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v/;k; &1 Hkkstu dgkW ls vkrk gS \ v/;k; & 2
euq’; ,oa tho tUrq fdl izdkj dk Hkkstu Hkkstu esa D;k& D;k vkrk gS \
[kkrs gS vkSj Hkkstu ds dkSu&dkSu ls L=ksr gSaA ge lHkh jkst Hkkstu esa vyx&vy rjg ds ids
Hkkr & dPpk pkoy $ mcyrk ikuh ¼nks inkFkZ gq, inkFkZ ysrs gSA
dh vko”;drk½ tSls & jksVh ] Hkkr] nky ] lCth] dHkh lRrw
nwljs Hkkstu ds fy, vyx&vyx inkFkZ fd bR;kfnA
t#jr gksrh gSA 1-2 vyx vyx [kk| inkFkkZsa esa D;k D;k gksrk gS \
jksVh & vkVk $ ty $ ued ge tks [kkrs gS muesas gekjs “kjhj dh o`f)]
nky & dPph nky $ty $ued rsy bR;kfn fodkl] ,oa LoLFk jgus ds fy, dqN vko”;d
1-2 [kk| lkexzh ds L=ksr vo;o (Nutrients) gksrs gSA
/kku] xsgw¡] eDdk & ikS/kk L=ksr gS tSls& dkcksZgkmMªVs ] izksVhu] olk bR;kfnA
nw/k ] vaMk] eqxkZ] eNyh] >haxk] ekWl vkfn dk dkcksZgkbMªVs gekjs Hkkstu esa eaM ¼starch½ ds #i
L=ksr tarq ¼½gSA esa gksrk gSA
1-3 Hkkstu ds eq[; L=ksr D;k&D;k gS \ tkWp
olk] izksVhu] eaM dh mifLFkfr ds tkWp ds fy,
ikS/ks gekjs Hkkstu ds ,d eq[; L=ksr gSA
gesa fVDPkj vk;ksfMu] dkWij lYQsV rFkk
dqN ikS/ks dk iRrk] Qy] ;k tM+ dks Hkkstu ds
dkWfLVd lksMk dh t#jr gS A lkFk esa
#i esa [kk;k tkrk gSA
ij[kufy;kW vkSj Mªkij dh t#jr gSA
tSls& iksbZ ds iRrs o vxLr ds Qwy dk
ij[kuyh esa [kk| inkFkZ $ ruq ?kksy vk;sMhu
r#vk ;k cpdk [kk;k tkrk gSA
dk & vxj uhyk ;k dkyk jax vkrk gS rks eaM
dqN ikS/kksa ds nks ;k nks ls vf/kd Hkkx [kkus
mifLFkr gSA
;ksX; gksrs gSA
dkWij lYQsV foy;u & 100 ml ty $ 2
tSls & ljlksa ¼Qy ls rsy] iRrs dk lkx½
xzke dkWij lYQsV
vadqfjr cht ¼Germinated seed½ dks vYikgkj
dkWfLVd lksMk foy;u & 100 ml ty $ 10
¼breakfast½ ds #i esa bLrseky dj ldrs gSaA
xzke dkWfLVd
e/kqefD[k;k¡ Qwyksa ls edjan ¼ehBk j[k pwldj
izksVhu dh tkWp
tek djrh gSA½
ij[kuyh esa
e/kqefD[k;k¡ edjan dh vius isV esa ,d
isLV #i esa [kk| inkFkZ $ dkWij lYQsV
,Utkbe dh lgk;rk ls ipk dj “kgn cuk
foy;u $ dkWfLVd lksMk fofy;u
ysrh gSA
vxj cSxuh jax vkrk gS rks izksVhu dh mifLFkfr
“kgn esa QQwn ¼fungi½] cSDVhfj;k ugh yxrk
dks n”kkZrk gSA
gSA
olk dh tkWp&
“kgn e/kqefD[k;ksa dk HkaMkfjr Hkkstu gksrk gSA
[kk| inkFkZ dks dkxt esa yisVdj dwfV,A fQj
1-4 tarq D;k [kkrs gS \
dkxt dks [kksydj nsf[k, rsy ds /kCcs gS rks
,sls tarq tks dsoy ikS/ks ;k mlds mRikn dk
olk dh mifLFkfr dks n”kkZrk gSA
lsou Hkkstu ds #i esa djrs gS mls “kkdkgkjh
foVkfeu rFkk [kfut yo.k tSls vU; iks’s kd
dgrs gSA
rRo Hkh gekjs fofHkUu [kk| inkFkkZs esa mifLFkr
tSls & xk;]HkSal] cdjh bR;kfnA
jgrs gSA
,sls tarq tks dsoy ekWl [kkrs gS mls ekalkgkjh
2-2 fofHkUu iks’kd RkRo gekjs “kjhj ds fy, D;ksa
dgrs gSA tSls & ck?k ] “ksj
t:jh gS
,sls tarq tks ikS/ks vkSj ek¡l nksuksa [kkrs gS mls
dkcksZgkbMªVs $ olk & mtkZ iznku djrk gS
lokZgkjh dgrs gSA
dkcksZgkbMªVs ls T;knk mtkZ olk iznku djrh
tSls & dkSvk] euq’;] frypV~Vk
gSA
uksV & ikS/ks vius Hkkstu dk fuekZ.k Lo;a djrs
gSA izdk”k la”ys’k. dh izfdz;k dh enn ls lw;Z foVkfeu jksxksa ls gekjs “kjhj dh j{kk djrs gSaA
dh jks”kuh dh mifLFkfr esa
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dqN eq[; foVkfeu ds uke & foVkfeu ,] os jksx tks yach vof/k rd iks’kd rRoksa ds
foVkfeu ch] foVkfeu lh] foVkfeu Mh] foVkfeu vHkko ds dkj.k gksrk gS mls vHkkotU; jksx
bZ rFkk foVkfeu ds dgrs gSaA
foVkfeuksa ds ,d [kkl lewg dks foVkfeu ch iz;kIr izksVhu ugha ysus ls o`f) esa #dkoV psgjs
dkWEIysDl dgrs gSA ij lwtu] ckyksa ds jax dk mM+uk bR;kfn gks
foVkfeuksa &, & Ropk vkSj vkW[k dks LoLFk ldrk gSA
j[krh gSA
foVkfeuksa &lh & LdohZ jksx ls cpkrk gS rFkk foVkfeu fcekjh
immune system dks etcwr djrk gSA Vitamin-A jrkSa/kh
foVkfeukas Mh & vfLFk vkSj nkWrksa ds fy, Vitamin-B csjh csjh
dSfYl;e mi;ksx esa enn djrk gSA Vitamin -C LdohZ
foVkfeu &, dk L=ksr Vitamin-D fjdsV~l
eNyh dk rsy] nw/k ] xktj] vke] iihrk
foVkfeu ch dk L=ksr [kfut chekjh
xsgwW ] pkoy] ;d`r dSfYl;e vfLFk vkSj nkar {k;
foVkfeu lh dk L=ksr vk;ks f Mu ?ks?a kk(thyroid)
VekVj] vkWoyk] fephZ] uhacw ] ve#n larjk ykSg vYi jDrrk (anaemia)
foVkfeu Mh ds L=ksr
nw/k] eD[ku] eNyh] vaMk] dystk] vkSj lw;Z dh nwf’kr ty ihus ls vfrlkj tSlh chekfj;ksa dk
jks”kuh Hk; jgrk gSA
ykSg rRo dks L=ksr xehZ ds le; fd.Oku rhoz gksrk gSA
ikyd] esFkh rFkk dsyk v/;k; & 3
dSfYl;e nw/k ls izkIr gksrk gSA rUrq ls oL= rd
QkWLQksjl ,oa dSfYl;e eNyh] vkSj vaMk ls /kkxs dh iryh yM+h vkSj Hkh iryh yfM+;ks ls
izkIr gksrk gSA feydj cuh gksrh gS] ftUgs rUrq dgrs gSA
ued ls lksfM;e o iksVsfl;e feyrs gSA lwrh] js”eh] twV] Åuh ds rUrq ikS/kksa o tUrqvksa
#{kka”k ¼fibre½gekjs “kjhj dks iks’kd iznku ugh ls izkIr gksrs gSaA bUgsa izkd`frd rUrq dgrs gSA
djrs gS ysfdu egRroiw.kZ gSaA ;g fcuk ips dsys ds iRrs ,oa rus] ckWl ls Hkh rUrq izkIr
Hkkstu dks ckgj fudkyus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA fd;k tkrk gSA
ftl Hkkstu esa foVkfeu] #{kka”k] ty olk] jklk;fud inkFkkZs ls fufeZr rarqvksa dks ekuo
izksVhu] dkcksZgkbZMªVs ] ty bR;kfn iz;kIr ek=k esa fufeZr rUrq dgrs gSA
gks mls larqfyr vkgkj dgrs gSA tSls & ikWfyLVj] uk;ykWu] ,fdzfyd vkfnA
Hkkstu idkrs le; dqN iks’kd rRo u’V gks dikl ds ikS/ks ogkW mxk, tkrs gS tgkW dh feÍh
tkrs gSaA dkyh rFkk tyok;q xeZ gksrh gSA
idkus ij foVkfeu lh xehZ ls u’V gks tkrs dikl dh [ksrh egkjk’Vª esa lcls T;knk mlds
gSaA ckn xqtjkr esa mxkbZ tkrh gSA
ftUgsa vlarqfyr Hkkstu ;k de Hkkstu feyrk gS twV ¼iVlu½
mls ejklel uked jksx gks tkrk gSA iVlu rarq dks iVlu ds ikS/ks ds rus ls izkIr
Hkkstu esa izksVhu ds deh ls Dokf”k;ksjdj uked fd;k tkrk gSA
jksx gksrk gSA [ksrh & o’kkZ +_rq
foVkfeu , dh deah ls jrkSa/kh uked fcekjh fcgkj ds dfVgkj ] e/ksiqjk] lgjlk] [kxfM+;k]
gksrk gS ¼jkr esa u fn[kuk½ lqikSy rFkk njHkaxk esa twV vf/kd mxk;k tkrk
gekjs Hkkstu esa vf/kd olk eksVkik dk dkj.k gSA
curh gSA js”kks ls /kkxs cukus dh izfdz;k dks drkbZ dgrs
gSA
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/kkxs ls oL= cukus dh nks izeq[k fof/k;kW cqukbZ nkSuh ¼Fkzsflax½
rFkk cW/kkbZ gSA lw[kh Qly dh MaByks ls vukt vyx djus
oL=kas dh cqukbZ dj?kksa ij dh tkrh gSA dks e”khu }kjk ;k iqjkuh fof/k ls mls nkSuh
izkjaHk esa yksx o`{kksa dh Nky] cM+h cM+h ifRr;ksa dgrs gSA
vFkok tarqvks ds peM+s ls vius “kjhj dks <Wdrs iqjkuh fof/k & Qly dh MaByks dks danh
FksA cukdj lrg ij iVduk ;k MaMs dh lgk;rk
v/;k; & 4 ls ihVukA
fofHkUu izdkj ds inkFkZ vkslkbZ
vyx&vyx oLrq,W dks cukus ds fy, Hkkjh inkFkZ ls gYds inkFkZ dks gok dh
vyx&vyx inkFkZ dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk lgk;rk ls vyx djus dh izfdz;k dks vkslkbZ
gSA dgrs gSSA
tSls & dkXkt & ckWl] isM+ dk xq)k tks ikuh esa ?kqy tkrk gS mls ?kqyu”khy dgrs
fxykl & LVhy /kkrq gSA
inkFkksZa ds xq.k tSls& ued] phuh
dBksjrk & nckuk dfBu tks ikuh esa u ?kqys mls v?kqyu”khy dgrs gSA
dksey inkFkZ & nckuk ;k [kjkap s uk vklku tSls & jsr] ydM+h
inkFkZ dh lrg dks jsxeky ls jxM+us ij vxj tes gq, inkFkZZ l sty dks ;k vU; nzo dks
ped tSlk dqN fn[ks rks mls /kkrq dgrs gSA vyx djuk fuFkkjuk dgrs gSA
tSls & ykSgk] rkack] ,sywfefu;e rFkk lkuk ckyw vkSj ikuh ds feJ.k esa ckyw dk lrg is
ty esa ?kqyus okys inkFkZ & foys; teus dh fdz;k dks fFkjkuk dgrs gSA
ty esa ugh ?kqyus okys inkFkZ & vfoy; leqnz ds ty esa yo.kks dh vf/kd ek=k ?kqyh
ty ds ikl ?kksyus dh {kerk gksus dh otg ls jgrh gSA
mls ?kksyd ;k foyk;d dgrs gSA leqnz ty dk okf’idj.k izfdz;k ls gesa ued
xeZ ikuh dh foyk;d {kerk BaMs ikuh ls dh izkfIr gksrh gSA
T;knk gksrh gSA eD[ku dks nw/k ls vyx djus fd fof/k dks
fuf”pr ek=k ikuh esa dksbZ inkFkZ vf/kdre vidsUnzd fof/k(centrifugation) dgrs gSA
ek=k rd ?kqyh gqbZ ?kksy dks lar`Ir ?kksy dgrs inkFkkZa ds nzoh; feJ.k dks vyx djus dh
gSA fof/k dks dzksesVksxzkQh dgrs gSaA
ikuh esa ?kqyulhy & fljdk] phuh] ued dzksesVksxzkQh dh fof/k ls isM+ ikS/ks esa ikbZ
bR;kfn tkusokys nokbZ;ksa dks vyx dj ldrs gSA
ikuh esa v?kqyulhy & fdjkslhu rsy] ukfj;y tSls & rqylh] uhe] fpjSrk vkfn
rsy] ljlksa rsy tc feJ.k cgqr de ek=k esa gks rks bls vyx
ikjnf”kZrk djus fd fof/k pkyuk gSA
inkFkZ ftuds vkjikj vlkuh ls ns[kk tk v/;k; & 6
ldrk gS ] mUgsa ikjn”khZ dgrs gSA inkFkZ esa ifjorZu
tSls& dkWp inkFkZ fd rhu voLFkk,W gS&
ftuds vkj&ikj ugh ns[kk tk ldrk mUgsa Bksl nzo xSl
vikjn”khZ dgrs gSA cQZ ty Hkki ¼ok’i½
tSls & ydM+h] yksgk bR;kfn inkFkZ dh voLFkk ds ifjorZu ds fy, xehZ ;k
ftuds vkj&ikj /kaq/kyh fn[ks mls ikjHkklh BaMk gksuk t#jh gSA
dgrs gSA ok’Ik ls ty cuus dh izfdz;k dks la?kuu dgrs
tSls & dkxt dk VqdM+k gSA
v/;k; & 5 ty ls tyok’Ik] tyok’i ls ty rFkk ty ls
i`FkDdj.k cQZ esa cnyuk HkkSfrd ifjorZu dgrs gSaA
fefJr inkFkZ dks vyx djus fd fof/k dks
i`FkDdj.k dgrs gSA diwj dh Bksl voLFkk dks xeZ djus ij lh/kk
diwj dh xSlh; voLFkk feyrh gS& bl izfdz;k
Bksl inkFkZ ls Bksl inkFkZ vyx djus ds fy, dks m/oZikru izfdz;k (Sublimation Process)
pquuk] pkyuk rFkk vkslkuk fof/k dk iz;ksx dgrs gSaA
djrs gSA
tSls & xsgwW ls puk dks vyx djuk
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vaMk ds nzo dks m’ek feyus ls te tkrk gS
vc mls fQj mlh #i esa ugh yk ldrs gS mls cht
jklk;fud ifjorZu dgrs gSaA
v/;k; & 7 ftl cht esa ,d gh cht i= gksrk gS mls ,d
isM+ ikS/kks dh nwfu;k cht i=h dgrs gSA
