Introduction to Electromagnetic

Transient Simulations and

Applications

pscad.com
 Introduction

Manitoba HVDC Research Centre Develops

PSCAD/EMTDC
 Limitless Applications
CTRL_I CTRL_R

IndG...
+ D NoMachines
d/dt - wstart
1.1
1.0 F

GRID-Side Rotor-Side
Converter Converter
& Controls & Controls 0
1.054
Machine xn
P = -1.484 scaling
P = -0.3159 P = -0.2805
Q = -0.1631 xn
Dblk Ix Q = -1.517 Q = -1.4 W Determine torque from
* #2 the wind turbine.
V = 0.9987 V = 0.9984 V = 0.6802
Ph IM
Ix S
A A #1 #3 A
Istator S2TMODE
V V V V
TL
WindTRQ Tm Vw Wind_spd
This block implements the 'generator' scaling to Tmva N
represent an assigned number of generators Vtrf1/Vtrf2/M_kv
1000
operating in the windfarm. Wpu
Wind Park Wm
1.0e7 [ohm]

A
BrkSt_inv Ctrl = 1
Delay Delay Cp
0 B
Dblk
Ctrl 0.448
TIME

S2TMODE
 The Product

The time domain simulation engine, EMTDC,

(originally developed at Manitoba Hydro)
formed the basis of the simulation program.

PSCAD (Power Systems Computer Aided

Design) provides the user with control and
visualization technologies to operate EMTDC.
 Some Common Applications

• Switching Over-Voltage studies – arrester ratings

• Power System Lightning performance – BIL
• HVDC system design and operation studies
• Accurate modeling of FACTS and Power Electronics applications
• Sub-Synchronous Resonance
• Wind power and other renewable energy systems
• Protection System modeling and testing
• Dynamic/Transient Power System response
• Harmonic System response
• Distributed Generation Studies – wind power, solar, fuel cell, diesel…

Limited only by the imagination

 Transients and Steady State

BRK
RRL

Transient solution
– Harmonics
– Non-linear effects
BRK – Frequency dependent
Closing
effects
0.1 [H]

0.1 [H]

Steady state solution

1.0 [uF]

1.0 [uF]

– RMS Value
 Transients and Steady State
BRK
RRL

BRK
0.1 [H]

0.1 [H]
1.0 [uF]

1.0 [uF]
Transient solution
– Harmonics
– Non-linear effects
– Frequency dependent
effects

Steady state solution

– RMS Value
 Transients and Steady State
RRL
BRK

BRK
0.1 [H]

0.1 [H]
1.0 [uF]

1.0 [uF]

Transient
– High frequency
– Damped (short
duration)
 Transients and Steady State

Load Flow / Transient Stability Electro-Magnetic Transients

 Each solution based on phasor  Direct time domain solution
calculations of Differential Equations

d
V (ω ) = R ⋅ I (ω ) + j ( Lω ) ⋅ I (ω ) v(t ) = R ⋅ i (t ) + L i (t )
dt
 Synchronous machine d-q-0 equations

Machine equations

Stator Side Rotor Side

Dampers – 2 on Q-axis
Why Study the short Transient period?

• Mainly to protect major equipment from

insulation failure
• Ensure that main station equipment are
protected from lightning induced voltage surges
• Ensure satisfactory operation of circuit breakers
• Design surge arresters
• Design current/voltage limiting devices (inrush
reactors, ‘grading’ capacitors)
• Identify the ‘worst case’ (magnitude and
duration of the transient)
• Identify and design mitigation methods
 Electromagnetic Transients

• Due to interaction between L-C elements in the network

• Oscillations
• Travelling waves
• Triggered by
• Switching of lines, cables, transformers
• Faults
• Lightning
 Transmission line and equipment switching

• Overvoltage magnitudes and equipment insulation

levels
• Surge arresters
• Statistical distribution of overvoltage magnitude
• Transmission line ‘flash-over’ rates
• Investigation of overvoltage mitigation methods

