Lecture 5

Quality Basics
6th Edition
Quality Z Test, t-test, and Confidence Interval

Improvement: (Chapter 5)Chapter 4-5
Problem Solving
Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Length Time Activity
50 8:00 8:50 Review Z, t-test and Confidence

Interval
Agenda –Basic
Statistics for 10 8:50 9:00 Break
Process Control
45 9:00 9:30 Review Z, t-test and Confidence
Interval Cont.’s & Chapter 6
60 9:30 10:45 Assignment 1
Objectives
To review basic statistical concepts
To understand how to graphically and analytically

study a process by using statistics
To know how to find the area under a curve using the
standard normal probability distribution (Z tables)
To understand how to perform t students test
To understand how to interpret the confidence interval
Population
• A population is a collection of all possible

elements, values, or items associated with a
situation.
– A population can contain a finite number of
things or it may be nearly infinite.
– Limitations may be placed on a collection of
items to define the population.
Sample
•A sample is a subset of
elements or measurements
taken from a population.
Descriptive or Inductive statistics
• Descriptive or deductive statistics describe a population
or complete group of data. When describing a population
using deductive statistics, the investigator must study each
entity within the population. This provides a great deal of
information about the population, product, or process, but
gathering the information is time-consuming.
• Inductive statistics deal with a limited amount of data or a
representative sample of the population.
Measurement error
is considered to be
The error that
the difference
occurs is one either
between a value
of accuracy or of
measured and the
precision.
true value.
Accuracy & Presicion
• Accuracy refers to how far from the actual or real value the
measurement is.
• Precision is the ability to repeat a series of measurements
and get the same value each time.
The Central Limit Theorem
• The Central Limit Theorem
– The central limit theorem states that a group of
sample averages tends to be normally distributed; as
the sample size n increases, this tendency toward
normality improves.
– The central limit theorem enables conclusions to be
drawn from the sample data and applied to a
population.
Variables data & Attribute Data
• Variables data, those quality characteristics that

can be measured, are treated differently from
Attribute data, those quality characteristics that
are observed to be either present or absent,
conforming or nonconforming.
Normal Frequency Distribution (the Normal
Curve
A normal curve is symmetrical about µ
The mean, mode, and median are equal
The curve is unimodal and bell-shaped
Data values concentrate around the mean and decrease in

number further away
The area under the normal curve equals 1
The distribution can be described in terms of the mean and

standard deviation
Normal Curve
QUESTION
• The engineers working with the clutch plate
thickness data have determined that their data
approximates a normal curve. They would like to
determine:
• What percentage of parts from the samples taken
is below 0.0624 inch and above 0.0629 inch?
Mean =0.0627 Standard deviation = 0.00023.
Chapter 5: Statistics
Chapter 5: Statistics
• The table of the area

under the normal
curve is a left reading
table, meaning that it
will provide the area
under the curve from
negative infinity up to
the value of interest.
Example
• If the average wait time is 12 minutes with a standard deviation of 3 minutes, determine
the percentage of patrons who wait less than 15 minutes for their main course to be
brought to their tables.
3) In the question given values are
Mean=µ=12
Sd= σ=3 to find
P(X<15) =P (Z< (15- µ)/ σ)
=P(Z<(15-12)3)
=P(Z<1)
From Z table P(X<15)=0.84134
P(X<15)=0.84134*100=84.134 %
The percentage of customers who wait less than 15 minutes for their main course to be
brought to their tables is 84.13 %.
Confidence Interval
• How much confidence should be placed in the
estimate?
• Confidence interval testing is a technique that
enables us to determine how well the subgroup
average approximates the population mean.
Estimation Process
Confidence Interval
• A confidence interval displays the probability that a parameter
will fall between a pair of values around the mean.
• Confidence intervals measure the degree of uncertainty or
certainty in a sampling method.
• They are most often constructed using confidence levels of
95% or 99%.
Confidence Interval
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EbOgPeTa_zs
Finding the Critical Value, Z
Intervals and Level of Confidence
EXAMPLE
t- distribution
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uv6nGIg
ZMVw
Student’s t Distribution
Degrees of Freedom (df)
Example
An automotive manufacturer has selected 10 car seats to study the Rockwell hardness of
the seat recliner mechanism. A sample of 8 has an average of 44.795 and a standard
deviation of 0.402. At a 95 percent confidence level, what is the interval for the
population mean?
Given values are n=8,
x̅ = 44.795, s= 0.402
Determine 95%
confidence interval
for the population
mean. In general, µ
and σ unknown,

Lecture 5

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Quality Basics

Quality Z Test, t-test, and Confidence Interval

50 8:00 8:50 Review Z, t-test and Confidence

60 9:30 10:45 Assignment 1

To review basic statistical concepts

To understand how to graphically and analytically

To understand how to interpret the confidence interval

• A population is a collection of all possible

• Variables data, those quality characteristics that

The mean, mode, and median are equal

The curve is unimodal and bell-shaped

Data values concentrate around the mean and decrease in

The distribution can be described in terms of the mean and

• The table of the area

Sd= σ=3 to find

P(X<15) =P (Z< (15- µ)/ σ)

From Z table P(X<15)=0.84134

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