ftl ikS/ks dk ruk gjk vkSj dksey gksrk gS rFkk mnkgj.k & eDdk] xsgwW
lkekU;r% de Å¡pkbZ ds gksrs gS mUgsa “kkd ftl cht ds nks Hkkx gksrs gS mls f}chtiÙkh
dgrs gSA dgrs gSaA
ftl ikS/kks dk ruk l[r] iryk vkSj dk’Bh; mnkgj.k & lse ] puk] eVj] vke
gksrk gS mUgsa >kM+h dgrs gSA v/;k; & 8 Qwyks ls tku igpku
ftl ikS/ks dk ruk] l[r] Hkwjh Nkyokyk eksVk
gksrk gS mUgsa o`{k dgrs gSaA Qwyksa ds MaBy ds ftl fljs ij ds lHkh vax
rus ij ifÙ;ksa dh tekoV tqMs jgrs gS mls iq’iklu ¼Qwy vklu½ dgrs
,d gh txg ls dbZ lkjh ifÙk;ksa dk xqPNs ds gSA
#i esa fudyuk xqPNsnkj tekoV dgykrk gSA iqadslj & iqrra q $ ijkxd.k
isM+& ikS/ks ds rus ij ifÙk;ska ds yxus ;k teus Qwy esa tks jaxhu vkSj lcls vkdf’kZr Hkkx gksrs
ds dze dks ifRr;ksa dk foU;kl dgrs gSaA gS mls ia[kqM+h ¼ny½ dgrs gSA
tM+ Qwy es tks uhps ls gjs jax dh ifÙk;kW tSlh
ftl tM+ esa dkbZ eq[; tM+ ugha cfYd lHkh vkdkj gksrh gS mls va[kqM+h ckg~; ny dgrs
tM+s ,d gh LFkku ls fudyrh gS mls >dM+k
;k js”ksnkj tM+ dgrs gSA gSaA
mnkgj.k & xsgwW ] /kku] eDdk L=hdslj & ofrZdkzax $ ofrZdk $ vaMk”k;
ftl tM+ esa ,d eq[; tM+ gS vkSj mlls
lgk;d tM+s fudyh gS mls elwyk tM+ dgrs fofHkUu rjg ds Qwyks es fofHkUu vkdkj ds L=h
gSA dslj gksrs gSA
mnkgj.k & ljlksa ] xktj
va[kqM+h ds ?ksjs ds ckg~; nyiqat iq[kqM+h ds ?ksjs
tM+ ds dk;Z &
feV~Vh dks etcwrh ls idM+uk dks nyiqat dgrs gSA
[kfut yo.k dk vo”kks’k.k iqadslj ds lewg pdz dks iqex a rFkk L=hdslj ds
feV~Vh ds dVko dks jksduk lew g pdz dks tk;ka x dgrs gSA
Hkkstu dk laxzg iw.kZ Qwy & Qwy ftlesa va[kqM+h] ia[kqM+h iqadslj
ruk dk dk;Z & ,oa L=hdslj pkjksa mifLFkr gksA
ikS/ks dks vkd`fr iznku djuk viw.kZ Qwy & va[kqM+h] ia[kqM+h] Qadslj ,oa
[kfut you ,oa Hkkstu ds logu ekxZ
Hkkstu laxzg ¼vkyw mnkgj.k½ L=hdslj ;k L=hdslj esa dksbZ ,d mifLFkr gksA
ifRr;kW ty dk mi;ksx Hkkstu cukus esa djrh uj Qwy &* dsoy Qqadslj mifLFkr
gS vkWDlhtu Hkh ifRr;ksa ls ty dh Hkwfedk eknk Qwy & dsoy L=hdslj mifLFkr
jgrh gSA f}fyaxh Qwy & iqadslj$ L=hdslj nksuks
ifÙ;kW mifLFkr
ifÙk esa jsf[kr lajpuk dks f”kjk dgrs gSA vfyaxh Qwy & iqadslj $ L=hdslj nksuks
tky tSls f”kjk dks tkfydk f”kjk foU;kl
vuqifLFkr
dgykrk gSA
,d nwljs ds lekarj f”kjk dks lekukarj f”kjk& v/;k; & 9
foU;kl dgrs gSaA tUrqvksa esa xfr
ifÙk;ksa ok’iksRltZu esa enn djrh gSA ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij tkuk bl izdkj
dh xfr dks xeu ¼locomotion½ dgrs gSA
,d gh LFkku ij fLFkj gksdj] eqM+uk “kjhj dks
>qdkuk vkfn xfr dgykrk gSA
xk; iSj ls pyrh gSA
lkWi laiw.kZ “kjhj ls jax dj pyrk gSA
gekjs “kjhj ds dqN vax vklkuh ls fdlh Hkh
fn”kk esa ?kwe ldrs gSaA
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dqN ,d rjQ vkSj dqN dks ge ugha ?kqek ikn ¼iSj½ ekaly gksrk gS rFkk n`<+ & isf”k;ksa dk
ldrs A cuk gksrk gSA
lfU/k vFkok tksM+ frypV~Vk&
“kjhj ds vax tgkW eqM+rs gS ml fgLls dks laf/k blds rhu tksM+s iSj gksrs gSA
;k tksM+ dgrs gSA bldk “kjhj dBksj ckg; dadky ls <Wdk jgrk
gekjs “kjhj dh dBksj lajpuk,W vfLFk;kW gS A gS tks dh dkbVhu dk cuk gksrk gSA
“kjhj ds vax tgkW eqM+rs gS ;s vfLFk;ska dk laf/k i{kh &
LFky gSA i{kh dh vfLFk;kW [kks[kyh i#rq etcwr gksrh gSA
gekjs “kjhj esa vfLFk;ksa dk cuk <Wpk dadky vfLFk;ksa ds [kks[kys fgLls dks ok;qizdk’B dgrs
;k dadky ra= dgrs gSA gSaA
tksM+ dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gS & eNyh &
1- danqd& [kfYydk laf/k ¼cky ,oa lkWdsV TokbaV½ eNyh ds “kjhj dh ukSdk tSlh vkd`fr mls
&da/ks dh laf/k rSjus esa enn djrh gSA
2- dCtk laf/k ¼fgUt TokabV½&dksguh vkSj ?kqVuk “kjhj dh ,slh vkd`fr /kkjkjs[kh; dgykrh gSA
3- /kqjkxz laf/k ¼ikbczksVy TokbaV½& xnZu rFkk flj eNyh dk dadky n`<+ isf”k;ksa ls <Wdk jgrk gSA
dks tksM+us okyh laf/k dks /kqjkx laf/k dgrs gSA eNyh i{k dh enn ls rSjrh gSA
4- vpy laf/k ¼bEewoscy TokbaV½&[kksiM+h dh laf/k xYQj (Gills) dh enn ls lkWl ysrh gSA
vpy laf/k gSA v/;k; & 10
gekjs “kjhj dk lcls cM+k gM~Mh tkW?k dh ltho vkSj fuTkhZo
gM~Mh gS ftUgsa vaxzth esa femur dgrs gSaA tks u cksy ldrs gS ] u py ldrs gS vkSj u
ekWl dks gM~Mh ls tksM+us okys fo”ks’k js”kks dks gh dqN eglwl dj ldrs gS futhZo dgykrs
daMjk (Tendon) dgrs gSaA gS A tSls &dqlhZ] est bR;kfn
nks vfLFk;ksa vkil esa fo”ks’k izdkj dh js”kks ls fo”o ds lHkh ekuo rFkk xk; ?kksM+k canj]
tqM+h gksrh gS mls (Ligaments) Luk;q dgrs gSA dqRrk] fcYyh tSls lHkh tarq ltho gSA
es#n.M (BackBone) NksVh&NksVh vfLFk;ksa ls ikS/kk Hkh ltho gSA
cuk gS mls d”ks#d dgrs gSA “olu fdz;k
da/ks dh vfLFk dks va”k vfLFk;kW dgrs gSA lkWl ysuk “olu fdz;k dk fgLlk gSA
dej dh vfLFk;kW dks Js.kh vfLFk;kW dgrs gSA “olu fdz;k esa vanj yh xbZ ok;q dh
vkSjrksa esa dej dh gM~Mh FkksM+k cM+k vkSj T;knk vkDlhtu dh dqN ek=k dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA
dVksjkuqek gksrk gS rFkk ekrk ds xHkZ esa iy jgs “kjhj ds vanj Hkkstu dk vkWDlhtu ds lgk;rk
f”k”kq dks fLFkj j[krk gSA ls ngu gksrk gS Aftlls gesa mtkZ feyrh gSA
gekjs “kjhj ds yphys vfLFk dks mikfLFk dsapqvk Ropk }kjk lkWl ysrh gSA
¼Cartilage½ dgrs gSA
ikS/ks lkWl ifRr;ska ds }kjk ysrs gSA
tUrqvksa esa xfr&
izdk”k dh mifLFkfr esa ikS/ks dkcZu
tUrq dqN nkSM+rs dqN jsx a rs] dqn rSjrs gS Mk;vkDlkbM dk mi;ksx Hkkstu cukus ds fy,
dspq, ds “kjhj es vfLFk;kW ugha gksrh blds djrs gSArFkk vkWDlhtu NksM+rs gSA
“kjhj esa isf”k;kW gksrh gSA vkWDlhtu dsoy fnu esa curs gS
“kwd isf”k;ksa ls tqM+s gksrs gS vkSj feVBh ls “olu fdz;k fnu vkSj jkr pyrh jgrh gSA
mldh idM+ etcwr cukrs gSA
NwbZ&ewbZ ds ikS/ks dh ifRr;kW Nwus ij vpkud
dsapwvk feV~Vh dh moZjrk c<kus esa enn djrk fldqM+ tkrh gSA ;g ikS/kksa esa m|hiu ds izfr
gS ftlls iSnkokj c<+rh gSA vuqfdz;k ds dqN mnkgj.k gSA
?kks?a kk &
?kks?a kk dk “kjhj dBksj pht ls <Wdk jgrk gS bls dop ikS/ks dk izdk”k ds izfr vuqfdz;k Hkh m|hiu ds
dgrs gSA izfr vuqfdz;k gSA
;g ?kks?a ks dk ckg; dadky gS ltho esa mRltZu
nwf’kr inkFkZ ew= ds lkFk gekjs “kjhj ls fudky
fn;s tkrs gSAbls mRlTkZu dgrs gSA
isM+ks esa Hkh mRltZu gksrk gS
tSls & isM+ ls lw[kh ifRr;ska dk fxjuk
iztuu
tarq iztuu }kjk vius ln`”k larku mRiUu djrs gSA
dqN tarq vaMk nsrs gS mls v.Mkdkj tUrq
(oviparous) dgrs gS ] TkSls & i{kh] lkWi
6 / 36
dqN tarq cPPkk nsrs gS mls tjk;qt tUrq ;kd ds “kjhj ij yacs cky gksrs gSA
(Viviparous) dgrs gSA m¡pkbZ ds vuqlkj thoksa ds vuqdwyu esa fofo?krk
dqN ikS/ks cht ls mRiUu gksrs gS] dqN ikS/ks ds fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
vfrfjDr Hkkx lsA ?kkl LFky
xqykc] vke] yhph vkfn ds ikS/ks ds vfrfjDr ?kkl LFky esa jgus okys tho “ksj rFkk fgj.k
Hkkx }kjk Hkh vxk, tkrs gSA vkfn gSA
D;k lHkh ltho xfr djrs gS \ “ksj dk eVeSyk jax mls ?kkl ds lw[ks eSnkuksa esa
th gkW ikS/ks budk mi;qDr mnkgj.k gS ;s fNik, vkfn gSA
cl xeu ugha djrs ikS/ks ds dBksj ruks dks pckus ds fy, fgj.k ds
lw;Ze[w kh Qwy lwjt dh vksj gh f[kyrk gSA nkWr etcwr mlds yacs dku mls f”kdkjh dh
ltho dh iztkfr rHkh vfLrRo esa jgrh gS mifLFkfr rFkk yacs iSj rst Hkkxus esa enn djrs
tc mlds lnL;ksa esa iztUku gksrk jgrk gSA
gSA leq n z
dqN ,sls futhZo tks xfr djrs gS eNyh dh rjg cgqr ls leqnzh tho ds “kjhj
tSls & dkj] lkbZfdy] ?kM+h] unh] pUnzekA dk vkdkj /kkjkjs[kh; gksrk gSAtks mls vklkuh
v/;k; & 11 ls rSjus esa enn djrk gSA
lthoksa esa vuwdqyu fLDM ,oa vkWDVksil tSls dqN leqnzh tho dk
Å¡V dks jsfxLrku dk tgkt dgk tkrk gSA “kjhj /kkjk js[kh; vkdkj dk ugha gksrk gS
Å¡V viuh uke dks viuh ethZ ls [kksy ;k ysfdu rSjus oDr [kqn dks /kkjk js[kh; vkdkj
cUn dj ldrk gSA dk cuk ysrk gSA
mWV vius dwcM+ esa Hkkstu pchZ ds #i esa tek ty ls lkWl ysus ds fy, xyQM+ (Dykse) gksrs
jgrk gSA gSA
jsfxLrku esa ukxQuh uked ikS/kk yo.kh; ty MkWyfQu ,oa Ogsy tSls dqN leqnzh tUrqvks esa
[kjs ikuh esa jgrs gS vkSj “olu ds fy, ty esa fxy ugh gksrs gSA
/kqyh vkWDlhtu dk mi;ksx djrs gSA ;s flj ij fLFkr uklk}kj vFkok okr& fNnzksa
eNyh dk “kjhj ukSdkdkj /kkjkjs[kh; gksrk gSA }kjk “okl ysrs gSA
“kjhj “kYdksa ls <Wdk jgrk gS tks lqj{kk nsrk gSA ;s le;≤ ij ty ds lrg vkdj lkWl
,d ltho dks tgkW ls Hkkstu “kj.kLFky ,oa Hkjrs gSA
vU; vko”;drk,W iwjh gksrh gS mls oklLFkku rykc ,oa >hy
dgrs gSA tyh; ikS/kksa dh tM+s vkdkj esa cgqr NksVh gksrh
LFkyh; oklLFkku & ou] ?kkl ds eSnku] gS ,oa budk eq[; dk;Z ikS/ks dh ryg~Vh esa
jsfxLrku] ioZr tek, j[kuk gSA
tyh; oklLFkku & unh] rkykc] leqnz budk ruk yack] [kks[kyk ,oa gYdk gksrk gS
vLFkk;h vuqdwyu dks i;kZud q wyu dgrs gSA mnkgj.k & dey ds Qwy] tydqaHkh
mPp ioZrh; {ks=ksa esa jgusokys yksx esa tUe ls eas<+d ds iSj esa tky;qDr iknkxqfy;kW gksrh gS
gh QsQM+ks dh {kerk vf/kd gksrh gS D;ksfa d tks mUgsa rSjus esa enn djrh gSaA
ioZrh; {ks=ksa esa vkDlhtu dh ek=k de gksrh
gSA ;s vkuqokaf”kd vuqdwyu dgykrk gSA v/;k; & 12
ltho cgqr BaMs vkSj cgqr m’.k ifjos”k nksuksa esa nwjh] ekiu ,oa xfr
ik;s tkrs gSA 1 xt 3 QqV
fofHkUu oklLFkku 1 QqV 12 bap
1-e#LFky 220 xt 1 QykZxa
fnu esa rst xehZ vkSj jkr vf/kd BaMh
jsfxLrkuh ikS/ksa & ukxQyh]ccwy] /k`rdqekjh 8 QykZx 1 ehy
jsfxLrkuh ikS/ks dk ok’iksRltZu cgqr de gksrk 1 ehVj 100 lseh
gSA
2- ioZrh; {ks= 1 lseh 10 feyh
cgqr BaM vkSj fgeikr gksrk gSA 1 bap 2-54 lseh
o`{k “kaDokdkj gksrs gSA 1 xt 3 QhV ;k QqV