E1 E2 E3 E4

Minimum: 364.6304 280.1849 332.9529 353.4259

Maximum: 395.8886 352.6374 413.6732 383.773

Mean: 379.7837 320.0234 375.2662 369.2719

Std Dev: 7.564519 17.03806 18.64495 7.544283

2% Level: 364.248 285.0315 336.9741 353.7778

98% Level: 395.3193 355.0153 413.5582 384.7659

 µs
A
21 . 326
Back to back switching

=
Resonance concerns

2 ⋅ 40k ⋅ 2π ⋅ 60
- Outrush reactors
Cable energizing
- Inrush reactors
Capacitor Bank Switching

10 6
Faults

=
dt allow
di
•

•
•
Inrush Capacitor
Reactor 25 MVars per phase/step
B4 0.000277 [H] 3.76 [uF]
Inrush Capacitor
Reactor 25 MVars per phase/step
B3 0.000277 [H] 3.76 [uF]
Inrush Capacitor
Reactor 25 MVars per phase/step
B2 0.000277 [H] 3.76 [uF]
Inrush Capacitor
Reactor 25 MVars per phase/step
B1 0.000277 [H] 3.76 [uF]
 Circuit breaker Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV)

• TRV is the voltage developed across the breaker poles immediately after
current interruption
• Fast event
• Simulation circuit should consider details of station equipment
• Breaker TRV withstand capability limits

TRV 50MVAr Cap.Bank

sysTRV Station Z2

300 CAP BANK 1 50MVAr Cap.Bank

Station X2 Station Y2
Station W
b1

250
CAP BANK 2

7500 pF
LEGEND:

CCVT
200
a a a a a b1
DS b1 b1 b1 b1 b1 b1
DS1 b1

150 BRK
BRK1
BAY A BAY B BAY C BAY D BAY E BAY F REACTOR 1

100
50MVAr Reactor

50
kV

50MVAr Cap.Bank

0 CAP BANK 3

-50 b1

-100
a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 b1 b1

b b b b b b

7500 pF

CCVT
REACTOR 2 REACTOR 3

-150
time(s) 0.2450 0.2500 0.2550 0.2600 0.2650 0.2700 0.2750 0.2800 0.2850 Station X1 Station Y1 Station Z1
50MVAr Reactor 50MVAr Reactor
 Transformer Energizing
7000
6000 380 Hz
5000
4000
3000 240 Hz
|Z+|(ohms)

2000
1000
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Frequency [Hz] Ia
1.0

• Core saturation
• Inrush current and harmonics
• Voltage dips
0.0

Ia (kA) [6] 0.00628253

• Network characteristics - frequency scans

• Over voltages due to harmonic resonance
conditions
 Lightning Overvoltages

• Lightning overvoltage studies are required to:

• Determine the required insulation levels of equipment
(BIL)
• Surge arresters size and location
• Determine transmission line ‘flashover’ rates
• Very Fast event
• Simulation circuit should consider details of station
equipment

• How do we represent system

equipment
• Line segments
• Towers
• Insulators
• Tower footing resistance
• Flashover mechanism
 Motor Starting

• Voltage dips and flicker caused by frequent starting of large

motors at industrial plants is a power quality concern for
utilities
• Model data to match manufactures T-S and I-S curves
• Impact of rotating inertia
• Power System impedance characteristics near the interconnection point
• Representation of load characteristics and the overall
 Transients and Steady State

• Start-up of an induction motor

- Slow Transient (electro-mechanical)

