[Assignment

Of informatio technology]
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Type the abstract of the document here.]

[Aspire university Pattoki]

[Pattoki main multan Road]
[Desing by Anas Shabbir]
[+923284076997]
[dolotanas48@gmail.com]
TiTle:
Informatio Technology
Topic:
Generations of Computer

Submitted By:
Anas Shabbir(Mayo)
Class:
st
Bscs 1 Semester
Roll No:

Subject:
Information Technology

Submitted To:
Pro.Saif-ul-Rehman

Instittude Name:
Aspire University Pattoki
Generation Of Computer
Generations of computers Generations timeline Evolving hardware

First generation 1940s-1950s Vacuum tube based

Second generation 1950s-1960s Transistor based

Third generation 1960s-1970s Integrated circuit based

Fourth generation 1970s-present Microprocessor based

First Generation of Computer

The period 1940 to 1956, roughly considered as the
First Generation of Computer

The first generation computers were developed by using vacuum tube
or thermionic valve machine.


The input of this system was based on punched cards and paper tape;
however, the output was displayed on printouts.


The first generation computers worked on binary-coded concept (i.e.,

language of 0-1). Examples: ENIAC, EDVAC, etc

This is the picture of first generation computer

The first generation computer used vacuum tubes. A vacuum tube

expensive .it produced much heat that caused the computer
breakdown. Two example of first generation computers are
ENIVIC and UNIVAC-1 e.t.c

Pictur of ENIVIC :


Picture of UNIVAC-1:
Picture of Vacuum Tube:

Advantages:
 Tolerant of large overloads and voltage spikes.
 Vacuum tube made possible to make electronic digital computers
Disadvantages:
 These computers were very large size
 They were not portable
 They produced too much heat and needed air conditioning
 They were not very reliable
 They were more costly
 They were quite slow in speed
 They consumed a lot of power
 They were difficult to maintain
 They used punch cards for input
 They used magnetic drums that provided less storage
 The output was printed using electric typewriters
 They used machine language only

Second generation computers:

The second generation computers were used during 1957-1963. They are also known as transistor computers. The second
generation of computers consists of two types of devices, transistors, and magnetic core
The Transistors was invented by three scientists william Shockley , John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at bell labs in
1947.The size of the computer was decreased by replacing vacuum tubes with transistors. The example of second-
generation computer are IBM 7094 series,IBM 1400 series and CDC 164 e.t.c
Picture of “transistor”

Picture of “ IBM 7094”

Picture of “IBM 1400”

Picture of “ CDC 164”

Advantages:
 These computers were smaller in size than first generation
 They consumed less power than first generation computers
 They were more portable
 They had high processing speed and were more reliable
 They were less expensive than first generation
 They used magnetic core memory as internal storage
 They used punched card reader magnetic tape magnetic disk and printers
 The assembly language was used in these computers
 The high language programming language were introduced such as FORTRAN and COBOL
Disadvantages:
 They needed air conditioning and constant maintenance
 The commercial production was difficult
 They were used for specific purposes
 They were not very versatile

The third generation of computer:
The third generation computer was started in 1965 and ended around 1971. Third generation computers start using
integrated circuits instead of transistors. The integrated circuit (IC) is a semiconductor material, that contains thousands of
transistors miniaturized in it.the IC was invented by Jack Kilby. It was an important invention in computer filed.the
computer became smaller in size,faster,more reliable and less expensive.the example of third generation of computer are
IBM 370,IBM system/360, UNIVAC 110 and UNIVAC 9000 e.t.c
Picture of IBM 370:

Picture of IBM system/360:

Advantages:
These computers were smaller in size and easier to operate
They produced less heat than previous generations
They were more reliable and less expensive
They consumed less power and provided for input and output
The maintenance cost was low
The hard drives were typically used for storage
They supported high level programming language
Disadvantages:
They requried air conditioning
The highly advanced technology was requried (IC) chips

Forth generation of computer:

Fourth Generation of computers was between 1971 – 1980. These computers used the VLSI technology or the Very Large
Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits technology. Therefore they were also known as the microprocessors.the microprocessors
contains thousands of ICs . Ted Hoff produced the first microprocessors in 1947 for intel.it was known as intel 4004.the
technology of integrated circuits improved rapidly.the LSI (large scale integration) circuits and VLSI (very large scale
integration) circuits were designed.it greatly reduced the size of computers the original IBM PC,Apple Macintosh and most
of today’s traditional computers are example of forth generation of computers.
Picture of intel 4004:

Picture of LSI:

Picture of VLSI:

Picture of IBM PC:

Picture of Apple Macintosh:

Advantages:
These computers are smaller in size than previous generations
The cost of these generation is lower than previous generations
They consume less power and generate less heat
They are more reliable and power
They have high processing speed
They are produced for commercial purpose
They are general-purpose computers
A large variety of software is available for use on personal computers
They use the operating system with graphical user interface
They support all types of high level language
They used computer network,wireless technology and the internet
They typically use a keyboard and mouse for input,a monitor and printer for output
They use storage devices such as hard drives,flash memory media and optical discs
Disadvantages :
The latest technology is requried for manufacturing microprocessors

Fifth Generation of computer:

In 1982, the fifth-generation computer system was begun by Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry. In this
generation, the VLSI technology has advanced and become ULSI technology, stands for Ultra Large-Scale Integration. That
means ten million electronic components were used in the production of microprocessor chips.
The computer made in the fifth generation was created with the help of logic programming and massively parallel
computing. This generation of computers was based upon parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial
Intelligence) software. Artificial intelligence has the ability to illustrates the means and method of making computers think
the same as human beings. In this generation, all kinds of high-level languages such as C and C++, .Net, Java and more are
used.

The primary objective to propose this system is to achieve progress in artificial intelligence and include this into a new
generation of very powerful computers; so that these computers can also be used by the common man. The systems that
include AI are being used in numerous real-life applications and provide various benefits. In the conditions that need
knowledge and skills of a type, these systems can perform well in these types of situations that a human can receive with the
help of formal training. However, they are unable to fit in the situation where the need for tacit knowledge where a human
can receive the tacit knowledge by communicating in natural language and concerned with shape and speech recognition.
IBM's Watson, as a contestant was featured on the TV show Jeopardy that is more common example of artificial
intelligence in computers. Other more examples that used AI are: on Windows 8 and Windows 10 computers, Microsoft's
Cortana and Apple's Siri on the iPhone. Also, AI is used by the Google search engine to process user searches. Other
examples included: UltraBook, Chromebook, Notebook, Desktop, Laptop