dqN dh ifR;kW lwbZ ds leku gksrh gSA
;kd tkuoj ik;s tkrs gS mudh eksVh Ropk ;k
Qj BaM ls mudk cPkko djrh gS
7 / 36
ehVj dks yEckbZ dk SI ek=d dgk tkrk gSA v/;k; & 15
xfr fdlh oLrq dh fLFkfr esa ifjoRkZu tSls pqacd
fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA yksMLVksu uked iRFkj izkd`r #i ls gh
iSaMwye dh xfr dks vkorZ xfr dgrs gSA pacdh; xq.k dk gksrk gSA
o`rh; vkdk”k dh xfr dks orqZy xfr ;k ?kw.kZu 1580 esa oSKkfud fofy;e fxyoVZ us igyh ckj
xfr dgrs gSA pqacd ij “kks/k ;k iz;ksx fd;k FkkA
?kw.kZu xfr esa oLrq Lo;a vius v{k ij ;k fdlh tks pqcd a dh vksj f[kaprs gS mls pqacdh; oLrq
v{k ds ifjr% ?kwerh gSaA (Magnetic Object) dgrs gSA
v/;k; & 13 tSls & yksgk bR;kfn
izdk”k tks pacd dh vksj ugha f[kaprs gS mls
ge fdlh Hkh oLrq dks izdk”k dh mifLFkfr esa vpqEcdh; oLrq(Non magnetic Object) dgrs
ns[k ldrs gSA gSA
izdk”k ges”kk lh/kh js[kk esa xeu djrh gSA tSls & IykfLVd] jcM+
izdk”k dk Vdjkdj ykSVuk vFkkZr ijkorZu pqcad ds /kqzoh; fgLls esa pqcdh; xq.k T;knk
L=ksr ls izkIr gq;s izdk”k ds fdj.k dks vkifrr gksrk gSA
fdj.k dgrs gSA buds nsk /kqzo gS & 1 mRrjh /kqzo 2 nf{k.kh
tc vkifrr fdj.k dk ijkoRkZu gksrk gS mls /kq o
z
ijkofrZr fdj.k dgrs gSA izkphu ;qx esa yksx leqnz ds chp pqacd dk gh
lw;Z izdk”k dk izkd`frd L=ksr gSA bLrseky dj fn”kk dk irk yxkrs FksA
tc fdlh vikj”khZ oLrq dks izdk”k esa j[krs gS fn”kklwpd ;a= esa pqacd bLrseky fd;k tkrk
rks Qyr% viuh rjg vkd`fr cukrh gS ftls gSA
Nk;k dgrs gSA nks pqacd ds leku /kzqo dks ikl ykus ij
Nk;k dk vkdkj izdk”k ds L=ksr dh fn”kk] nwjh fod’kZ.k(Repulsion) gksrk gSA
,oa vkdkj ij fuHkZj djrk gSA tSls & mRRkjh /kzqo & mRRkjh /kqzo & fod’kZu
Nk;k fn[kkbZ ns ldrh gS tehu inkZ ;k nhokj nks pqacd ds vleku /kqzo dks ikl ykus ij
ij vkd’kZ.k (Attraction) gksrk gSA
v/;k; & 14 tc ge ,d Liksd dks ysdj mls pacd ls
cYc tykvks txHkx& txHkx jxM+rs gS rks FkksM+h nsj ds fy, og Liksd Hkh
lsy ds nks fljs ¼/kzqo½gksrs gS pq a c d cu tk,xkA
1- /ku /kqzo ($) 2- _.k /kqzo (&) pqacd dks ihVdj ;k tehu ij iVd dj
lsy ds nksuksa fljks dks rkj ls lh/kk ugh tksM+uk mldh pqacdh; “kfDr [kRe dj ldrs gSA
pkfg, ugh arks lsYk feuVksa esa [kRe gks tk,xkA v/;k; & 16 ty
fctyh dk ifjiFk ty ds eq[; L=ksr gSA
lsy ds rkj esa rkj ls cYc esa vkSj fQj cYc esa dqvkW uy] pkikdy] ufn;kW] >jus] rkykc >hy
ls gksdj rkj ds gh tfj, lsy ds nwljs fljs bR;kfnA
rd /kkjk ds izokfgr gksus dk ,d iwjk pDdj i`Foh dk vf/kdka”k fgLlk leqnz rFkk egklkxjksa
dks ifjiFk ¼lfdZV½ dgrs gSA ls f?kjk gS A
ftl oLrq ;k inkFkZ dks chp esa tksM+us ls cYc i`Foh dk 2@3 Hkkx ty ls f?kjk gSA
tyrk gS mls fo/kqr pkyd (Conductor) dgrs i`Foh ij dqy ty dh ek=k dk 97-5 izfr”kr
gSA tSls & yksgs dh pkch] rkWck dk rkj] [kkjk ty gSA
bR;kfnA ihus ;qDr ehBk ty dsoy 2-5 izfr”kr gS mlesa
ftl oLrq dks lfdZV ds chp esa j[kus ls cYc Hkh ekuo ,oa tho &TkUrq ds fy, ehBs ikuh
ugh tyrk gS mls dqpkyd (Insulator) dgrs dsoy 0-006 izfr”kr gSA
gSA tSls & jcM+] IykfLVd ty dks xeZ djus ij ty dk Hkk’k ¼ok’Ik½ esa
fo/kqr /kkjk dk dqpkyd gksrk gS & gok cnyuk ok’iu dgykrk gSA
fo/kqr /kkjk ls cYc dk dqaMy bruk xeZ gks iqu% ok’Ik dk BaMk gksdj ty esa cnyuk la?kuu
tkrk gS fd mlesa ls jks”kuh fudyus yxrh gSA dgykrk gSA
cYc dk dqM a y VaxLVu dk cuk gksrk gSA ty ls ok’i cuuk] ok’i ls ckny cuuk rFkk
cYc dk vfo’dkj Thomas Alva Edison us o’kkZ ds #i esa ty dk tehu ij vkuk typdz
fd;k FkkA dgykrk gSA
,Mhlu vius iwjs thoudky esa ,d gtkj ls vf/kd ifRr;ksa ls fudyusokyh ok’i fd fdz;k dks
vfo’dkj fd,A ok’iksRltZu dgrs gSA
8 / 36
v/;k; & 17
ok;q
“olu ds fy, ok;q dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA
i`Foh ok;q dh ,d ijr ls f?kjh gqbZ gS bl ijr
dks ok;qeM a y dgrs gSA
ioZrjksgh mWps ioZrksa ij p<+rs le; vkWDlhtu
dk flysM a j vius lkFk ys tkrs gS D;ksfa d
Å¡pkbZ ij tkus ij vkWDlhtu dh ek=k de gks
tkrh gS] ok;q nkc Hkh de gks tkrk gSA
ok;q dbZ xSlksa dk feJ.k gS
vkWDlhtu¼21%½ $ ukbVªkstu¼78%½ $ ¼dkcZu
MkbvkWDlkbM $ /kqyd.k $ vU; xSl½¼1%½
vkx tyus esa vkWDlhtu enn djrk gS
ukbVªkstu dh ek=k ok;q dk yxHkx 4@5 okW
Hkkx gksrh gSA ¼78%½
pwuk ty esa QwWd ekjus ls nwf/k;k jax
dkcZuMkbvkDlkbM xSl dh otg ls gksrk gSA
ty esa ok;q ?kqyh gksrh gSA
v/;k; & 18
Bksl dpjk izca/ku
dpjk nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1 lM+us okyk 2 ugha lM+us okyk
gjs dwM+ns ku esa lM+us okyk
uhys dwM+ns ku esa ugh lM+us okys
iw.kZRk% xyus okyk dpjk ijofrZr gksdj [kkn
curk gS bls dEiksLRk [kkn dgrs gSA
iqu% pdz.k & ijkus csdkj phtksa dks fQj ls
bLRkseky ;qDr cukuk iqu% pdz.k dgykrk gSA
oehZ dEiksLV [kkn
ikS/kks vkSj tUrqvksa ds e`r “kjhj vkSj tSo
fo|Vh; inkFkksZ dk dsapq,W dh enn ls [kkn
cukuk oehZ dEiksLV dgykrk gSA
dPkuk izca/ku ds fy, refuse, reduce, recycle
,oa reuse dks viukuk pkfg,A
thod
thod egkRek cq) ds fpdRld FksA
thod ds ekrk dk uke lhykorh FkkA
thod us vk;qosZn dk v/;;u r{kf”kyk ls fd;k
fcafclkj dk bykt Hkh thod us fd;k FkkA
vkS’k/kh; fpfdRlk ds vykok thod “kY;
fpfdRlk ds Hkh Kkrk FksA bl otg ls mUgsa
dksekjHkPp Hkh dgk tkrk FkkA
9 / 36
B.P.S.C f”k{kd HkÙkhZ 2023
CTET ACADEMY (SCERT SHORT NOTES)
10 / 36
d{kk & 7 mnkgj.k & ?kkl& dhV & es<d + & lkWi &
v/;k; & 1 x:M+
ty vkSj taxy ?kkl & fgj.k & ck?k
lw{e tho (Micro Organism) tks ?kkl Qwl dks
fo”o ty fnol & 22 ekpZ
lM+kdj g;wel cukus esa lgk;d gksrs gS os
fo”o dh ,d frgkbZ ls vf/kd tula[;k dks vi?kVd dgykrs gSA
ty dh deh dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA tSls & cSDVSfj;k] dod bR;kfn
dqy ty dk ek=k 0-006 izfr”kr gh euq’; vi?kVu ,d jlk;fud fdz;k gS ftlesa m’ek
bLrseky dk gSA mRlftZr gksrh gSA
ty Bksl ds #i ¼cQZ½esa /kqzoksa ] cQZ ls <+ds ouksa esa xSl dk larqyu
ioZrksa vkSj fgeunksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA
gekjs okrkoj.k ds ok;q esa ty ok’i ds #i esa
mifLFkr jgrk gSA
ty ds rhuksa voLFkkvksa ds lr~r pdz.k nkjk
i`Fkoh ij ty dh dqy ek=k fLFkj cuh gSA
1-1-1 Hkwfexr ty ,d egRoiw.kZ L=ksr
ftl xgjkbZ ij pV~Vkuksa vFkok feV~Vh ds chp
lkjs ds lkjs fjDr LFkku ij ty Hkjk gksrk gS
mldh mijh ijr dks HkkSetyLrj dgrs gSA ou Hkw vijnu dks jksdrk gSSA
HkkSety dk L=ksr o’kkZ gS
Hkwfe ds vUnj ty ds fjlko dks vUr% L;anu v/;k; & 2
dgrs gSA tarqvksa esa iks’k.k
HkkSty ds HkaMkj dks tyHkj dgrs gSA lHkh tho izR;{k ;k vizR;{k #i ls Hkkstu ds
de o’kkZ ;k o’kkZ ty ds fjlko ds fy, fy, ikS/ks ij fuHkZj jgrk gS
miyC/k Hkwfe dh deh ls HkkSe ty Lrj esa Hkkstu xzg.k djus fd fof/k;kW & Nhyuk]
fxjkoV vkrh gSA pckuk] dqrjuk] cs?kuk] idM+uk fuxyuk pwluk]
m|ksxksa dh rsth ls o`f)] c<+rh tula[;k Liath vkfn
flapkbZ vko”;drk,W vkSj dqizca/ku ty dh deh ekuo esa ikpu
ds eq[; dkj.k gSA Hkks tu dk ikpu vkgj uky ¼Alimentary
fMªi flapkbZ ls [ksrksa esa gh jgh ijkaifjd flapkbZ canal ½ esa gkrk gSA
ls gks jgs ikuh cckZnh dks cpk;k tkrk gSA vkgkj uky dk fofHkUu Hkkx
taxy 1- eq[k xqfgdk (Mouth cavity)
2- xzkl uyh (Oeshophagus)
OkU; laink vkSj tho tUrqvksa dh lqj{kk ds fy, 3- vek”; (Stomach)
taxy dks vkjf{kr ?kksf’kr fd;k tk jgk gSA 4- NksVh vkar(small Intestine)
mnkgj.k & okYehfd jk’Vªh; m|ku ,oa vH;kju 5- cM+h vkar(Large Intestine)
¼if”pe pEikj.k½ & Vkbxj ds laj{k.k ds fy, 6- eyk”k; (Rectum)
cjsyk vH;kj.k; ¼oS”kkyh½ 7- xqnk ;k ey}kj(Anus)
Hkheca/k vH;kj.; ¼eqaxsj½ vkgkjuky ds bu Hkkxksa ds lkFk NksVh cM+h
xkSrecq) vH;kj.; ¼x;k½ xzafFk;kW tqM+h gksrh gS tSls & ykj xzaFkh ] ;d`r]
dSejw vH;kj.; ¼jksgrkl½ vXuk”; vkfn
fgeky; ds mWps igkM+ksa ij phM+ vkSj nsonkj ds ;s lHkh xzaFkh ikpd jlks (Digestive
o`{k feyrs gSA Enzyme)dk L=kzo djrh gSA
mÙkjh fcgkj ds pEikj.k {ks= esa pkSM+s iRrs okys ikpura= & vkgkjuky $ xzafFk
lky vkSj lkxoku ds isM+ feyrs gSA ekuo esa iks’k.k ds fofHkUu pj.k
xehZ T;knk iM+us okys fcgkj ds {ks= esa iyk”k 1- varxzZg.k & eq[k esa Hkkstu Mkyuk
ds isM+ feyrs gS ;s de ikuh esa Hkh jg ldrs 2- ikpu & Hkkstu ds tfVy vo;oksa ls mi;ksxh
gSA inkFkkZsa dk la”ys’k.kA
ou esa [kk| J`a[kyk 3- vo”kks’k.k & ifpr Hkkstu dk jlkaxqyksa }kjk xzg.k
ikS/ks dks [kkus okyk tho dks dksbZ nwljk tho ,oa jDr esa feyus dh izfdz;k
Hkkstu ds :i esa [kkrk gS A bls [kk| J`a[kyk 4- Lokaxhdj.k & o`f) ds fy, ifpr Hkkstu dk
dgrs gSA mi;skx
5- fu’dze.k & vifpr Hkkstu dk ey}kj }kjk
fu’dklu
11 / 36
eq[k ,oa eq[k xqfgdk ;g ikpd jl “ys’ek rFkk gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy
gekjs thoudky esa nkarks ds nks lsV fodflr lkzfor gksrk gSA
gksrs gSA Hkkstu ds lkFk vk;s thok.kq dks u’V djrk gS
izFke lsV (Primary teeth) nw/k ds nkar tks 8 rFkk ek/;e dks vEyh; cukrk gSA
o’kZ dh vk;q rd fxj tkrs gSA ikpd jl Hkkstu ds izksVhu Hkkx dsk vehuksa
nwljk lsV LFkk;h (Permanent Teeth) nkWr gksrs vEy tSls ljy inkFkksaZ esa rksM+ nsrs gSA
gSA ikpu ewyr% jklk;fud fdz;k gS u fd ;kaf=d
nkWr pkj izdkj ds gksrs gS euq’; esa
1 d`rd (Incisor) & dkVus dk dk;Z NksVh vkar
2 jnud (Canine) & QkM+us dk NksVh vkWr yxHkx 6&7 ehVj yach]
3 vxzpo.kZd (Premolar) & ihlus vkSj pckus dqMa fyr lajpkuk gSA
dk blessa ;d`r vXU;k’k; rFkk Lo;a ds Lkzko
4 po.kZ (Molar)& ihlus vkSj pckus dk dk;Z izkIr gksrs gSA
gekjs eq[k esa rhu tksM+h ykj xzfFk;ksa gksrh gS ;d`r ekuo “kjhj dh lcls cM+h xzafFk gS