Main : Graphs
Vrms
1.0000
0.9960
Motor starting - With a mehanical load connected to the shaft. 0.9920

pu
0.9880
0.9840

Timed Ea
4.0
Breaker Breaker is closed at 0.5s to
Logic 2.0
BRK
Open@t0 start the motor.
W 0.0

kV
0.0
-2.0
IM
S Ia -4.0
0 #1 #2 A

RRL
BRK Ea V Ia
TL
Tm 0.20
0.00

kA
RL
-0.20
2 *
W X 0.8 Tm W
1.00
0.80
Mechanical load model: 0.60
Load torque is modeled as being 0.40

pu
proportiobnal to w^2. 0.20
0.00
0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20
 Transients and Steady State
S/H

• Transient stability problem

in out
hold

S2M

Vref0 Vref

• Fault / clearance
Exciter (ST3A)
VT
Ef0 IT 3
Ef If

• Slow Transients (electro-mechanical)

Ef0

3
Ef0 A
Ef If P = 143.8
V Q = 76.1 1 unit 80 MVA
V = 1.003
S
Te
A #1 #2
V
Tm
w Tm
Tm0
W2 TM01 OOS Investigation
W W2
1.070
1.060
1.050
1.040
1.030

BRK
* G G
1.0
D - + 13.333 D - + 1 + sT 1 + sT 1.020
F F 1.010
W2
1.000
TLine_01
0.990
TLine_02
S/H
in out
0.980
TM01 hold
S/H
0.970
L2N in out P1 P2
hold 300
S2M 250
Vref0 Vref
200
Exciter (ST3A) 150
VT Timed
Ef0 IT 3 Fault 100
Ef If ABC->G Logic
BRK

50
Ia

Neuclear plant : Con... Ef0 0

Ef

P1 Q1 E132
3 -50
Ef0
Ef If A P = 25.46 -100
V Q = 66.12 1 unit = 150 MVA
V = 1.004 -150
S
25.4618 66.1229 Te
A #1 #2 E132
Ea V
1.50
Tm
w Tm
#1 #2
1.00
Tm0
W TM0
P+jQ
0.50

0.00
TIME
S2M
-0.50
TIME
L2N -1.00
1.0 * G G
D - + 13.333 D - + 1 + sT 1 + sT -1.50
W
F F x 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00

S/H
in out
TM0 hold

L2N
Simulation studies for power system operation,
planning, design

• Load flow (steady state – 60 Hz)

• Transient stability (slow variations- electro-
mechanical)
• Small signal stability (operating point)
• Fault studies
• Electromagnetic transient studies (fast transients)
 Time scales of power system phenomena

Electromagnetic transient modeling and simulation Operator actions

LFC
Prime mover control
Protection
Generator control
HVDC, FACTS, etc.

Frequency Daily load variation

variations
Tie-line regulation

Long term dynamics

Long-duration variations
Transient stability
Short-duration variations
Subsynchronous resonance
Oscillatory transients
Switching Voltage fluctuations
Impulsive transients
Lightning Imbalance, harmonics, inter-harmonics, notching, noise

10-7 10-5 10-3 10-1 101 103 105

Timescale (seconds) 1 cycle 1 sec 1 min 1 hr 1 day
 Electromagnetic transients

• Electrical transient occurs when there is a rapid

exchange or flow of energy from one element to
another

– Interaction of energy stored in electric fields of

capacitances and magnetic fields of inductances in
electrical power systems

– Initiated by a change to the network topology

(connections)

– Behaviour can be represented as set of first order

differential equations
 Electromagnetic transients

Electromagnetic transients are due to:

1. Oscillations in lumped circuit elements.

- Rapid exchange of energy between inductive and Capacitive

elements in the network

2. Travelling waves on transmission lines, Cables

3. Travelling waves on short Bus-bars (e.g. during Lightning)

 Electromagnetic transients

• Electrical transient occurs when there is a rapid exchange or flow of

energy from one element to another

– Interaction of energy stored in electric fields of capacitances and

magnetic fields of inductances in electrical power systems

– Initiated by a change to the network topology (connections)

• Switching Events
– Opening and closing

• Faults
– Inception and clearance

• Lightning

• Others
 Electromagnetic transients

#1 #2 T #1 #2
RRL TLine1
BRK1 Ea BRK Eb

0.001 [H]

