Peace churches

Peace churches are Christian churches, groups or communities advocating Christian pacifism or Biblical
nonresistance. The term historic peace churches refers specifically only to three church groups among
pacifist churches:

Church of the Brethren, including all daughter churches such as the Old German Baptist
Brethren, Old Brethren and Dunkard Brethren;
Religious Society of Friends (Quakers); and
Mennonites, including the Amish, Beachy Amish, Old Order Mennonites, and Conservative
Mennonites

In addition to the Schwarzenau Brethren and Mennonites, other Anabaptist Christian fellowships, such as
the Hutterian Brethren, River Brethren, Apostolic Christian Church and Bruderhof teach pacifism as
well.[1][2]

This phrase has been used since the first conference of the peace churches in Kansas in 1935.[3][4][5][6][7]

The definition of "peace churches" is sometimes expanded to include Christadelphians (from 1863) and
others who did not participate in the conference of the "historic peace churches" in Kansas in 1935.[8]

The peace churches agree that Jesus advocated nonviolence. In the Gospels, Jesus explicitly taught his
followers not to kill, but rather to love, bless, and pray for those who make themselves to be your enemy.
He taught that if struck we should not physically strike back, but rather turn the other cheek. He told Peter
to put away his sword. He explained that his Kingdom is spiritual, not earthly; therefore members of the
Kingdom of God will live by spiritual principles, primarily Love. He told Pilate that his Kingdom is not
earthly, therefore his followers do not use earthly weapons to fight. The weapons of our warfare are to be
Love and Prayer. The Epistles and the Early Church continued this teaching, instructing that we should be
willing to suffer as Jesus did rather than do evil to anyone. In the Plain Peace Churches today, no one in the
military is accepted as a member, due to their divided loyalties. Stepping in between those who are being
attacked and their attacker has been a long-practiced principle. Some believers have given themselves to
serve a sentence of punishment, banishment, or death to deliver those who are weaker or younger. Jesus'
suffering love and unwillingness to use force on others is their example in all things.

Whether physical force can ever be justified in defending oneself is controversial. Most believers adhere
strictly to a moral attitude of nonresistance in the face of violence. These churches generally concur that
violence on behalf of nations and their governments is contrary to Christian morality, but agree that the
teachings of Jesus were to explain the principles of the Kingdom of God rather than and contrasted with the
ways of any earthly government.

History
Among all Christian denominations, there have always been groups of members who advocate
nonviolence, but certain churches have consistently supported it since their foundation. Besides the three
historic peace churches, they include the Amish,[9] Old Order Mennonites, Conservative Mennonites,
Holdeman Mennonites, Hutterites,[10] Old German Baptist Brethren,[11] Old Order River Brethren,[12] the
Brethren in Christ,[13][14][15] and others in the Anabaptist tradition; Doukhobors,[16] Molokans,[17]
Dunkard Brethren,[18][19] Dukh-i-zhizniki,[20] Bruderhof Communities, Schwenkfelders,[21]
Moravians,[22] the Shakers,[23] and even some groups within the
Pentecostal movement.[24] The largest Pentecostal church, the
Assemblies of God, abandoned pacifism around the time of the
Second World War.[25][26] These groups have disagreed, both
internally and with each other, about the propriety of non-
combatant military roles, such as unarmed medical personnel, or
performing non-battlefield services that assist nations in wartime,
such as manufacturing munitions. One position might argue that
Jesus would never object to helping people who are suffering,
The Deserter (1916) by Boardman
while another might object that doing so contributes indirectly to
Robinson.
violence by freeing other people to engage in it. Most peace
churches support alternative service options such as service to
refugees or in hospitals, as long as they are not associated with the
military.

