
The Imo Second Generation Intact Stability Guidelines’ Oct 2022, Jornal Of
Marine Science And Engineering
 Jaeho Chung 1, Dong Min Shin 2, Won-don Kim 3 And Byung Young Moon 4,
‘Current Status Of The 2nd Generation Of Intact Stability’, 14 Feb 2020,
Journal Of Ocean Engineering And Technology

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THANK YOU

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