Open
3
 Electromagnetic transients

#1 #2 T #1 #2
RRL TLine1
BRK1 Ea BRK Eb

0.001 [H]
3 Open

Main : Graphs Main : Graphs

Ea Eb
300 300

200 200

100 100

0 0
y

y
-100 -100

-200 -200

-300 -300
0.170 0.190 0.210 0.230 0.250 0.270 0.170 0.190 0.210 0.230 0.250 0.270
 ETRV
I1
#1 #2
TLine E1 B1 E2 B2
Timed
Fault

500 [pF]
A->G Logic
RRL
RL

Representation of transformer
bushing/stray capacitance
 Basic R-L-C networks

The nature of the transient is determined

by the response of
R – L –C circuit elements
 Basic R-L-C networks

Power system components:

Transformers
#1 #2 Generators
RRL
BRK1 Motors
Reactors
0.001 [H]

Capacitor Banks
3

Lines/Cables

Resistance – Losses, loads……..

 Basic R-L-C networks

V = R⋅I di dv
V =L i=C
dt dt

Resistor – Dissipates energy

Inductor, Capacitor – Stores energy

 Basic R-L-C networks

R=0
Ia
Ea BRK 1.0 [ohm]

Ea
200
150
100
50
V = R⋅I
Voltage

0
-50
-100
-150
-200

200
150
Ia
Current follows the voltage
100
50
waveshape.
Current

0
-50
-100
-150
-200
0.1750 0.1800 0.1850 0.1900 0.1950 0.2000 0.2050 0.2100 0.2150 0.2200
 Basic R-L-C networks

Point on wave impact: 200

Ea
150
100
50

Voltage
 A simple example to illustrate
0
-50
-100

the importance of ‘sensitivity’ -150

-200
Ia
analysis to find the ‘worst case’. 8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0

Current
0.0
-2.0
R=0 -4.0
Ia -6.0
0.1750 0.1800 0.1850 0.1900 0.1950 0.2000 0.2050 0.2100 0.2150 0.2200
Ea BRK 0.1 [H]

di 1 200
Ea

i = ∫ V .dt
150

V =L 100

L
50

dt
Voltage
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
Ia
12.0

Integral is the area under the curve 10.0

8.0
6.0
Current

4.0
2.0
0.0

Area = ∫ V .dt -2.0

0.1750 0.1800 0.1850 0.1900 0.1950 0.2000 0.2050 0.2100 0.2150 0.2200
 Basic R-L-C networks

Point on Wave Switching

• Transient is influenced by the point of the voltage waveform at the
instant of disturbance (switching)

R=0 BRK 0.1 [H] 1

di
Ea V = L + R.i
dt
200
150
100
50
Voltage

L
-50
-100
-150
-200 τ=
10.0
8.0
Ia
R
6.0
4.0
Current

2.0
0.0
-2.0
-4.0
-6.0 Damping – Due to losses and
0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.450
loads
 Basic R-L-C networks

Point on Wave Switching.

• Transient is influenced by the point of the voltage waveform at the
instant of disturbance (switching)

R=0 BRK 0.1 [H] 1

Voltage
200
100  Switching close to a Voltage zero
0 is the worst case for a simple L-R
y

-100 network.
-200
I-Inductor
10.0
5.0
0.0
Note:
y

-5.0
-10.0 Damping is due to the resistance.
0.240 0.260 0.280 0.300 0.320 Time constant L/r
 Basic R-L-C networks

10.0 [ohm]
Ia
RL
Ea BRK 1.0 [ohm] 0.005 [H] 3.0 [uF]

1
= 1.299kHz
2π LC
Ic
4.0
3.0
2.0 Oscillatory transients:
1.0
0.0
-1.0
-2.0 • Both L and C involved
-3.0
-4.0