In America the first conference of historic peace churches was held

in 1935 in Kansas.[3] Five years later in Canada, the Conference of
Historic Peace Churches was formed in Ontario in 1940, headed by
Harold Sherk to represent Mennonite, Brethren, and Quaker
churches as they sought exemption from military service.[27]

At one time, active membership in and acceptance of the beliefs of

one of the peace churches was required for obtaining conscientious
objector status in the United States, and hence exemption from
military conscription, or for those already in the military, honorable
discharge. But after a series of court rulings, this requirement was
dropped. In the United States, one may now claim conscientious
objector status based on a personal belief system that need not be Blessed are the Peacemakers (1917)
Christian, nor even based on religion.[28] by George Bellows

Peace churches, especially those with sufficient financial and

organizational resources, have attempted to heal the ravages of war without favoritism. This has often
aroused controversy, as when the Quakers sent large shipments of food and medicine to North Vietnam
during the Vietnam War, and to U.S.-embargoed Cuba. The American Friends Service Committee and the
Mennonite Central Committee are two charitable denominational agencies set up to provide such healing.

In the 1980s, the Quakers, Brethren, and Mennonites came together to create Christian Peacemaker Teams,
an international organization that works to reduce violence and systematic injustice in regions of
conflict.[29][30] This was motivated by the desire for Christians to take peacemaking as seriously as soldiers
and governments take war-making.[31]

Other Christian pacifist groups

Christadelphians, 1863

The Christadelphians are one of only a small number of churches whose identity as a denomination is
directly linked to the issue of Christian pacifism.[32] Although the grouping which later took the name
"Christadelphian" had largely separated from the Campbellite movement in Scotland and America after
1848, it was conscription in the American Civil War which caused their local church in Ogle County,
Illinois, to register as conscientious objectors in 1863 under the name "Christadelphians." [33] When the
First World War was imminent Christadelphians in the British Empire took the same stance, though
frequently faced military tribunals. During the Second World War Christadelphians were exempted and
performed civil work – though some of the small number of Christadelphians in Germany were imprisoned
and one executed.[34] The position was maintained through the Korean War, Vietnam War and
today.[35][36]

Doukhobors

The Doukhobors are a Spiritual Christian denomination that advocate pacifism.[37] On 29 June 1895, the
Doukhobors, in what is known as the "Burning of the Arms",[38] "piled up their swords, guns, and other
weapons and burned them in large bonfires while they sang psalms".[39]

Holiness Pacifists

The Emmanuel Association, Reformed Free Methodist Church, Immanuel Missionary Church, Church of
God (Guthrie, Oklahoma), First Bible Holiness Church and Christ's Sanctified Holy Church are
denominations in the holiness movement known for their opposition to war today; they are known as
"Holiness Pacifists".[40][41][42][43][44][45] The Emmanuel Association, for example, teaches:[45]

We feel bound explicitly to avow our unshaken persuasion that War is utterly incompatible
with the plain precepts of our divine Lord and Law-giver, and with the whole spirit of the
Gospel; and that no plea of necessity or policy, however urgent or peculiar, can avail to release
either individuals or nations for the paramount allegiance which they owe to Him who hath
said, "Love your enemies." Therefore, we cannot participate in war (Rom. 12:19), war
activities, or compulsory training.[45]

Seventh-day Adventist Church, 1867

Adventists had sought and obtained exemption as conscientious objectors in 1864, and the Seventh-day
Adventist Church from 1914 has a long history of noncombatancy service within and outside the
military.[46] In practice today, as a pastor from the Seventh-day Adventist church comments in an online
magazine run by members of the Seventh-Day Adventist church: "Today in a volunteer army a lot of
Adventist young men and women join the military in combat positions, and there are many Adventist
pastors electing for military chaplaincy positions, supporting combatants and non-combatants alike. On
Veteran’s Day, American churches across the country take time to give honor and respect to those who
“served their country,” without any attempt to differentiate how they served, whether as bomber pilots,
Navy Seals, or Operation Whitecoat guinea pigs. I have yet to see a service honoring those who ran away
to Canada to avoid participation in the senseless carnage of Vietnam in their Biblical pacifism."[47]