ykj esa ikuh] you rFkk fpduk E;wdl gksrk ;g fiRr jl (Bile) lzkfor djrh gS tks
gSA firk”k; (Gall bladder) esa laxzfgr gksrh
ykj esa ,ekbyst bUtkbe mifLFkr gksrk gS tks gS
Hkkstu ds ikpu esa enn djrk gSA ;g olk dks ipkus esa enn djrh gSA
(Amylaze) eaM dks “kdZjk esa cny nsrk gSA vXU;k”k; ihys jax dh iRrs dh vkdjk dk
thHk eq[k ds vanj ,d is”kh; vax gSA cM+h xzaFkh gSA
thHk ij Lokn dfydk;s gksrk gS tks Lokn ysus ;g insulin dk lzko djrh gS tks sugar
es enn djrh gSA control esa enn djrh gS
blls fudyk jlk dkckZsgkbMsV] izksVhu vkSj
olk ij dke dj mls ljy #i nsrk gSA
NksVh vkWr dk ikpu jl vaf”kd #i ls
ipk Hkkstu dks iw.kZ #i ls ipk nsrk gS
Carbohydrate & Glucose
thHk lkQ] Li’V cksyus vkSj “kq) mPpkj.k Fats - olk vEy $ fXyljkWy
djus esa Hkh enn djrh gSA
Protein - vehuks vEy
nkWr ds mijh ijr dks bukesy dgrs gS tks
NksVh vkar ds vkarfjd Hkkx esa vWxy
s h
lcls etcwr gksrk gSA
leku vHkjh gqbZ lajpuk,W ips gq, Hkkstu
nkWr dk QewykZ & 2123 dk vo”kks’k.k djrh gS ftls nh/kZjke ;k
vk/ks tcM+s dk jlkaxsy (villi) dgrs gSA
thHk vxyk Hkkx & ehBk jlkaxqy vo”kks’k.k ds fy, ry {ks= c<+
ihNyk Hkkx & dM+ok nsrh gSA
ik”oZ Hkkx & dM+ok vkSj [kVVk
chp dk Hkkx & dksbZ Lokn ugh nsrk gS cM+h vkaWr
Hkkstu uyh @ xzkfldk (Oesophagus) cM+h vkWr dk O;kl pkSM+k gksrk gS blfy, bls
;g iryh yach uyh ekaly lajpuk gS tks cM+h vkWr dgrs gSA
vek”; dks eq[k xqfgdk dks tksM+rh gSA ;g 1-5 ehVj gksrh gS
dzekdqapu xfr (Peristaltic Movement) ds ;gkW cl ty vkSj dqN yo.kksa dk vo”kks’k.k
dkj.k [kkuk Hkktu uyh ls isV rd igqprk gSA gksrk gS
xzfldk esa ok;q vkSj Hkkstu ekxZ ,d gh gksrs gS ORS ?kksy nLr ds le; fn;k tkrk gS bls
ftUgs xydks’k (Phyrnx) ;k xzluh dgrs gSA thou j{kd ?ksy Hkh dgrs gSA
“okl uyh ds mij ,d ekaly lajpuk gksrh gS ORS – Oral Rehydration Solution
ftls bihxyksfVl dgrs gSA tks Hkkstu djus ?kkl pjus okys tUrqvksa esa ikpu
oDr “okl uyh dks can dj nsrh gSA
?kkl [kkus okys tUrqvksa esa lsywykst dk ikpu
vek”k; dqN thok.kq ds lgk;rk ls gksrk gS ;s thok.kq
#esu esa gksrs gSA
vkek”k; vkgkjuky dk lcls pkSM+k Hkkx gSA
;g piVh vkSj U vkdkj dk gksrk gSA NksVh vkWr vkSj cM+h vkWr ds chp FkSyhuqek
lajpuk dk va/kuky (Caecum) dgrs gSA
12 / 36
vehck ,d dksf”kdh; lq{e tho gS v/;k; & 4
blds dksf”kdk ds pkjksa vkSj dksf”kdk f>Yyh xfr ,oa le;
gksrh gS ftlds vanj dksf”kdk nzo Hkjk gksrk gS vkorZ xfr & ,d fuf”pr le; varjky ij
A dsUnzd ,o vusd /kkfu;kW gksrh gSA viuh iwoZ xfr dks nksgjkukA
bldh iko d`f=e iko gS tks tSls & yksyd dh xfr
(pseudopodia)dgykrs gSA vkorZ dky & yksyd }kjk ,d <ksyu esa yxk
;s ,d ls nks gksus ds fy, [kqn dk gh foHkktu dky
djrs gSA vkorZ xfr dk mi;ksx le; ekiu ds fy,
gksrk gSA
v/;k; & 3
le; dk ek=d & lds.M
m’ek fdlh oLrq }kjk bZdkbZ le; esa r; dh xbZ
rki FkEkkZehVj ls ekirs gSA nwjh dks ml oLrq dk pky dgrs gSA
MkWDVjh FkekZehVj esa ikjk nzo ds #i esa Hkjk pky & nwjh@le;
gksrk gSA vkSlr pky & dqy nwjh @ dqy le;
rkieku dks lsfyl;l ;k QkjsngkbV esa ekik LihMksehVj & xfr”khy oLrq dh xfr ekirk gSA
tkrk gSA vkWMksehVj & xfr”khy oLrq dh nwjh ekirk gSA
MkWDVjh FkekZehVj esa ge 35 ls rd eki ldrs
gSA
v/;k; & 5
940F – 1080F inkFkZ esa jlk;fud ifjorZu
iz;ksx”kkyk rkiekih dk ifjlj 100c – 1100c uhyk FkksFkk & dkWij lYQsV (CuSO4)
gksrk gS blls fdlh oLrq dk rki ekik tkrk xa/kkdkEy & lYQwfjd vEy (H2SO4)
gSA [kkus okyk lksMk& lksfM;e ckbZ dkcksZusV
m’ek dk LFkkukarj.k xehZ oLrq ls BaMk oLrq dh (NaHCO3)
vksj gksrk gSA (FeSO4)& vk;ju lYQsV ¼gjk jax½
m’ek lapju dk rhu fof/k;ks gS& uhcw ds jl esa lkbfVªd vEy gksrk gSA
pkyu & m’ek dk lajpuk ,d d.k ls nwljs CO2 dh [kkst pkjdksy dks tykdj 1630 esa
d.k ds vkil esa laidZ ls vkx c<+rh gSA tSls tkWu gsyeksV us fd;k FkkA
& Bksl /kkrq vkSj ikjk 1756 esa tkslQs CySd CO2 dk v/;;u fd;sA
laogu & m’ek oLrq ds ,d fgLls ls nwljs ;ksxnku & pwus ty esa CO2 dks izokfgr djus
fgLls esa xeZ d.kkas ds Loa; LFkkukarj.k ls gksrh ls pwus dk tyh; foy;u nwf/k;k gks tkrk gSA
gA tSls & ikjk dks NksM+dj lHkh xSl ,oa nzo vkWDlhtu dh [kkst tkslQ s fiLVys us fd;k
fofdj.k & ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd fcuk FkkA
fdlh ek/;e }kjk xeZ iz;ksx & tyrh eksecRrh dks tkj ls <+d dj
ftlls m’ek dk LFkkukarj.k gksrk gS og m’ek iz;ksx fd;k FkkA
pkyd gSA TkSls &yksSgk ] rkack] ,yweqfu;e vkx dk tyuk vkWDlhtu dh mifLFkfr esa gh
uksV & ty rFkk ok;q m’ek dh dqpkyd gSA ;s gksxkA
laogu fof/k }kjk gh xeZ gksrs gSA vo{ksi (Precipitate) & tc nks fofy;u feyrs
leqnzhlehj & laogu }kjk fnu esa leqnz dh gS rks vfHkfdz;k ds ckn Bksl inkFkZ ds #e esa
BaMh gok rVh; {ks=ksa dh vksj cgrh gS mls u, inkFkZ curs gS] ftls vo{ksi dgrs gSA
leqnzh lehj dgrs gSA ;g izfdz;k vo{ksiu dgykrh gSaA
Fky lehj & laogu }kjk rVh; {ks= ls BaMh
jklk;fud ifjorZu & og ifjorZu ftlesa ,d
gok jkr esa leqnz rVh; {ks= ls BaMh gok jkr esa
;k ,d ls vf/kd u, inkFkZ curs gSA
leqnz dh vksj cgrh gS ftls Fky lehj dgrs
gSA izR;sd ubZ pht dk [kkst jklk;fud ifjorZu
xehZ esa lQsn vkSj gYds oL= iguuk pkfg, ls gqqvk gSA
D;ksfa d lQsn jax m’ek dks ifjofRkZr djrk gS A tSls & vkS’kf/k dk cuuk ] IykfLVd dk cuuk]
BaMh esa dkyk vkSj xgjs jax ds oL= iguuk iVk[ks dh foLQksV
pkfg, dkyk jax m’ekdks vo”kksf’kr djrk gSA HkkSfrd ifjorZu & ,sls ifjoRkZu ftlesa ifjorZu
lfnZ;ksa esa muh diM+k igukuk pkfg, D;ksfa d ds ckn iqu% viuh fLFkfr esa okil vkus dk xq.k
Åu m’ek jks/kh gS A j[krk gksA
13 / 36
ykssgs esa tax yxus ds fy, vkWDlhtu vkSj ty Loiks’kh (Autotrops) & tks viuk Hkkstu Lo;a
nksuksa dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA cuk, & isM+ ikS/ks
uksV & yksgs dks tax ls cpkus ds fy, yksgs ij ijiks’kh (Hetrotrops) & tks viuk Hkkstu gsrq
ftad dh ijr p<+kus dh izfdz;k ;”kn ysiu nwljs ij fuHkZj gks euq’;
(Galvanization) dgykrk gSA vejcsy ds o`{k esa u gh iRrs gksrs gS u gh
LVsuysl LVhy esa tax ugh yxrk gS & yksgk $ DyksjksfQy ;g viuh Hkkstu gsrq nwljs ij fuHkZj
dkcZu $ dzksfe;e$ fudsy $ eSaxuht jgrs gSA
leqnz rV ds fudV ds yksgs esa tYnh tax vejcsy viuk Hkkstu mlh ikS/ks ls izkIr djrk
yxrh gS D;ksfa d yo.k ;qDr ty ls tax yxus gS ftlls og fyIVk jgrk gSA
dh izfdz;k c<+ tkrh gSA dSDVl ¼ukxQuh½ esa izdk”k la”ys’ku rus ds
iksVsf”k;e ijeSxusV dks xeZ djus ij vkWDlhtu ek/;e ls gksrk gSA
xSl dh izkfIr gksrh gSA ftl ikS/ks ds ifr;kW yky ;k Hkwjs jax dh gksrh
gS og Hkh izdk”k la”ys’k.k djrh gS cl gjk jax
KMnO4 __Heat___ O2 + Other products nwljs jax ds dkj.k fNi tkrk gSA
v/;k; & 6 dsoy ihys /Ccs okys ifRr;ksa ds ihys Hkkx esa
ikS/kk esa iks’k.k DykjksfQy ugha gksrk gSA
ikS/ks viuk Hkkstu izdk”k la”ys’k.k dh lgk;rk ikS/ks esa izksVhu ds la”kys’k.k esa ukbVªksTku dk
ls Lo;a cukrs gSA iz;ksx lh/kk djus esa vl{ke gksrk gSA
CO2 + H20 Sunlight chlorophyll ?kVi.khZ ¼ Pitcher Plants½
Glucose + 02 + H20 ;g ,d dhV Hk{kh ikS/kk gS
izdk”k la”ys’k.k ds fy, vko”;d gS blesa ?kM+s tSlh jpuk ikbZ tkrh gS ftlesa
CO2 ikpd jl gksrk gS ftlls ;g dhVksa dk ikpu
ty djrk gS
DyksjksfQy mnkgj.k & foulQykbZ Vªsi] lsM a ª;w
lw;Z dk izdk”k e`rksiftoh
xYkwdkst
tks ejs] ljs xys thoksa ls gh Hkkstu xzg.k djrs
bldk mi;ksx ikS/ks dh dksf”kdk ;k rks rqjra gSA
djrk gS ;k og v/kqyu”khy ean ¼LVkpZ½ ds #i
tSls & ¼ mushroom½
esa laxzkfgr gks tkrk gS
dod esa DyksjksfQy mifLFkr ugh jgrk gS
dqN olk vkSj izksVhu ds la”ys’k.k esa Hkh dke
vkrk gSA dod ue ,oa m’.k okys LFkku ij mxrs gS
dod tfurfcekjh & [kqtyh] fnuk;] flnqyh]
vkWDlhtu vkyw dk >wylk jksx /kku dk ifRr dk fprsnkj
ifRr;kas ls ja/kzks ds ek/;e ls ok;qeMa y esa igqWp jksx
tkrk gSA dqN e”k#e [kkus ds dke vkrk gSA
euq’; viuk Hkkstu gsrq isM+ ikS/ks ij fuHkZj gksrk lgthoh ikS/ks & tc nks ikS/ks ;k tho/kkjh lkFk
gSA lkFk jgrs gS vkSj ,d nwljs dks ykHk igqWpkrs
ikS/ks dk gjk jax ikS/ks esa mifLFkfr gjs o.kZd ds gSA
dkj.k gksrk gS ftls DyksjksfQy ¼i.kZ gfjr½ tSls &ykbdsu ¼dod $ “kSoky ½
dgrs gSA jkbtksfo;e uked thok.kq nyh; ikS/ks dh tM+ks
ikS/ks lw;Z dh mtkZ dk laxzg DyksjksfQy iRrh esa ik;k tkrk gSaA
dh lgk;rk ls djrk gsA ;s ikS/ks dks ukbVªkstu ysus esa enn djrk gS
DyksjksfQy ds dsUnz esa eSxzhf”k;e /kkrq gksrk gSA txnh”k panzolq & dzs”kxksxzkQ dk vfo’dkj &
DyksjksfQy izdk”k esa cSxuh yky vkSj uhyk jax ok;jysl lapkj dh [kkst
dks xzg.k djrk gSA
izdk”k la”ys’k.k dh fdz;k vkWDlhdj.k vkSj v/;k; & 7
vodj.k nksuksa izdkj dh vfHkfdz;k gSA gok] vkWa/kh] rwQku
ok;qeaMy esa vkDlhtu dk larqyu izdk”k ok;q gekjs pkjks vksj gS
la”ys’k.k izfdz;k }kjk gh cuk jgrk gSA gok & xfr”khy ok;q] gok dgykrh gS
ok;q nkc Mkyrh gS
14 / 36
ok;q ds Hkkj ds dkj.k i`Foh ij tks nckc iM+rh eksVh peM+h gksrh gSA
gS mls ok;q nkc dgrs gSA ;g rSj Hkh ldrk gSA
isM+ dh ifRr;kW Hkh ok;q nkc ds dkj.k fgyrh lkbcsfj;u dzsu & lkbcsfj;u dzu lkbcsfj;k ls
gSA izokl gsrq Hkkjr ds jktLFkku ,oa gfj;k.kk ds
ok;q xeZ gkus ij QSyrh gS BaMk gksus ij lqYrkuiqj esa lfnZ;ksa esa vkrk gSA
fldqM+rh gSA guqekuk canj
gok dk osx c<+us ls ok;q nkc ?kVrk gSA Hkkjrh; canjksa esa lcls vf/kd ik;k tkrk gSA
?kVuk & ok;q;ku dk mM+uk ;g o’kkZ cu esa jg ldrk gSA
rst gok esa NIij dk mM+uk ;g dU;kdqekjh ls fgeky; ds foothill rd
vkSj jktLFkku esa ik;k tkrk gSA
vka/kh & dkQh rst pyus okyh gok vkW/kh ;g Vksfy;ksa esa jgrk gSA