300
Ec • Damping is due to
200 resistance
100
0 • System losses
-100 • Loads
-200
-300
0.1950 0.1975 0.2000 0.2025 0.2050 0.2075 0.2100 0.2125 0.2150
 Reactor Switching

0.1 [H]
Ia
BRK Ea 1 [H] 0.001 [ohm]

300
Ea
Why do we see
200 oscillatory transients?
100
Voltage

0
-100
-200
Ia
0.60
0.40
0.20
Current

0.00
-0.20
-0.40
-0.60
0.090 0.100 0.110 0.120 0.130 0.140 0.150
 Reactor Switching

Bushing / Stray capacitance losses

10000.0 [ohm]

150 [pF]

0.1 [H]
Ia
BRK Ea 1 [H] 0.001 [ohm]

Ea
300
200

Why do we see oscillatory transients?

100
Voltage

0
-100
-200

0.60
Ia • Stray/Bushing capacitances
0.40
0.20
• Damped due to losses
Current

0.00
-0.20
-0.40
-0.60
0.090 0.100 0.110 0.120 0.130 0.140 0.150
Electromagnetic Transient Simulation Program
 Solution of Network equations

Electro-Magnetic Transient Programs:

• Direct time domain solution of Differential Equations using

numerical methods

• Control systems are can be included in the simulations

• Solution time step must be small enough to capture the

highest frequency of the transient we are interested in.

• Small part of the system may be considered in most studies.

• Power system components are modeled in more detail than

any other applications
 Solution of Network equations

Power system components are modeled in more detail than any

other applications:

• Detailed Machine models

• Detailed control system models
• Non linear effects (transformer core saturation)
• Coupling effects (Inductive/capacitive)
• Frequency dependent effects
• Distributed parameters for lines/cables (travelling wave
models)
 Solution of Network equations

Power system components are modeled in more detail

than any other applications:

This makes Electromagnetic transients suitable not only for fast

electromagnetic transients.

• AC/HVDC interactions
• Complex control system interactions
• Wind farm studies
• Sub Synchronous resonance studies (SSR)
• Voltage flicker issues
• Harmonic issues
• Other……….
 Consideration for EMT simulation

• Simulation time-step selection

– Fastest dynamic (highest frequency) that is to be simulated
• e.g. fhighest = 2 kHz, ∆t = 50 µs (may work for switching transients)

– TRV - 50 µs is too large. (Is there a Rule of thumb ????)

– Smaller time-step  take longer to complete simulation

• Plot step selection

– Fastest dynamic to be plotted

• Initialization or how to start a simulation

– Beware of the dynamics of all components in system
– Need to wait until the slowest dynamic settles before introducing transient

• Numerical stability
– Chatter removal

• Interpolation / extrapolation techniques

– To match the exact switching instants of power electronic devices
 Custom Components PSCAD

PSCAD allows the users to develop custom models.

These can be used in a simulation along with any models from the main (MASTER)
Library

PSCAD implementation of a Super DC circuit

Conducting Fault Current Limiter DC2 DC1

B
A1
DC

FCL Reactor MMF

A2
Three-limb
Three-phase H
2.046 [mH]
B1
St

B2
I_int

C1

C2

P+jQ
 Model Validation

The model (500kV system model for a switching and protection study)was
validated with the following methods.
CASE MAIN NAVIGATION PANE TABLE MOUNTAIN TESLA
(TS)
500 kV Bus (TM)

• Load flow 11 12
230kV bus TRACY

• Fault level
Case (TR)
Controls VACA DIXON
500 kV bus (VD) 500kV bus
21 TM - VD TM - TS 31 32 35 34 33 500 kV bus 41 42
Notes

