Mathematics | Probability Distributions

Set 1 (Uniform Distribution)

In probability theory and statistics, a probability distribution is a
mathematical function that can be thought of as providing the probabilities of
occurrence of different possible outcomes in an experiment. For instance, if
the random variable is used to denote the outcome of a coin toss (“the
experiment”), then the probability distribution of would take the value 0.5
for = heads, and 0.5 for = tails (assuming the coin is fair).
Probability distributions are divided into two classes –
1. Discrete Probability Distribution – If the probabilities are defined on a
discrete random variable, one which can only take a discrete set of
values, then the distribution is said to be a discrete probability distribution.
For example, the event of rolling a die can be represented by a discrete
random variable with the probability distribution being such that each

event has a probability of .

2. Continuous Probability Distribution – If the probabilities are defined on
a continuous random variable, one which can take any value between two
numbers, then the distribution is said to be a continuous probability
distribution. For example, the temperature throughout a given day can be
represented by a continuous random variable and the corresponding
probability distribution is said to be continuous.
Cumulative Distribution Function –
Similar to the probability density function, the cumulative distribution
function of a real-valued random variable X, or just distribution
function of evaluated at , is the probability that will take a value less
than or equal to .
For a discrete Random Variable,

For a continuous Random Variable,

Uniform Probability Distribution –

The Uniform Distribution, also known as the Rectangular Distribution, is a
type of Continuous Probability Distribution.
It has a Continuous Random Variable restricted to a finite interval
and it’s probability function has a constant density over this interval.
The Uniform probability distribution function is defined as-
Expected or Mean Value – Using the basic definition of Expectation we get
–
Variance- Using the formula for

variance-
Using this result we get –

Standard Deviation – By the basic definition of standard deviation,

 Example 1 – The current (in mA) measured in a piece of copper wire is
known to follow a uniform distribution over the interval [0, 25]. Find the
formula for the probability density function of the random variable
representing the current. Calculate the mean, variance, and standard
deviation of the distribution and find the cumulative distribution function
.
 Solution – The first step is to find the probability density function. For a

Uniform distribution, , where are the upper and lower

limit respectively.

The expected value, variance, and standard deviation are-

The cumulative distribution function is given as-

There are three regions where the CDF can be

defined,