dgykrh gSA
m’.k dfVca/kh; tho & ,f”k;kbZ gkFkh] guqeku
pdzokr yaxwj
pdzokr tc LFky dh vksj cgrh gS rks rVh;
{ks=ksa esa vka/kh ds lkFk ckfj”k gksrh gSA v/;k; & 9
pdzokr dks mRrjh vesfjdk esa gfjdsu vkSj iwoZ xans ty dk fuiVkjk
,f”k;k esa Vk;QwV dgrs gSA vif”k’V ty & >kx ls Hkjiwj] rsy fefJr
dkys Hkwjs jax dk ty tks dbZ LFkkuksa ls ukfy;ksa
v/;k; & 8 esa tkrk gS og vif”k’V ty dgykrk gSA
tyok;q vkSj vuqdwyu bles ?kqys gq, vkSj fuyafcr d.k gksrs gSA
tyok;q & fdlh bykds dk fdlh ,d rjg dk vkSlr blesa /kqys gq, vkSj fuyafcr d.k gksrs gSaA
ekSle vxj yacs le; ls cuk jgrk gS rks mls bykds dk ofgr ey ,d tfVy feJ.k gksrk gS ftlesa
tyok;q dgrs gSA fuyafcr d.k]Bksl dkcZfud vkSj vdkcZfud
Hkkjr dh tyok;q m’.kdfVca/kh; gS ¼xeZ vkSj v”kqf+);ksa iks’kd rRo e`rthoh jksx okgd
ue½ thok.kq vU; lw{e tho gksrs gSA
Hkkjr esa 4 _rq gS dkcZfud v”kqfn;ksa & ekuo ey ew= tSfod
“khr +_rq ¼tuojh&Qjojh½ vif”k’V inkFkZ rsy Qy vkSj lCth dk dpjk
xzh’e _rq ¼ekpZ&ebZ½ bR;kfnA
o’kkZ _rq ¼tuojh & flracj½ vdkcZfud v”kqf);ksa & ukbVªsV] QkLQsV /kkrq
ekSle i{kkr _rq ¼vDVqcj & fnlacj½ vkfnA
Hkkjr dh t;ok;q ij nks izdkj dh ekulwu dk thok.kq & gStk vkSj VkbQkbM vkfn jksx
izHkko iM+rk gSA mRiUu djus okykA
1 mRrj iwohZ ekulwu ¼”khr ekulwu½ vU; lw{etho & isfp”k vkfn jksx mRiUu djus
2 nf{k.kh if”peh ekulwu ¼xzh’e ekulwu½ okysA
nf{k.k if”peh ekulwu lcls igys dsjy jkT; 22 ekpZ & fo”o ty fnol & la;qDr jk’Vª
ls Vdjkrh gSA la?k us 2005&15 rd dh vof/k dks thou ds
mWV dks jsfxLrku dk tgkt dgk tkrk gSA fy, ty dks varjk’Vªh; n”kd ds #i esa ?kksf’kr
/kzoh; Hkkyw & ;g mRrjh /kqzo vkSj nf{k.kh /kqzo fd;k gSA
ds fudV okys {ks= esa feyrk gSA
tSls& dukMk] xzhuySaM] fLoMu] fQuySaM
bldh “kjhj ij ckyksa dh eksVh ijr gksrh gSA
bldh Ropk ds uhps olk dh ,d ijr gksrh
gSA
blesa laq?kus dh “kfDr rst gksrh gSA
/kqzoh; izn”s kksa esa rkieku 37 jgrk gSA
/kqzoh; izn”s kksa esa 6 ekg jkr vkSj 6 ekg fnu
gksrk gSA
/kqzoh; {ks=ksa esa ik;s tkus okys tho & dLrwjh
e`x]isxa qbu] /kqzoh; Hkkyw
isx a qbu & ;g /kqzoh; {ks= esa ik, tkrs gSA
15 / 36
ekuo ey fuiVkjk dh oSdfYid O;oLFkk & lsfIVd VSad ] eksckby “kkSpky;] dEiksfLVax ihV
bu “kkSpk;y;ksa ls ey can ukfy;k gksrs gq, ck;ksxSl la;a= esa pyk tkrk gSA
ck;ksxSl dk mi;ksx Hkkstu cukus vkSj jks”kuh djus esa mi;ksx vkrk gSA
vif”k’V ty mipkj la;a= ls nwf’kr ty dks mipkfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
fo”o dk igyk ty fudklh gsrq ukfy;ksa dk fodk”k fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk esa fd xbZ FkhA
v/;k; & 10
fo/kqr /kkjk vkSj blds izHkko
fo/kqr lsy ds izrhd esa yach js[kk /ku VfeZuy rFkk NksVh ,oa eksVh js[kk _.k VfeZuy dks fu#fir djrs gSA
fo/kqr /kkjk dk m’eh; izHkko & fdlh fo/kqr pkyd inkFkZ esa tc fo/kqr /kkjk izokfgr dh tkrh gS rks og
xeZ gks tkrh gS mls fo/kqr /kkjk dk m’eh; izHkko dgrs gSA
[kkst & fdzlph;u vkWLVd
mi;ksx
[kkuk cukus dk ghVj
ikuh xeZ djus ds ghVj esa
fo/kqr vi|Vu
xhtj esa
fo/kqr dsryh
gs;j Mk;j
#e fgVj
16 / 36
fdlh rkj }kjk mRiUu m’ek dk ifjek.k ml rkj ds inkFkZ dh yackbZ vkSj eksVkbZ ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
fo/kqr ¶;wt & xyukad de] izfrjks/k T;knk & ;g ,d lqj{kk ;qDr gS tks fo/kqr ifjiFk dks {kfr rFkk “kkVZ
lfdZV ds dkj.k yxus okyh vkx ls lqj{kk iznku djrk gSA
vktdy ¶;wt rkj dh txg MCB yxk, tkrs gSA
MCB – Miniature Circuit Braker
CFL – Compact Florecent Lamp
CFL esa QkLQksjl dh dksfVax okyh iryh V;wc gksrh gS ;g m’ek de mRlftZRk djrh gSA
fo/kqr /kkjk dk pqacdh; izHkko & tc fdlh pkyd ls fo/kqr /kkjk izokfgr dh tkrh gS rc pkyd ds pkjks
vksj pqacdh; {ks= mRiUu gksrk gS bls fo/kqr /kkjk dk pqcadh; izHkko dgrs gSA
[kkst & fdzlph;u vkWLVMZ
mi;ksx & fo/kqr /kaVh] fo/kqr eksVj ] VsfyQksu
v/;k; &11
js”ke ls oL= rd
Åu izfIr ds L=ksr & HksM+] igkM+h cdjh mWV] ;kd] ykek ] vYisdk
vaxksjk UkLy cdjh dk gSA
Åu dh izkfIr gksrh gS
;g tEew d”ehj ds igkM+h bykds esa ik;k tkrk gSA
i”ehuk “kkWy bUgh ds Åu ls cuk;k tkrk gS
;kd dh mu frCcr vkSj y|k[k esa izpfyr gSA
tks js”kk tarqvks ls izkIr gksrk gS mls tkaro js”kk dgrs gSA
tSls & Åu vkSj js”ke
muh diM+k m’ekjks/kh dk dke djrk gSA
v/;k; & 12
vEy] {kkj vkSj yo.k
vEy Lokn esa [kV~Vk vkSj {kkj Lokn esa dM+ok gksrk gSA
uhcwa ds jl tSlk ijh{k.k nsuos kyk inkFkZ vEyh; dgykrk gSA
lkcqu ds fofy;u tSlk ijh{k.k nsuos kyk inkFkZ {kkj dgykrk gSA
lwpd (Indicator) & os inkFkZ ftlds }kjk vEy vkSj {kkjh; gksus ds tkap djrs gS lwpd dgykrs gSA
mnkgj.k & gYnh] fyVel ] xqykc dh ia[kqM+h xqygj
fyVel
;g ,d izkd`frd lwpd gSA
;g ykbdsu ls cuk gksrk gSA
;g dod vkSj “kSoky ds lgthoh la?k gSA
uhacw dk jl mM+gqy ds jax dks xgjk xqykch ¼eStsaVk½ dj nsrk gSA
17 / 36
lkcqu dk fofy;u gYnh dks yky dj nsrk gS vkSj vM+gqy dks gjk dj nsrk gSA
vEy uhys fyVel dks yky dj nsrk gSA
vEy yky fyVel ij dksbZ izHkko ugha Mkyrk gSA
og fofy;u ] ftldk uhyk vkSj yky fyVel isij ij dksbZ izHkko ugh iM+rk gS mls mnklhu foy;u
dgrs gSaA
mnklhu foy;u & vEy $ {kkj
& mnkfLkdj.k
vEy $ {kkj & Yko.k $ ty $m’ek
HCL NaOH Nacl H20 Heat
phaVh ds dkVus ij Ropk esa QkfeZd vEy ¼ CH202½ tkrk gS ftlls tyu jksxh gSA
feV~Vh dh vEyh;rk dks nwj djus ds fy, feV~Vh esa Ca0 ;k CaOH tSls {kkj dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
feV~Vh dh {kkjh;rk nwj djus ds fy, feV~Vh esa tSo inkFkZ feyk;k tkrk gSA
nkWrks dk {k; vEy ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
vEy o’kkZ Hkou] ,sfrgkfld bekjr ikS/ks] tarq dks {kfr igqWpkrh gSA
dkcZu] ukbVªksTku vkSj lYQj ds MkbvkDlkbM xSl o’kkZ ty esa /kqydj dze”k dkcZfud vEy] ukbfVªd vEy
vkSj lY;wQ;wfjd vEy cukrh gS tks vEy o’kkZ ds #i esa i``Foh ij vkrs gSA
v/;k; & 13
feV~Vh
feV~Vh dk fuekZ.k & iou ty vkSj tyok;q dh fdz;k ls pV~Vkuksa esa ¼vi{k;½ VwVus QwVus ls feV~Vh curk
gSA
gwel & feV~Vh ess mifLFkr lM+s xys tSo inkFkZ dks gwel dgrs gSA
feV`Vh dk izdkj mueas ik, tkus okys pV~Vkuksa ds d.k d vk/kkj ij
18 / 36
2 fpduh feV~Vh lkWl ysuk ;k NksM+uk “olu dh izfdz;k ugh gSA
o bl feV~Vh esa lw{e d.kksa dk vuqikr T;knk “olu ds nkSjku jlk;fud vfHkfdz;k
gksrk gSA C6H1206 + 602 ------- 6C02 + 6H20 +
o bles ueh T;knk nsj rd cuh jgrh gS
Energy
o f[kykSuk ] crZu vkfn cukus esa dke vkrs gSA
“olu dh fdz;k vkWDlhtu dh mifLFkfr rFkk
3 nkseV fEkV~Vh vuqifLFkfr nksuksa esa gksrk gSA
o blesa NksVs d.k vkSj cM+s d.kksa dk vuqikr vkWDlh “olu & tc “olu dh fdz;k esa
yxHkx leku gksrk gSA Xkysdkst dk vi?kVu vkWDlhtu ds mifLFkfr
o blesa gwel vPNh gksrh gSA fpduh ls de esa gksrk gS mls vkWDlh “olu ds mifLFkfr esa
o [ksrh ds fy, vPNh feV~Vh gksrk gS
o ty/kkj.k {kerk vPNh gksrh gSA fpduh ls de bl izdkj dk “olu mPp oxhZ; ikS/ks rFkk
fpduh feV~Vh vkSj nkseV feV~Vh esa mxus okys tarqvks esa gksrk gSA
ikS/ks & nksuksa esa ty/kkj.k {kerk T;knk TkSls & vkWukDlh “olu & ;g “olu vkADlhtu dh
xsgWw] eDdk] puk] /kku vuqifLFkfr esa gksrk gSA
vkn”kZ feV~Vh& tSo inkFkZ ls le`) gks ] vPNh xqydkst & bFkkby vYdksgy $ mtkZ
ty/kkj.k {kerk gSA fd.ou & vkWDlhtu dh vuqifLFkfr esa Xywdkst
nkseV vkSj ckyw feV~Vh esa mxus okys ikS/s & dk vYdksgy esa fo|Vu fd.ou dgykrk gSA
tSls & vjgj] elwj] vU; nky] vkyw bl izdkj dk “olu eq[;r% ls{ehto tSls
vijnu & iou] ikuh vFkok cQZ }kjk feV~Vh &,aV vehck] xksy d`fe rFkk cSDVsfj;k vkfnA
dh mijh lrg dk ?kVuk vijnu dgykrk gSA ;hLV
isM+ ikS/ks e`nk vijnu dks jksdrk gSA ,d dksf”kdh; lw{etho gSA
blesa vukDlh “kolu gksrh gS vkSj bFkkby
v/;k; & 14 vYdksgy curk gSA
mi;ksx & vaxzth “kjkc] ikojksVh foLdqV m|ksx
ikS/kksa es laogu mrd
ekuo esa “olu
ewy jkse & ikS/kks ds tM+ksa esa /kkxs tSlh lajpuk uklk}kj$ QsQM+k $ Mk;Qzke &
gksrh gS ftls ewy jkse dgrs gSA
Mk;Qkzke& o`{k xqgk dks vk/kkj iznku djrh gS
;g e`nk ls ty vkSj [kfut yo.k dk
vo”kks’k.k djrh gS vkSj vo”kksf’kr ty dks var% “olu ds nkSjku Mk;Qzke uhps pyk tkrk
ifR;ksa rd igqWpkrk gSA gS ilfy;ka mij vkSj ckgj dh vkSj xfr
djrk gS ftlls o{k xqgk dk vk;ru c<+ tkrk
laogu & ty [kfut yo.k ,oa Hkkstu dk gS vkSj ok;q QsQM+k esa izos”k dj tkrk gSA
ikS/kk ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa rd igqWpuk laogu
dgykrk gSA mPN “olu ds nkSjku Mk;Qzke viuh iwoZ
fLFkfr esa vk tkrk gS ilfy;ka fups dh vksj vk
ikS/kks esa laogu mÙkd tkrk gS vkSj o`{k xqgk fldqM+rk gS ftlls ok;q
1 tkbye & ty vkSj [kfut yo.k dk laogu QsQM+k ls ckgj vk tkrk gSA
2 Qyks,e & Hkkstu dk laogu
O2 jDr dh enn ls dksf”kdkvksa rd igWprk
ok’iksRltZu & ikS/kks esa ty tyok’i ds #i esa gSA
fudyuk ok’iksRltZu dgykrk gSA
rkieku c<+us ls ;s rst gks tkrh gSA O2 dk ogu yky jDr dksf”kdk esa ik;k tkus
fnu esa c<+ tkrk gS vkSj jkr esa ?kV tkrk gSA okyk gheksXyksfcu ds }kjk gksrk gSA
gok rst gksus ls c<+ tkrh gSA fofHkUu tarqvks esa “olu vax
vknzrk c<+us ls ?kV tkrh gSA vehck & “kjhj dh lrg }kjk
ok’iksRltZu ifRR;ksa ds ja/kzks ls gksrh gSA ikjkehfl;e & “kjhj dh lrg ;k Ropk }kjk
dhV & Vªsfd;k }kjk
v/;k; & 15 thok.kq & ehf”kkslkse }kjk
thoksa esa “olu ljhl`i & QsQM+k }kjk
var% “olu & vkWDlhtu ;qDr gok “kjhj ds vanj ys i{kh & QsQM+k }kjk
tkus dh fdz;k var% “olu dgykrh gSA Lru/kkjh & QsQM+k }kjk
izdk”kla”ys’k.k fdz;k ds QyLo#i tks eNyh & xYkQjk }kjk