• Fault recordings 22
TS - TR

METCALF
(MF) 500 kV
230kV 81 TS-MF

82
TR - LB

(ML)
LOS BANOS
MOS LANDING ML - MF
500 kV (LB)
230 kV 500 kV 53
92 TS - LB 54

91 ML - LB 55 230 kV
57
56
52
VINCENT 51
(VT) Reactors

500 kV LB - GT LB - GT
(New line) Panoche
103 102 101

GT - MW
115kV
230kV

DB - MW2 DB - GT
DB - MW3 102 103 101 73 75 71 77 76 74 72 500kV

Kearney
GATES
65 66 67 62 61 64 63
500 kV DIABLO CANYON (GT)
230kV
500 kV bus (DB)

MIDWAY 230kV 115kV

(MW)
230kV McCall

115kV
McCall
Cap Bank

230kV Greg

230kV
Morrow Bay mov.f
 Model Validation

Fault recordings: Near the fault bus

Advanced Graph Frame

Analog Graph DM2 IA Ias4
4.0k
MV1 EA Vas5
600.000k 3.0k
400.000k 2.0k
200.000k
bus voltage

1.0k
0.000

line #2
0.0
-200.000k
-400.000k -1.0k

-600.000k -2.0k

-800.000k -3.0k
DM2 IB Ics4
MV1 EB Vcs5 1.5k
600.000k
1.0k
400.000k
0.5k
200.000k
bus voltage

0.0
0.000

line #2
-0.5k
-200.000k
-1.0k
-400.000k
-1.5k
-600.000k
-2.0k
MV1 EC Vbs5 DM2 IC Ibs4
600.000k 1.5k

400.000k 1.0k

200.000k 0.5k
bus voltage

0.000 0.0
line #2

-200.000k -0.5k

-400.000k -1.0k

-600.000k
x 0.150 0.175 0.200 0.225 0.250 0.275 0.300 0.325 0.350 x 0.150 0.175 0.200 0.225 0.250 0.275 0.300 0.325 0.350

Voltages Current
 Model Validation

Fault recordings: At remote bus

Current
Analog Graph
MV1 IA Midway.Ias5
6.0k

4.0k

2.0k
• The simulation shows the same trends
MW-VT Line #1

0.0

-2.0k

-4.0k

-6.0k • Not all conditions are known at the

-8.0k

2.5k
MV1 IC
Voltage
Midway.Ibs5 instant of the fault.
2.0k
• Load flow
s
1.5k

• Point on wave
1.0k
MW-VT Line #1

0.5k

• Reactors / capacitors ON or
0.0
-0.5k
-1.0k
-1.5k
-2.0k
OFF
-2.5k
MV3 IC Midway.Ibs7
3.0k

2.0k

1.0k
MW-VT Line #3

0.0

-1.0k

-2.0k

x 0.160 0.180 0.200 0.220 0.240 0.260 0.280 0.300 0.320 0.340
Selected Applications in Power Systems
Selected Applications in Power Systems

1. Transformer energizing

2. Transmission line and equipment switching

3. Capacitor bank switching

4. Circuit breaker Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV)

5. Overvoltage caused by lightning strikes

6. Motor starting

7. Protection

8. Equipment failure – Post event investigations

9. Network resonance and Ferro resonance problems

10. Distributed generation studies

11. Power quality

Many more……..
 Transformer Energizing

7000
6000 380 Hz
5000
4000
3000 240 Hz
|Z+|(ohms)

2000
1000
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Frequency [Hz]

 Core saturation 1.0

Ia

 Inrush current and harmonics

- Voltage dips
 Network characteristics -
frequency scans
- Over voltages due to harmonic
resonance conditions 0.0

Ia (kA) [6] 0.00628253

 Transmission line and Equipment Switching

E1 E2 E3 E4

Minimum: 364.6304 280.1849 332.9529 353.4259

Maximum: 395.8886 352.6374 413.6732 383.773

Mean: 379.7837 320.0234 375.2662 369.2719

Std Dev: 7.564519 17.03806 18.64495 7.544283

2% Level: 364.248 285.0315 336.9741 353.7778

98% Level: 395.3193 355.0153 413.5582 384.7659

 Overvoltage magnitudes and equipment insulation levels

- Surge arresters
 Statistical distribution of overvoltage magnitude
 Transmission line ‘flash-over’ rates
 Investigation of overvoltage mitigation methods
 Transformer Related Issues

Ferro Resonance

Many factors can lead to ferro-resonance situations.

