MATHEMATICS

Solution of Triangles
Nishant Vora
B.Tech - IIT Patna

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 Solution of Triangle

➔ The three sides and three angles of triangle are known as elements of
triangle.
➔ The process of finding unknown elements with the help of known
elements is known as Solution of Triangles.
Convention
Sine Rule
 Sine Rule

➔ In any triangle ABC, the sine of the angles are proportional to opposite
sides.
Proof of Sine Rule
Extended Sine Rule

B C
Area of Triangle
Area of Triangle

B D C
Area of Triangle -
Proof

B D C
The angles A, B and C of a ΔABC are in AP and a : b = 1 : √3. If c = 4
cm, then the area (in sq cm) of this triangle is

A. 2/√3 B. 4√3 C. 2√3 D. 4/√3

Concept: If three angles of triangle are in AP then assume them

JEE MAIN 2019
as 60° - d, 60°, 60° + d
Let ABC and ABC’ be two non-congruent triangles with sides AB = 4,
AC = AC’ = 2√2 and B = 300. The absolute value of the difference
between the areas of the triangles is

JEE adv. (2009)

A

B C’ C
Cosine Rule
 Cosine Rule

In a triangle
ABC

01

02

03
Proof of Cosine Rule
In a triangle, the sum of the lengths of two sides is x and the
product of the lengths of the same two sides is y. If x2 - c2 = y, where
c is the length of the third side of the triangle , then the circumradius
of the triangle is

A. B. C. D.

JEE MAIN 2019

In a ∆PQR, P is the largest angle and cos P = 1/3. Further incircle of
the triangle touches the sides PQ, QR and RP at N, L and M
respectively, such that the lengths of PN, QL and RM are
consecutive even integers. Then, possible length(s) of the side (s) of
the triangle is (are)

A. 16 B. 18 C. 24 D. 22 JEE Adv 2013

Q R
Projection Formula
 Projection Formula

In a triangle
ABC

01 a = b cos C + c cos B

02 b = c cos A + a cos C

03 c = a cos B + b cos A
Projection Formula

B D C
If the angles A, B and C of a triangle are in an arithmetic
progression and if a, b and c denote the lengths of the sides
opposite to A, B and C respectively, then the value of the expression

JEE adv 2010

A. 1/2 B. √3/2 C. 1 D. √3

Method 1
If the angles A, B and C of a triangle are in an arithmetic
progression and if a, b and c denote the lengths of the sides
opposite to A, B and C respectively, then the value of the expression

JEE adv 2010

A. 1/2 B. √3/2 C. 1 D. √3

Method 2 : Use #NVStyle

Consider a triangle PQR having sides of lengths p, q and r opposite to
the angles P, Q and R respectively. Then which of the following
statements is (are) true?
JEE adv 2021
A.

B.

C.

D.
Napier’s Analogy
 Napier’s Analogy

In a triangle
ABC

01

02

03
 Napier’s Analogy

01
With the usual notation, in ∆ABC, if ∠A + ∠B = 120, a = √3 + 1 and
b = √3 - 1 ,then the ratio ∠A : ∠B, is

A. 7:1 B. 3 : 1 C. 9 : 7 D. 5 : 3

JEE Main 2019

In a ∆ ABC,a among the following which one is true ?

A.
(JEE 2005)
B.

C.

D.
Half Angle Formulas
 Half Angle Formulas

In a Triangle ABC In a Triangle ABC In a Triangle ABC

01 01 01

02 02 02

03 03 03
Half Angle Formulas
Half Angle Formulas
Let x, y and z be positive real numbers. Suppose x, y and z are the
lengths of the sides opposite to its angles X, Y and Z, respectively. If

Method 1 :
#NVStyle
then which of the following statements is/are TRUE?
JEE Adv. 2020
A. 2Y = X + Z C.

B. Y = X + Z D.
Method 2
In a ∆ABC with fixed base BC the vertex A moves such that

cosB + cosC = .If a, b and c denote the length of the

sides of the triangle opposite to the angles A,B and C respectively, then
A. b + c = 4a Method 1 :
#NVStyle
B. b + c = 2a

C. locus of point A is an ellipse JEE adv 2009

D. locus of point A is a pair of straight line

Method 2
Circumcircle and Circumradius
 Circumradius

➔ Let Δ be the area of the triangle ABC and R be its circumradius. Then
Circumradius - Proof

B C
Incenter and Inradius
 Incenter and Inradius

Incenter : Point of intersection of internal angle bisectors

➔ r = ∆/s
➔ Δ → Area of triangle
➔ s → semi-perimeter

B C
Proof

Incircle

B C
 Alternate Formula of
Inradius

➔ The inradius of the triangle ABC can be expressed as

Relation between r and R
 Relation between r and R

➔ If R is the circumradius and r is the inradius of a triangle ABC, then

Excenter and Exradius
Excenter and Exradius
Excenter and Exradius

C
B
 Exradius

Result 1

➔ Let ABC be a triangle with area Δ & r1, r2 & r3 be the radii of
the escribed circles opposite to A, B and C respectively. Then
 Exradius