vkWDlhtu eqDr gksrk gS mldk mi;ksx lHkh es<d+ & Ropk] QsQM+k }kjk
tho djrs gSaA frypV~Vk & “okl ja/kz ¼”kjhj ij fNnz½
vkSj tUrvksa }kjk NksMs+ x;ks CO2 dks isM+ ikS/sk
izdk”kla”ys’k.k ds fy, bLrseky djrs gSA
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ikS/kk esa “olu & ikS/kk lkWl ysus ds fy, ysal mi;ksx & Pk”ek] nwjchu] dSejk] vkfnA
ifRr;ksa esa ik, tkus okys stomata¼ja/kz½ ls vory ysal& og YkSal tks fdukjksa dh vis{kk
vkWDlhtu vkSj CO2 xSlks dk fofue; djrh chp esa irys izrhr gksrk gS vory ysal
gSA dgykrs gSA
jkf= esa tc izdk”k la”kys’k.k dh fdz;k ugh izfrfcac & ges”kk lh/kk] vkHkklh oLrq ls NksVk
gksrh gS rks vkWDlhtu dh ek=k okrkoj.k esa mÙky ySal ¼vko/kZd ySal½ & og ySal tks
de gks tkrh gS ftlds dkj.k o`{kks ds uhps fdukjksa dh vis{kk chp esa eksVs izrhr gksrs gS og
lkal ysus esa dBukbZ vkSj xehZ yxrh gSA mÙky ysl a dgykrs gSA
v/;k; & 16 izfrfcac & okLrfod vkSj mYVk
izdk”k lw;Z dk izdk”k fofHkUu jaxks dk feJ.k gSA
izdk”k lh/kk js[kk esa xeu djrh gSA bUnz/kuq’k vkdk”k esa lw;Z ds foijhr fn”kk esa
ppkZ & Optica book (300 bc) jpuk & fudyrk gSA
;wfdYM
White light lkr jaxks ls feydj cuk gSA
izdk”k dk ijkorZu & pednkj lrg }kjk
izdk”k dh fn”kk esa cnyko izdk”k dk ijkorZu v/;k; & 17
dgykrk gSA ikS/kksa esa iztuu
dksbZ Hkh ikWfy”k fd;k gqvk vFkok pednkj tuu& tudks }kjk vius tSls larfr mRiUUk
lrg niZu dh HkkWfr dk;Z djrk gSA djuk tuu dgykrk gSA
okLrfod izfrfcac& ftls insZ ij izkIr fd;k tk ikS/kksa dk tuu Hkkx & tM+ ruk iRrh dyh $
ldsA cht
dkYifud izfrfcac & ftls insZ ij izkIr ugh nks izdkj ds tuu
fd;k tk ldsA
vYkSfxd tuu
lery niZ.k & izfrfcac & lh/kk vkHkklh ]
oLrq ds cjkcj vkdkj] ik”oZ mYVk tM+] ruk] iRrh dyh }kjk u, ikS/ks dk tUe
lery niZ.k esa niZ.k ls oLrq dh nwjh vkSj tSls & xqykc] lgtu]equxk] uhacw ;k ve#n
izfrfcac dh nwjh leku gksrh gSA dk dye] euh IykaV] vkyw] xUuk gYnh] vnjd
xksyh; niZ.k czk;ksQkbZye dh ifRr;ksa esa mifLFkr dyh ls
tgkW ls izdk”k Vdjkus ds ckn ijkofrZr gks mls u, ikS/ks dk TkUe
ijkorZd lrg dgrs gSA ySafxd blesa cht }kjk u, ikS/ks dk tUe
eqdqyu
yeast vkSj hydra esa eqdqyu gkrk gSA
dksf”kdk esa NksVh NksVh cYc tSlh jpuk gksrh gS
tks eqdqy dgykrh gS eqdqy fodflr gksdj
vory (Concave) mÙky (Convex) vyx ubZ dksf”kdk cuk ysrh gSA
ftl niZ.k dk ckgjh ftl xksyh; niZ.k dh
lrg dykbZ fd;k gks Hkhrjh lrg dykbZ ys;fjax
mls vory niZ.k dgrs fd;k gks vkSj ckgjh ikS/ks ds fdlh “kk[kk dks feV~Vh esa nck fn;k
gSA lrg pedhyk gks mls tkrk gS vkSj ogkW feV~Vh dks ue j[kk tkrk
mi;ksx mÙky niZ.k dgrs gSA gSA15 & 20 fnu ckn ogkW ls tM+s fudyrh gS
nk<h cukus esa fQj mldks dkV ds u;k ikS/kk cuk;k tkrk gSA
Dental doctor use Side mirror ds #i esa [kaMu & blds }kjk ufn;ksa ;k rkykc ds
Headlight of vechile fdukjs gjs jax dh lajpuk “kSoky gksrh gS ;g
Solar cooker izfrfcac [kaMu }kjk o`f) djrk gSA
izfrfcac oLrq ls NksVk fotk.kq fuekZ.k & dod ds chtk.kq gYdk gksrs
Real image vkHkklh gS vkSj ;g gok esa rSjrs jgrs gS ftlds dkj.k
oLrq ls cM+k] NksVk vkSj ges”kk ihNs] lh/ks u, u, dod mxrs gksrs gSA
lkeku vkdkj /kqzo vkSj Qksdl ds
ySafxd tuu & blesa cht }kjk ikS/ks dk TkUe
oLrq ds txg ij djrk chp
gksrk gSA
gS
uj ,oa eknk ;aXeu ds feyus ls dk fuekZ.k
gksrk gS
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ijkxd.k (Pollen gran) ekid ;a= (Stethoscope)
fu’kspu & uj ,oa eknk ;qXekdks dk feyuk jDr ifjlapj.k dh [kkst & foy;e gkosZ us
ySfxd tuu & fu’kspu ds ckn chtkaM ls cht fd;k Fkk ¼1978&1657½
,oa vaMk”k; ls Qy curs gSA fu/ku & 3 twu 1657
Qy ,d ifjiDd vaMk”k; gSA tarq esa mRltZu & mRltZu vax & QsQM+k]
chtks dk ijdh.kZu & chtksa dk ,d txg ls ;d`r] xqnkZ] ew= uyh] Ropkk
nwljs txg tkuk LFkkukarj.k chtksa dk izdh.kZu euq’; esa “olu ds nkSjku vif”k’V inkFkZ C02
dgykrk gSA fudyrk gSA
ty }kj] ok;q}kjk] i{kh }kjk ikpu ds nkSjku vikfpr Hkkstu vif”k’V inkFkZ
v/;k; & 18 ds #i esa fudyrk gSA
tarqvks esa jDr ifjlapj.k vkSj mRltZu xqnkZ & jDr dks Nkudj ;wfj;k ukbVªkstu
“olu fdz;k esa fufeZr vif”k’V inkFkZ C02 ;qDrA fo’kSyk inkFkZ dk mRltZu djrk gSA
QsQM+k rd igqWpdj mPpN “olu ds le; vkd`fr & lse ds cht tSlk
ckgj fudyrk gS A;g dk;Z jDr ifjlapj.k izfrfnu 1100&2000 yhVj jDr Nkurk gSA
djrk gSA
euq’; esa jDr 5&6 yhVj gksrk gSA
foJke voLFkk esa fdlh LoLFk O;fDr dh ukM+h
lainu 72&80 izfr feuV gksrh gSA ewy & 95 ty$ 2-5 ;wfj;k vkSj 2-5
Mk;fyfll & d`f=e o`Dd & o`Dd [kjkc gksus
g`n; ij ;k pksV yxus ij ;g fuf’dz; gks tkrk gS
g`n; o{k xqgk esa fLFkr gksrk gSA rks Mk;fyll e”khu }kjk cYM dks Nkuus dk
dke fd;k tkrk gSA
vkdkj & eqÍh ds vkdkj cjkcj
Ropk dh fupyh ijr ij Js`r xzafFk;ksa ikbZ tkrh
4 d{kk esa foHkDr gksrk gSA gS ftlls gesa ilhuk fudyrk gSA
mij ds 2 d{k & vkfyan & n;k] vkfyan vkSj ck;ka ilhus esa ty vkSj yo.k gksrs gS blfy, xfeZ;ksa
vkfyn esa ilhus ls diM+s ij lQsn /kCcs fn[kkbZ nsrh
uhps ds 2 d{k & fuy& nk;k fuy;] vkSj ck;k gSA
fuy;
“olu fdz;k gsrq gekjs “kjhj esa nks ize[q k
okfgdk ikbZ tkrh gS ftls /keuh vkSj f”kjk
dgrs Gsa
/keuh
bldh nhokjksa eksVh vkSj yphyk gksrh gSA
dk;Z& g`n; ls vkWDlhtu ;qDr jDr ¼”kq)
jDr½ dks “kjhj ds lHkh Hkkxksa rd ys tkuk
f”kjk
bldh nhokjsa iryh gksrh gSA
;g C02 ;qDr ¼v”kq) jDr½ dks “kjhj ds lHkh
Hkkxksa ls g`n; rd ykrh gSA
Qq¶Ql /keuh & ;g C02 ;qDr jDr ¼v”kq)
jDr½ dks QsQM+ks esa ys tkrh gSA
g`n; Lianu ¼/kM+du½ & g`n; ekalisf”k;ka dk
y;c) fldqM+uk vkSj QSyuk g`n; Lianu
dgykrk gSA
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PDF ds fy, 6205623616 ij whats’app djsACTET ACADEMY ABHIJIT SIR
1 xq#Rokd’kZ.k cy & czg~ekaM es lHkh fiaM ,d nwljs ij vius ge rsy] xzht] xzsQkbV dk bLrseky ?k’kZ.k dks de djus
nzO;eku (mass) ds dkj.k cy yxkrs gS ftls xq#Rokd’kZ.k ds fy, djrs gSA bu inkFkksZ dks Lusgd (Lubricant) Hkh
cy dgrs gSA dgrs gSA
xq#Ro cy fcuk lEidZ esa jgs dke djrk gSA cksy cs;fjx ds bLrseky Hkh ?k’kZ.k dks de djus ds fy,
oLrqvksa esa Hkkj xq#Ro cy ds dkj.k gksrk gSA fd;k tkrk gSA
xq#Ro cy dk izfriknu U;wVu us fdz;k gSA rjy ?k’kZ.k
ok;q ,oa nzo dks rjy inkFkZ dgk tkrk gSA
2 pqEcdh; izHkko & rjy inkFkZ ds lrg ds chp Hkh ?k’kZ.k gksrk gSA
cy tks oLrqvksa ds chp fcuk laidZ ds yxrs jgrs gSA rjy inkFkZ ds ?k’kZ.k dks d’kZ.k Hkh dgrs gSA
;s cy pqcad vkSj fo/kqr /kkjk }kj pkyd ds pkjksa vkSj fdlh oLrq ij yxus okyks ?k’kZ.k cy mldh rjy ds
mRiUu gksrk gSA lkis{k xfr ij fuHkZj djrk gS A
v/;k; & 6
?k’kZ.k ds dkj.k oLrq ds vkd`fr vkSj rjy dh izd`fr is fuHkZj djrk gSA
,d oLrq ds lrg ij nwljs oLrq ds lrg }kjk tks cy fojy ek/;e dh vis{kk l?ku ek/;e esa ?k’kZ.k cy dk
yxrk gS mls ?k’kZ.k cy dgrs gSA eku vf/kd gksrk gSA
?k’kZ.k cy xfr ds foijhr fn”kk yxrk gSA tc dksbZ oLrq vU; oL= ij yksVu djrh gS rc
?k’kZ.k dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd yksVfud ?k’kZ.k dk;Z djrk gS yksVu ?k’kZ.k lihZ ?k’kZ.k ls
de gksrk gSA
oLrq ds lrg
lihZ ?k’kZ.k LFkSfrd ?k’kZ.k ls de gksrk gSA
Angle of elevation
dekuhnkj rqyk ?k’kZ.k gekjs fy, gkfudkjd vkSj ykHkdkjh nksuksa gks
;g ,d ,slh ;qfDr gS ftlds }kjk fdlh oLrq ij yxus okys ldrk gSA
cy dks ekik tkrk gSSA LFkSfrd ?k’kZ.k rc dke djrk gS tc ge fdlh oLrq dks
bles lfiZy dekuh gksrk gS ftlesa cy yxkus ij izlkj gksrk xfr esa ykus fd dksf”k”k djrs gSA
gSA v/;k; & 7
?k’kZ.k cy dh mRifRr lEidZ esa vkusokys lrg ds lw { ethoks a dk lalkj lw{en”khZ }kjk vkW[kkas ns[kk
vfu;ferrkvksa ds dkj.k gksrk gSA xehZ ds ckn dh igyh ckfj”k esa feV~Vh dh lks/a kh lks/a kh
[kqjnjs lrg dk ?k’kZ.k cy T;knk gksrk gSA [kq”kcw feV~Vh esa ik;s tkus okys vla[; thok.kqvks a dh
LFkSfrd ?k’kZ.k ,oa lihZ ?k’kZ.k [kq”kcw gSA
1 LFkSfrd ?k’kZ.k (Static Friction)& thruk cy rd oLrq xfr lw{ethoksa dks ge viuh uaxh vkW[ksa ls ugh ans[k ldrs
djuk “kq# u dj ns ml cy dks LFkSfrd ?k’kZ.k cy ds cjkcj gSA
dgk tkrk gSA bu thoksa dks lw{en”khZ ;a= (Micro scope) ls ns[k
2 lQhZ ?k’kZ.k (Kinetic Friction)& tc oLrq fdlh lrg ij ldrs gSaA
Rofjr xfr ls ljduk vkjaHk dj nsrh gS mls le; tks nksuksa lrg lw{en”khZ
ds chp ?k’kZ.k yxrk gS mls lihZ ?k’kZ.k dgrs gSA ;s ;a= oLrq dks mlds okLrfod vkdkj ls dbZ xq.kk cM+k
?k’kZ.k gkfudkjd ijUrq vfuok;Z dj fn[kk ldrk gSA
lrgks ds chp ?k’kZ.k mtkZ dk viO;; djrs gSA
fo|ky; ds Practical Lab esa lekU;r% ik;s tkus okys
?k’kZ.k ds dkj.k oLrq,W f?kl tkrh gSA
Microscope 25 ls 400 xquk cM+k dj phtksa dks fn[kkrk
pkdw ds /kkj Hkh ?k’kZ.k ds dkj.k f?kl tkrs gSA gSA
e”kkhuksa esa ?k’kZ.k ds dkj.k mtkZ dk {k; gksrk jgrk gSA
bl ;a= esa ftl ysal ls ge ns[krs gS mls usf=dk dgrs
?k’kZ.k ls m’ek Hkh mRiUu gksrh gSa gSA
?k’kZ.k ykHknk;d Hkh gSA&
gekjk i`Foh ij pyuk ?k’kZ.k ds dkj.k gh gks ikrk gSA mlds uhps pdrh ij nks ;k rhu ysl a yxs gksrs gS oks
fpduh xhyh feV~Vh ij pyuk eqf”dy gS D;ksfa d blesa ?k’kZ.k Objective Lens gSaA
de gksrk gSA
okguksa esa xfr ?k’kZ.k ds dkj.k gh laHko gSA
nhokjkas ij vkids }kjk dhy Bksduk ?k’kZ.k ds dj.k gh gks
ikrk gSA
i`Foh dk ok;qeaMy mYdk fi.Mks ls gekjh j{kk ?k’kZ.k ds dkj.k
gh djrk gSA
;fn lalkj esa ?k’kZ.k u gks rks xfruqek oLrq ges”kk xfr esa
gh jgsxk] fLFkj ges”kk fLFkj gh jgsxkA mYdk fi.M
vDlj i`Foh ls Vdjkrs jgsx a s vkfnA
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PDF ds fy, 6205623616 ij whats’app djsACTET ACADEMY ABHIJIT SIR