Transients simulations are necessary to identify possible
problems.

Ferroresonance Case Study

VbusA VbusB VbusC
1.25
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
0.00
-0.25
y

-0.50
-0.75
-1.00
-1.25
VPriB
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
Voltage

0.0
-1.0
-2.0
-3.0
-4.0
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
 CT Saturation

• Mal-operation of an earth fault relay during transformer energising.

• Inrush current caused unequal saturation of the 3 CTs, resulting in a ‘burden’ current.

 CT of phase A saturated during energising of a single phase transformer in a distribution

feeder

Main,CT1 : Graphs
Ib
12.0
Ib (A)

-2.0
B1
2.00
B (T)

-0.25
Ia
120
Ia (Amps)

-20
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
 System Blackstart restoration studies

T Line_01_01

26.326 km
Eng

#1 #2 #1 #2

P+jQ P+jQ
QILWAH MIKHWAH

Bil Jurshi

 Restoration steps are determined and

E1 E3

Timed
Breaker 38 km T Line_01_a
Logic

documented – step by step.

BRKG 53.618 km
Open@t0
T Line_01_02

T Line_01_03 #1 #2
#1 #2 #1 #2
T Line_01_b
P+jQ
P+jQ P+jQ

BRKG
Iqunt
AD DUQAH NAMERA
QUNFUDAH TOWN
E2

 System single line drawings are used

Iqunt

Etcps
67 km 95 km 36 km
E1 9 km

to illustrate each step

T Line_01_04
T Line_02_02 T Line_02_03
T Line_02_01 row1
T Line_01_06
E2
T Line_01_07
T Line_01_05
row1

E3

QUNFUDAH CPS THORYBAN

Etcps
TCPS

 Electrical studies are necessary to 49 km

86 km

verify that the selected restoration

T Line_01_08
T Line_02_04
T Line_01_09
T Line_02_05
T Line_02_05_2

#2 #1

47 km

actions (steps) can be implemented

#2 #1 P+jQ
T Line_01_10
SUFFAH
P+jQ
SABTAL JARAJ

without damaging equipment. T Line_01_12

68 km

T Line_01_11
72 km

T Line_02_06
#1 #2

#2 #1 P+jQ

P+jQ
MAJARDAH
T Line_02_07
AL BIRK T Line_01_13 94 km

100 km
82 km
T Line_01_15
T Line_01_14

T Line_02_08
#2 #1

P+jQ

T Line_01_17
MUHAIL NORTH 67 km

44 km

T Line_01_16 T Line_02_09

#2 #1

P+jQ

MUHAIL
 Wind Integration

P = 834.8 P = 864.8 10.973 [H]

Q = 0.7253 MMC VSC Q = -253.6
Inverter V = 376.1 V = 155.2 Brk_R_PM1
P = 314.7
RRL A A Q = -170.8
Net Wind V = 155.2
V V WTG
A Cable 1 334.8MW
V 93 x 3.6MW
Cable 2

IVSCoffshore Offshore MMC currents 93 x 3.6MW plant

Brk_R_PM2 10.973 [H]

V_pll
9.875 [H]

Brk_R_IG1
P = 397.3
Q = -69.74
V = 155.2 WTG
A Cable 3 400 MW
V 80 x 5MW
Cable 4

DFIG
80 x 5 MW

Brk_R_IG2 9.875 [H]

P = 152.8
Q = -13.05
V = 155.2 WTG - Type 4
A 165MW
V Cable 5 33 x 5MW

33 x 5MW plant

Brk_R_PM3 3.75 [H]

Thank you