Result 2

➔ Let r1, r2 & r3 be the radii of the escribed circles opposite to A,

B and C respectively, for a triangle ABC. Then
 Exradius

Result 3

➔ In any triangle ABC

and
 Exradius

Result 4

➔ In any triangle ABC

and
Note

rr1r2r3 = Δ2
Note
 Note

r 1 r 2 + r 2 r 3 + r 3 r 1 = s2
In a triangle , the sum of two sides is x and the product of the same
two slides is y. If x2 - c2 =y, where c is the third side of triangle , then
the ratio of the inradius to the circumradius of the triangle is

A. B. C. D.

(2014 Adv)
Inradius of a circle which is inscribed in a isosceles triangle one of
whose angle is 2π/3, is √3 ,then area of triangle (in sq units )is

A. 4 √3 B. 12 - 7 √3 C. 12 + 7 √3 D. None of these

(JEE adv 2006)

In a ∆ABC, let ∠C = π/2. If r is the inradius and R is the circumradius
of the triangle, then 2(r + R) is equal to

A. a + b B. b + c C. c + a D. a + b + c

(2000)
In ΔABC, the lengths of sides AC and AB are 12 cm and 5 cm,
respectively. If the area of ABC is 30 cm2 and R and r respectively the
radius of circumcircle and incircle of ΔABC then the value of 2R + r
(in cm) is equal to_______

(JEE Main 2021)

In a ∆XYZ, let x, y, z be the the lengths of sides opposite to the
angles X, Y, Z respectively and 2s = x + y + z.

If and area of incircle of the ∆XYZ is

8π/3,then
A. Area of ∆XYZ is 6√6
(2016 Adv)

B. The radius of circumcircle of the ∆XYZ is

C.

D.
In a ∆ PQR , let ∠PQR = 30 ° and the sides PQ and QR have lengths
10√3 and 10,respectively. Then,which of the following statement (s)
is (are) TRUE ?
A. ∠QPR = 45 °
B. The area of the ∆PQR is 25√3 and ∠QRP = 120 °
C. The radius of the incircle of the ∆PQR is 10√3 - 15
D. The area of the circumcircle of the ∆PQR is 100 π
(2018 Adv)
m-n Theorem
 m-n Theorem

A (m + n) cot𝞱 = m cot𝜶 - n cot𝜷

𝜶 𝜷 (m + n) cot𝞱 = n cotB - m cotC

B C
m D n
 m-n Theorem

𝜶 𝜷

B C
m D n
Length of Median
 Length of Medians

F E
G

B C
D
 Proof

B C
D
 Note

➢ The centroid lies on the segment joining the circumcentre to the

orthocentre and divides the line segment in the ratio 1 : 2.

F E
G

B C
D
Length of angle bisectors
Bisectors of the Angles

F E

B D C
Proof

B D C
Pedal Triangle
Orthocentre and Pedal Triangle of any Triangle

➢ The triangle formed by joining the foot of perpendiculars is

called PEDAL triangle

C
B
 The sides and angles to the pedat Triangle

∠MKL = 1800 -2A LM = a cos A

∠KLM = 1800 - 2B MK = b cos B
∠LMK = 1800 - 2C KL = c cos C
Proof
Proof
 Distance between the circumcentre & the orthocentre

Distance between the circumcentre and incentre

Polygons
 Polygons

➢ Sum of interior angles of a polygon = (n - 2)π

➢ Sum of exterior angles of polygon is 2π

For Regular Polygons

➢ Each interior angle =

➢ Each exterior angle =

 Types of Polygon

➢ Convex polygon: If the highest interior angle is less than 1800

then it is called convex polygon.
➢ Concave polygon: Highest interior angle is more than 1800 then
it is concave polygon.
➢ Cyclic quadrilateral: a cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral
which can be inscribed by a circle.

Note: The sum of the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 1800.

 Types of Polygon

Convex polygon Concave polygon Cyclic Quadrilateral

Angle at center
Incircle and Circumcircle
Circumcircle and Incircle

A D

B C
1. Radius of Circumscribing Circle

➢ Where a is the length of each side of regular polygon of n sides.

2. Radius of Inscribing Circle
Perimeter and Area of Regular Polygons

A D

B C
 Perimeter and Area of Regular Polygons

Perimeter P =

Area A =
The length of each side of a regular dodecagon is 20 cm. Find
I. The radius of its inscribed circle
II. The radius of its circumscribing circle
III.Its area?
Length of diagonals in Regular Polygons
Let A0A1A2A3A4A5 be a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle of unit
radius. Them the product of the lengths of the line segments
A0A1,A0A2 and A0A4 is

A. 3/4
B. 3√3
C. 3
D. 3√3/2
Let A1A2…….,.An be the vertices of an n-sided regular polygon such that

Find the value of n.

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