ihV vkSj fyXukbV vPNs fdLe ds bZa/ku ugh gksrs gS “kq# esa vle ls vkiwfrZ fd tkrh Fkh
D;kafd tyus ij cgqr vf/kd /kqWvk djrs gSA ckn esa vÝhdk ] nf{k.k iwoZ] ,f”k;k gfYn;k }kjk
e`r ouLifr ds /khes izdze }kjk dks;ys esa ifjorZu dks ikbiykbu ls gksus yxhA
dkcZuhdj.k dgrs gSaA ikbiykbu }kjk iVuk] cjkSuh] eqxyljk; ¼nhun;ky
dks;ys dks thok”e bZa/ku Hkh dgrs gSA mik/;k;½ bykgckn ¼iz;kxjkt½ dkuiqj
dks;yk dks xeZ djus ij CO2 $ m’ek mtkZ fudyrk LPG xSl ds fy, vkjk ds utnhd xh/kk esa ckWVfyax
gSA IykV yxk gSA
dksd & dks;yk dks ok;q dh vuqifLFkfr esa xeZ djus ij izkd`fr xSl
dksd izkIr gksrk gSA ;g ,d thok”e bZa/ku gSA
;g dkcZu dk “kq) #i yxHkx gSA izkd`frd xSl dks mPp nkc ij laihfM+r izkd`frd xSl
dksd dk bLrseky bLikr m|ksx esa rFkk cgqr ls /kkrqvksa CNG ds #i esa HkaMkfjr fd;k tkrk gSa
ds fu’d’kZ.k esa gksrk gSA CNG dk mi;ksx mtkZ mRiknu gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA
dksyrkj & dksyrkj dkyk Hkwjk xk<+k nzo gekjs ns”k esa izkd`frd xSl dk HkaMkj f=iqjk] jktLFkku]
;g yxHkx 200 inkFkZ dk feJ.k gSA egkjk’V] vkSj d`’.kk xksnkojh MsYVk esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
mi;ksx & la”ysf’kr jax] vkS’kf/k] foLQksVd] lqxa/k] lw;Z dk izdk”k] ok;q] ty ls Hkh bZa/ku izkIr fd;k tk
IykfLVd] isUV] QksVks xzkfQd lkexzh vkfn ldrk gSA ;s vlhfer gSA
dhVksa dks Hkxkus okyh uS¶Fkyhu dh xksyh Hkh dksyrkj ls
izkIr gksrk gSA
vktdy lM+d fuekZ.k esa dksyrkj dh tcg fcVqeus dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
dks;yk xSl
dks;yk dks dksd cukrs le; tks xSl fudyrh gS mls
dks;yk xSl ¼Coal gas) dgrs gSA
dks;yk xsl yanu esa 1810 vkSj U;w;kdZ esa 1820 esa izFke
ckj lM+dks ij jks”kuh ds fy, fd;k x;k A
Now it is used as source of heat
isVªksfy;e
e`r leqnzh thoska vkSj ikS/kksa ls cgqr ean Hkw&oSKkfud
izdzeksa }kjk isVªksfy;e curk gSA
isVªksfy;e rsy vkSj xSl dh ijr ty dh ijr ls mij
gksrk gSA
rsy ogkW mRIkUu gksrk gS tgkW dHkh leqnzh “kSy FksA
uksV & rsy Hkhrj feyus okys lHkh inkFkZ ls gYds gksrs
gSA
isVªksfy;e ds fofHkUu la?kVdks dks i`Fd djus dh izfdz;k
ifj’dj.k dgykrk gSA
isVªksfy;e dh ifj’dj.k izHkkth vklou (Fractional
Distillation) fof/k ls djrs gSaSA
buds fofHkUu la?kVd dk DoFkukad (boiling point)
vyx gksrk gSA
isVªksfy;e ds la?kVd ds uke
LPG ] isVªksy] fdjkslhu] Mhty] Lusgd rsy] iSjkfQu ekse ] fCkVqesu
gekjs ns”k esa rsy iSnk djus okys {ks= fuEu gS &
vle & eksgkj dfV;k eksjke
xqtjkr & vadys”oj
eqEcbZ gkbZ leqnrz y esa
fcgkj esa rsy “kks/kd dkj[kkuk cjkSuh esa gSA
cjksuh rsy dkj[kkuk
LFkkiuk & 1964 ¼enn #l ,oa jksekfu;k ns”k½
1965 esa Capicity 1 million ehfVªd Vu izfro’kZ
ckn esa 6 fefy;u fefVªd Vu
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tc <sj lkjs lekarj vkifrr fdj.k fdlh pednkj oLrq us=nku 4&6 ?kaVs ds vanj e`R;q gksus ij fd;k tk ldrk
is fxjrs gS vkSj ijkoZru fdj.k Hkh ,d nwljs ds gSA
lekarj gksrh gS rks ;g fu;fer ijkorZu dgykrs gSA
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v/;k; & 12 fcgkj esa cDlj ls dgyxkWo ds chp xaxk unh esa ik;k
ikS/kksa vkSj tUrqvksa dk laj{k.k % tSo fofo/krk tkrk gSA
fofHkUu tho dh “kkjhfjd cukoV vyx vyx gksrh gSaA
lkal s ¼MkWfYQu½ dks Hkkjr dk jk’Vh; tyh; tho ?kksf’kr
taxyh tkuoj dk ewy okl LFkku taxy gSA fd;k x;k gSaA
dkuwuh #i ls lqjf{kr taxy tgkW muls NsMNkM+ ;k f”kdkj
izfroaf/kr gksrk gS vH;kj.; dgykrs gSA
fcgkj ds csxwljk; ftys ds dkoj >hy esa Hkh izoklh i{kh
lkbcsfj;k ls vkrs gSA
fo”o ds 12 cM+s tSo fofo/krk okys ns”kksa esa Hkkjr dk NBk
LFkku gSA UNO us 2011 dks fo”o ou o’kZ ?kksf’kr fd;kA
fOk”o ds 12 tho foo/krk LFky eas nks Hkkjr esa fLFkr gSA jsM MkVk cqd esa ladVkiUu iztkfr;ksa dks fjdkMZ fd;k
1 iwoksÙkj Hkkjr 2 if”peh ?kkV tkrk gSA
isM+ ikS/ks feV~Vh dks ja/kze; cukdj mldh ty /kkj.k {kerk ouksUewyu dk ,dek= fodYi & o`{kkjksiu
c<+krh gSA v/;k; & 13
oU; tUrq vHk;kj.;] jk’Vh; ikdZ] tSo eaMy] lajf{kr {ks= ;s rkjs vkSj lw;Z dk ifjokj
lc isM+ ikS/kks ,oa tarqvksds fy, lajf{kr ,oa lqjf{kr {ks= ikWyS.M ds iknjh rFkk [kxksyfon~ fudksyl dkWijfuDl us
?kksf’kr fd;s x;s gSA ,d ekWMy fn;k fd lw;Z dks czgkek.M ds dsUnz esa j[krs
vHk;kj.; & tarq ,oa muds vkokl ds fy, gj izdkj ls gq, i`Foh vkSj vU; dks lw;Z dh ifjdzek djrs crk;kA
lqjf{kr {ks=A
muds dk;Z dk izdk”ku muds eqY; okys o’kZ 1543 esa
jk’Vh; ikdZ & oU; tarqvks ds fy, vkfj{kr {ks= tgkW os gqvk A
Lora= #i ls vkokl ,oa izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dk mi;skx djrs
gSA 1609 esa xSyhfy;ks us viuk nwjchu fodflr fd;k vkSj
tSoeaMy vkjf{kr {ks= & fo”kky {ks= tgkW ikS/ks tarq ,oa ;s o`gLifr vkSj mlds nks pUnzek dk iz{ks.k fd;k
vkfnoklh ds ikjaifjd nax ls thou;kiku ds fy, lHkh i`Foh lfgr lHkh xzg lw;Z dh ifjdzek djrs gS ;s ckr
lalk/kuksa dks lqjf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA xYkSfy;ksa us izekf.kr fd;kA
la;qDr jk’V la?k us o’kZ 2010 dks ^varjkZ’Vh; tSo fofo/krk i`Foh dk ?kweuk& iwoZ ls if”pe ;k if”pe ls iwoZ
o’kZ ?kksf’kr fd;kA lw;Z iwoZ esa mn; vkSj if”pe eas vLr gksrk gSA
varjk’Vh; tSo fofo/krk fnol & 22 ebZ i`Foh if”pe ls iwoZ fn”kk esa ?kw.kZu djrh gSa
foyqIr ikS/ks pUnzek
,Yxh] QUtkbZ] cz;ksQkbV] QuZ ,oa ftEuksLieZ] ftUdks ]
lk;dSM vkfn ikS/sk ds dqN iztkfr foyqIr gks x;s gSA ftl jkr pUnzek fcYdqy xksy fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ml jkr
dks iwf.kZek dh jkr dgrs gSA
foyqIr tUrq & ekWfj”kl dk MksMks i{kh] Mk;uklksj
foyqIr izk; tUrq & oSls tUrq tks vius vfLrRo ds fy, ftl jkr pUnzek fcYdqy fn[kkbZ ugh nsrh og jkr
la?k’kZjr gSA vekoL;k dh jkr dgykrh gSaA
tSls & dNqvk] ?kfM+;ky] exjePN] lkWi] fcPNq fxjfxV] pUnzek dks [kqn dk izdk”k ugha gksrk gS ;s lw;Z dh jks”kuh
es<+d] phy] fx)] dcwrj] lqugjh fcYyh] taxyh dqRrk ijus ij pUnzek dh lrg ls izdk”k ijkofrZr gksrk gS
bR;kfnA ftlls ges pUnzek pedrk utj vkrk gSa
MksMks ekWjh”kl }hi esa ik;k tkusokyk u mM+ ldus okyk i{kh pUnzek ij igyh ckj dne jj[kus okys O;fDr uhy vkeZ
FkkA LVªkax Fkk tks 21 tqykbZ 1969 dks pUnzek ij igqWpsA
blds foyqIr gksus dh otg bldk ehV dk Lokfn’V gksuk FkkA rkjs
ck?k rkjk ds izdk”k [kqn dk izdk”k gSA
ck?k dh lqj{kk dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, bls jk’Vªh; i”kq ?kksf’kr lw;Z Hkh ,d rkjk gSA
fd;k x;kA
lw;Z i`Foh ds lcls utnhd rkjk gSA
lu~ 2011 rd ck?k dh la[;k 40000 ls ?kVdj 1706 ck?k gks
x;sA lw;Z i`Foh nwjh & 15 djksM+ fdyksehVj
izkstsDV Vkbxj ;kstuk & 1972 bZ- lw;Z ds ckn lcls utnhd rkjk ,YQk lsUVkWjh gSA
lksl
a ¼MkfYQu½ ,YQk lsUVkWjh vkSj i`Foh dh chp dh nwjh 40]000]000]000]000
;g ,d leqnhz Lru/kkjh tho gSA fdeh gSA
bldh 40 iztkfr;kW gSSA vf/kd nwjh ds fy, izdk”k o’kZ ek=d dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk
gSA
yEckbZ & 4 QhV ls 30 QhV rd
izdk”k o’kZ & izdk”k }kjk ,d o’kZ esa r; dh xbZ nwjh
out & 400fdxzk ls 10 Vu rd
izdk”k dh xfr & 300000 fdeh@lsds.M
;s ekalkgkjh gksrh gSA
fnu esa Hkh vkdk”k esa rkjs gksrs gS ysfdu lw;Z ds rhoz izdk”k
;s cgqr gh cqf)eku tho gSA ds dkj.k fn[kkbZ ugh nsrsA
Hkkjr esa ;g xaxkk unh esa ik;k tkrk gSA rkjs iwoZ lss if”pe dh vksj xfr djrs eglwl gksrs gSA
blds “kjhj ls fudys rsy vkSj vkS’k/kh; iz;ksx f”kdkj ds
dkj.k gSA
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rkjke.My i`Foh
lIr_f’k rkjk eaMy & bl rkjk e.My esa lkr lqLi’V lkSj ifjokj dk ,d ek= xzg ftlij thou laHko gSA
rkjs gksrs gS ftUgs xfeZ;ks esa jkf= ds izFke igj esa ns[k vkstu rFkk ok;qeaMy dk vkoj.k gS A
ldrs gSA varfj{k ls i`Foh uhys gjs jax dk izrhr gksrk gSA
vkjks;u rkjke.My & ;wukuh nar dFkkvksa dk e”kgwj dkj.k & izdk”k dk ijkorZu ty L=ksr ls
f”kdkjh ds uke is
pUnzek i`Foh dk ,d ek= mixzg
“kfeZ’Bk rkjke.My ¼N% rkjks dk lewg½
ftl ry esa i`Foh lw;Z dh ifjdzek djrh gS mls i`Foh
flag rkjke.My & bl rkjs ds lewg ls flag dh Nfo dk d{kh; ry dgrs gSA
tSlh vkd`fr curh gSA
fo’kor o`r ds ry dks i`Foh dk fo’k`orh; ry dgrs gSA
Qjojh ls vxLr ds eghuksa esa lIr_f’k vkidks “kke 8
cta ls jkr 12&1 cts rd fn[krk gSA fo’kor ry rFkk d{kh; ry ,d nwljs ls 23-5 ds dks.k
ij >wds gSA
ge /kqzorkjk dks lIr _f’k vkSj “kfeZ’Bk rkjke.My dh
enn ls ns[k ldrs gSA i`Foh dk v{k vius d{kh; ry ls 66-5 ds dks.k ij >qdk
gSA
/kqzo rkjk i`Foh dh /kqjh ds Bhd Åij fLFkr gS vr% mÙkjh eaxy
xksyk)Z ls i`Foh ij ls /kqzo rkjk gesa dgha ls Hkh ns[kus
ij fLFkj utj vkrk gSA i`Foh ds v{k ds ckn dk igyk xzg
lIr_f’k e.My /kqjh ls dqN dks.kh; nwjh ij gS vr% og bls yky xzg dgk tkrk gSA
gesa ?kwerk gqvk utj vkrk gSA blds nks NksVs izkd`frd mixzg gSA
vkdk”k xaxk djksM+ks rkjks] cknyksa rFkk xSlska dh ,d o` g Lifr
iz.kkyh gSa ;g lkSj ifjokj dk lcls cM+k xzg gS
gekjk lkSjeaMy bl vkdk”k xaxk dk ,d Hkkx gSA i`Foh ls 1300 xq.kk cM+k gSA
lkSj eaMy o`gLifr dk nzo;eku 318 xq.kk gS i`Foh dkA
lw;Z rFkk [kxksyh; fi.Mksa ds chp xq#Rokd’kZ.k cy ds dkj.k vius v{k is cgqr rst ?kwerk gSA
;s fi.M lw;Z dh ifjdzek djrs gSA blds pkjks vksj /kqa/kys oy; Hkh gSA
xzg dze”k % & cq/k] “kqdz] i`Foh] eaxy] c`gLifr] “kfu] ;qjus l]
rFkk usIP;wu pkj cM+s mixzg gS
“kfu
2006 bZ- esa varjk’Vªh; [kxksyh; la?k us IywVks dks xzg ds Js.kh
ls ckgj dj fn;kA xzg ihys jax dk izrhr gksrk gSA
lcls fudVre rkjk lw;Z gSA lHkh xzgksa esa lcls de l?ku gSA
xzgks dks viuk izdk”k ugha gksrk os lw;Z ds jks”kuh ds dkj.k pkjks vkSj je.kh; oy; gSA
pedrs gSA ?kuRo ty ds ?kuRo ls Hkh de gSA
izR;sd xzg ,d fuf”pr iFk ij lw;Z fd ifjdzek djrk gSA ;wjsul rFkk usIV~;uw
xzg }kjk lw;Z dh ,d ifjdzek iwjh djus esa yxs le; dks ml ;s lkSj ifjokj dk ckg~;re xzg gSA
xzg dk ifjdze.k dky dgrs gSA
;wjsul dh foy{k.k fo”ks’krk bldk vR;f/kd >qdk ?kw.kZu
xzg vkSj lw;Z dh nwjh c<+us ij ifjdze.k dky c<+ tkrk gSA
vnk gsA
xzg vius v{k ij Hkh ?kw.kZu djrh gSA
vkarfjd xzg & cq/k] “kqdz] i`Foh rFkk eaxy
vius v{k ij ,d ?kw.kZu esa yxs le; dks ?kw.kZudky dgrs gSA
pUnzek i`Foh dk ,d ek= izkd`frd mixzg gSaA
ckg~; xzg & o`gLifr ] “kfu ] ;wjsul rFkk usIV~;wu
ekuo fufeZr mixzg dks d`f=e mixzg dgrs gSA eaxy rFkk o`gLifr dh d{kkvksa ds chp {kqnxzg ik;s tkrs
cq/k xzg gSaA
lw;Z dk lcls fudVre xzg /kw eds rq &
lcls NksVk xzg /kwedsrq ¼lkSj ifjokj dk lnL;½
lw;ksnZ ; ls rqjUr igys lw;kZLr ds rqjUr ckn bl xzg dks ifjdze.k dk cgqr yEck
f{kfrt ij ns[kk tk ldrk gSA pedhys flj rFkk yEcs iwN okys gksrs gSA
cq/k dk dksbZ mixzg ugha gSA gsyh /kwedsrq 76 o’kZ dh varjky is fn[kkbZ nsrk gSaA
“kqØ gsyh 1986 esa igyh ckj fn[kkbZ fn;k FkkA
i`Foh dk fudVre xzg gSA /kwedsrq dk fn[kkbZ nsuk ,d izkd`frd ifj?kVuk gSA
lcls vf/kd pedhyk] lcls vf/kd xeZ mYdk,W rFkk mYdk fiaM
VwVrk rkjk¼”kwfVax lVkj½ & mYdk gS
dksbZ mixzg ugh gSaA
,d fu;fer le; varjky ij i`Foh tc fdlh /kwedsrq ds iwN a
dks ikj djrh gS rks mYdkvksa dk >waM fn[kkbZ nsrk gS RkFkk
i`Foh ij fxjrk gSA mls mYdk o`f’V dgrs gSA
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d`f=e mixzg tUrq dksf”kdk esa dksf”kdk fHkfÙk ugh gksrh gSA
d`f=e mixzg] izkd`frd mixzg dh vis{kk i`Foh ds vf/kd dksf”kdk fHkfÙk lqj{kk vkSj vkdkj iznku djrh gSA
fudV jgdj ifjdzek djrs gSA
Hkkjr dk izFke d`f=e mixzg & vk;ZHkV~V dksf”kdk nzO;
dqN Hkkjrh; d`f=e mixzg & INSAT, IRS, KALPANA, dksf”kdk f>Yyh ds vanj tsyhuqek inkFkZ ik;k tkrk gS
EDUSAT etc mls Cyto plasm dgrs gSA
mi;ksx & ekSle Hkfo’;ok.kh jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu] nwj dksf”kdk nzO; ds vanj dksf”kdk egRoiw.kZ Hkkx dsUnzd
lapkj] rFkk nwjlaosnu ds fy, gksrk gSA
v/;k; & 14 dksf”kdk f>Yyh vkSj dsUnzd ds chp ik;k tkus okyk
dksf”kdk,W gj tho dh v/kkjHkwr lajpuk nzO; Cyto plasm dgykrk gSA
Dead cell ;k izFke cell dh [kkst jkWcVZ gqd us fd & dksf”kdk nzO; esa vU; dksf”kdh; la?kVu ;Fkk
1663 bZ- ekbVksdkWfMª;k jkbckslkse xkWYhxhdk;] fjfDRdk, ] yod
dkWdZ vksd esa [kkst dhA vkfn ik, tkrs gSA
,d uotkr f”k”kq esa djhc 20 [kjc dksf”kdk gksrh gSA dsUnzd
,d euq’; esa 600 [kjc yxHkx dksf”kdk ds dsUnz es fLFkr gksrk gSA
jDr nku djus oDr ,d ckj esa 5 [kjc dksf”kdk nku Cell Controller - Nucleus
nsrs gSaA dksf”kdk f>Yyh dh rjg dsUnzd dks Hkh ,d f>Yyh ?ksjs
dksf”kdk dk fof”k’V lewg mÙkd (Tissue) dgykrk gSA jgrh gS mls dsUnzd f>Yyh Nuclear membrane dgrs
mÙkd vax dk vkSj vax vaxra=ks dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA gSA
dkf”kdk lthoksa dh lajpukRed ,os dk;kZRed bZdkbZ gSA dsUnzzd f>Yyh dsUnzd dks dksf”kdk nzO; ls vyx djrk
gSA
dksf”kdk ds vkdkj dks ekbdzksu ;k ekbdzksehVj esa ukirs
gSA dsUnzd ,d l?ku lajpuk gS blds vanj xk<+k tsyhuqek
1 micrometer = 10-6 m nzO; gksrk gS ftls Nucleo plasm dgrs gSaA
dksf”kdk dk vkdkj & 0-5 ls 20 micrometer dsUnzd ds vanj NksVh lajpuk Nucleolus dgykrh gSA
ekuo “kjhj esa yky jDr dksf”kdk lcls NksVh vkSj dsUnzd dksf”kdk ds lkjs dk;kZa dk lapkyu vkSj fu;a=.k
raf=dk dksf”kdk lcls cM+h gksrh gSA Hkh djrk gSA
vUMs dk lQsn Hkkx albumin gSA vuqokaf”kd xa.kks dk okgd dksf”kdk foHkktu eas lgk;d
ihyk Hkkx dks yolk dgykrk gSA dksf”kdk ds nks izdkj
vaMk ,d dksf”kdk gSA 1 ;wdSfj;ksfVd & lqLi’V dsUnzd
lcls cM+h dksf”kdk ostrich dk vaMk gSA 2 izksdSfj;ksfVd & Li’V dsUnzd dk vHkko
is”kh; dksf”kdk dk vkdkj rqdZ#i gksrk gSa A mnkgj.k & thok.kq] uhys gjs “kSoky
dqN dksf”kdk dk vkdkj fuf”pr ugh tSls & “osr jDr Proto plasm & dksf”dk nzO; $ dsUnzd nzok
dksf”kdk dksf”kdk esa [kkyh LFkku dks Vacuole ;k fjfDrdk dgrs gSA
vehck dk Hkh fuf”pr vkdkj ugh a gSA Vacuole store djrk gS water and excretory
dksf”kdk dk vkdkj ,oa vkd`fr muds dk;Z ds vuq#i product
gksrk gSA ikS/ks esa jaxhu lsajpukvksa dk dkj.k IykfLVM ¼plastid) ;k
dksf”kdk vkarfjd lajpuk ,oa dk;Z yod dgrs gSA
dksf”kdk ds la?kVdks dks lkQ ns[kus ds fy, feFkkbZy Cyw ifÙ;ksa dk gjk jax Chloroplast ;k gfjr yod ds dkj.k
jatd dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSaA gksrk gS ftls chlorophyll ;k i.kZ gfjr dgrs gSA
jatd ;k vfHkjatd ,sls jaxhu inkFkZ gS tks dksf”kdk ds lHkh ltho dksf”kdk ds cus gS pkgs oks ,d dksf”kdk gks ;k
vyx&vyx fgLls ls fpiddj mUgsa vyx vyx jax ns cgqdksf”kdk
ldrk gSaA ikS/ks ds dksf”kdk esa fjfDrdk (Vacuole) cgqr cM+k gksrk gSaA
tSls feFkkbZyCyw] lsQzsuhu] yky L;kghA v/;k; & 15
dksf”kdk f>Yyh ,oa dksf”kdk fHkfÙk tUrqvksa esa iztUu
dksf”kdk dks vyx djus okyh f>Yyh dks dksf”kdk f>Yyh lthoksa esa viuh tSlh larfr mRiUu djus ds y{k.k ik;s tkrs
dgrs gSa gSA
fuf”pr vkdkj iznku djrh gSA dqRrk & fiYyk
fcYyh & fcykSVk
vanj rFkk ckg~; inkFkZ ds vkokxeu dk fu;a=.k djrh gSA
euq’; &f”k”kq
dksf”kdk ds vanj dh lajpuk dks ?ksjs jgrh gSA xk; & cNM+k
ikS/ks ds dksf”kdk f>Yyh ds mij ,d n`<+ vkoj.k ;k lrg eqxhZ & pwtk
dksf”kdk fHkfÙk dgykrh gSA
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ikS/kk dh rjg tUrqvksa esa Hkh iztuu dh nsks fof/k;kW gsA ;s /kkrq 02] CO2 , SO2ls reaction dj vkDlkbM
1vYkSafxd 2 ySafxd dkcksZusV lYQkbM cukrs gSA
vySafxd & tarq ds vYkSafxd iztuu esa dksbZ ,d tho /kkrq es ped vkSj v/kkrq esa ugh
foHkkftr gksdj nks larfr mRiUu djrk gS ^f}[kaMu^ dbZ /kkrq dks feykdj feJ /kkrq dk fuekZ.k djrs gS
dgykrk gSaA Amnkgj.k & Nichrome
ySafxd iztuu & ikS?kksa dh rjg tUrqvksa esa Hkh uj ,o
eknk tuukax gksrs gSA 2 Bksl & ejdjh ¼ikjk½ dks NksM+dj yxHkx lHkh /kkrq
ekuo iztuu ra= lkekU; rkidze is Bksl gksrs gSA
o`’k.k vFkkZr “kqdzk.kq mRiUu djrk gSA 3 /kkrq dks ihVdj vkdkj fn;k tk ldrk gS v/kkrq dks ugh]
,d tksM+k “kqdzufydk testis ls tqM+h gksrh gSa /kkrq vk?kkro/;Z gksrk gSA
“kqdzk.kq f”k”ku ds ek/;e ls ckgj vkrk gSA 4 m’ek pkyd & /kkrq m’ek pkyd gksrk gSA
fL=;ksa esa ukfHk ds uhps “kjhj ds vUnj eknk iztUu vax pkWnh vkSj dkWij m’ek ds vPNs pkyd gSA ysM vkSj ikjk
fLFkr gSA m’ek ds lcls de pkyd gSA
,d tksM+k v.Mk”k;] ,d tksM+k v.Mokfguh] rFkk ,d 5 /kkrq fo/kqr ds lqpkyd gS
XkHkkZ”k; gksrk gSA 6 /kkrq dks /ofud ;k sonorous dgk tkrk gSS
izR;sd ekg ,d v.Mk;q fudyrk gSA 24 dSjVs lksuk “kq+) gksrk gS ysfdu vkHkq’k.k 22 dSjVs ;k
v.Mk;q Hkh ¼,d dksf”kdk½ gksrh gSA 18 dSjVs dk curk gSA
“kqdzk.kq dk vkdj v.Mk;q ls layf;r gksuk fu’kspu 22 dSjVs & 22Hkkx lksuk $ 2 Hkkx rkWck ;k pkWnh
(Fertilization )sdgykrk gSA solid form ¼Bksl voLFkk½
fu’ksfpr v.Mk.kq dks ;Xeut dgrs gSA dkcZu] xa/kd] QkWLQksjl vk;ksMhu
;xeut ifjof/kZRk gksdj Hkwz.k esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA nzo voLFkk & czksehu
Hkwz.k fodflr gksrs gq, “kjhj ds lHkh dk fuekZ.k dj ysrh xSl voLFkk & gkbMkstu] vkWDlhtu] ukbVkstu] Dyksfju]
gS ;g voLFkk xeZ dgykrk gSA ghfy;e] vkxZu
xHkZ ds ckn L=h uotkr f”k”kq dsk tUe nsrh gSA
f”k”kq esa ekrk ,oa firk nksuks ds y{k.k ik, tkrs gSSA /kkrq v/kkrq ds viokn
fu’kspu dh fdz;k eknk ds “kjhj ds vanj gksuk vkarfjd
fu’kspu dgykrk gSA
“kjhj ds ckgj fu’kspu ckg~; fu’kspu dgykrk gSA
ij[kuyh f”k”kq & d`f=e fu’kspu
v.Mokfguh dk vo#) gksuk
Sperm + Ovum dks ckgj feykdj ;qXeut cukrs gS
fQj ,d lIrkg rd fodflr djus ij xHkkZ”k; esa jksfir
fd;k tkrk gS bls Test tube baby dgrs gSA
f”k”kq dk fodkl ekW ds xHkZ easa gh gksrk gSSA
fyax fu/kkZj.k
23 tksM+s xq.k lw= euq’; esa ik;s tkrs gS /kkrqvksa vkSj v/kkrqvks ds jlk;fud xq.k
22 tksM+k vkSjr vkSj enZ esa leku izd`fr ds gksrs gS tks 1 vkDlhtu ls vfHkfdz;k
yEckbZ] “kjhj cukoV ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA yksgk $ ty ¼ueh½ $02 & ykSgs dk vkWdlhtu
23 oka tksM+k male – XY rkWca s esa Hkh tax yxrk gSA
femal – XX dkWij ds cjru dks yEcs le; rd ue ok;q esa [kqyk
yM+dk ;k yM+dh gksus ds fy, iq#’k mÙkjnk;h gS u fd ekWA j[kus ij ,d gYdh gjh ijr te tkrh gS tks fd
v/;k; & 16 copper hydroxide vkSj dkWij dkckZsusV dk feJ.k
/kkrq vkSj v/kkrq gksrk gSaA
/kkrqvksa dh [kkl ckr vkx esa xeZ dj fdlh Hkh #i esa <kyk Cu + H20 + 02 + CO2 ---- Cu(OH)2 + CuC03
tk ldrk gSA
/kkrq vkSj v/kkrq ds HkkSfrd xq.k Mg + O2 ------ MgO
1 ped & lcls iqjkuk /kkrq lksuk 6000 bZ-lk iw- MgO + H2O ----- Mg (OH)2 (yky fyVel dks uhyk
lksuk pkWnh rkWck] vius ekSfyd voLFkk esa ik;s tkrs gSA dj nsrkgSA½
lQsn jax & Aluminium, zinc, magnesium
ihyk & lksuk yksgk rkWck eSXusf”k;e ds vkWDlkbM {kkjh; gksrs gSA
yky Hkwjk & rkWck Mean oxide of metal show basic nature
Oxide of Non metal are Acidic in nature
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PDF ds fy, 6205623616 ij whats’app djsACTET ACADEMY ABHIJIT SIR
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PDF ds fy, 6205623616 ij whats’app djsACTET ACADEMY ABHIJIT SIR
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