Churches of God (7th day)

The different groups evolving under the name Church of God (7th day) stand opposed to carnal warfare,
based on Matthew 26:52; Revelation 13:10; Romans 12:19–21. They believe the weapons of their warfare
to not be carnal but spiritual (II Corinthians 10:3–5; Ephesians 6:11–18).[48][49]

Molokans

The Molokans are a Spiritual Christian denomination that advocate pacifism.[50] They have historically
been persecuted for failing to bear arms.[51]

Partially pacifist groups

Community of Christ

Although non-credal and not explicitly pacifist, the Community of Christ (formerly known as the
Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints) is emerging as an international peace church
through such ministries as the Community of Christ International Peace Award, the Daily Prayer for Peace,
and resources to support conscientious objection to war.[52][53][54] However, in the United States and
worldwide, many church members are active in military service and the church provides active duty
chaplaincy for outreach and ministry to military personnel.

Churches of Christ

Once containing a relatively large nonviolence faction, Churches of Christ are now more conflicted.
Contemporary Churches of Christ, especially those that hold with the teachings of David Lipscomb, tend
toward pacifist views.[55] This means that they believe that the use of coercion and/or force may be
acceptable for purposes of personal self-defense but that resorting to warfare is not an option open to
Christians.

Fellowship of Reconciliation

As noted above, there are peace groups within most mainstream Christian denominations. The Fellowship
of Reconciliation was set up as an organization to bring together people in these groups and members of the
historic peace churches. In some countries, e.g. the United States, it has broadened its scope to include
members of other religions or none, and people whose position is not strictly for nonviolence. However, in
other countries (e.g., the United Kingdom) it remains essentially an organization of Christian
nonviolence.[56]

See also
Christianity portal

American Friends Service Committee Center on Conscience & War

Anglican Pacifist Fellowship Christian pacifism
Baptist Peace Fellowship of North America Christianity and violence
Brethren Volunteer Service
Catholic Worker Movement
 Churches of Peace, three buildings built by Nonconformism
and for Lutherans in Silesia after granted Nonresistance
permission from Austrian Habsburgs
Nonviolence
Civilian-based defense
Pacifism
Civilian Public Service Pax Christi
Conscription Plain people
Diane Drufenbrock Religious Freedom Peace Tax Fund Act
Doukhobors Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Jewish Peace Fellowship (SCLC)
List of pacifist faiths Testimony of peace
List of peace activists Leo Tolstoy
Martin Luther King Jr. John Howard Yoder
Mennonite Seagoing cowboys

References
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ons/Doctrinal%20Points%20Final%20Proof.pdf)
49. "Church of God 7th Day" (http://www.cog7day.org/about/index.asp?pgID=11).
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Further reading
Driver, Juan (1970) How Christians Made Peace With War: Early Christian Understandings
of War. Scottdale PA: Herald Press. ISBN 0-8361-3461-3

(1999) Radical Faith. Scottdale PA: Herald Press. ISBN 0-9683462-8-6

Friesen, Duane K. (1986) Christian Peacemaking and International Conflict: A Realist

Pacifist Perspective. Scottdale: Herald Press. ISBN 0-8361-1273-3
Lederach, John Paul (1999) The Journey Toward Reconciliation. Scottdale, PA: Herald
Press. ISBN 0-8361-9082-3
Ruth-Heffelbower, Duane (1991) The Anabaptists Are Back: Making Peace in a Dangerous
World. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press. ISBN 0-8361-3552-0
Sider, Ronald (1979) Christ and Violence. Scottdale PA: Herald Press. ISBN 1-57910-656-0
Sampson, Cynthia (1999) "Religion and Peacebuilding." In Peacemaking in International
Conflict: Methods and Techniques; edited by I. William Zartman, and J. Lewis Rasmussen.
Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press.
Stievermann, Jan. "A 'Plain, Rejected Little Flock': The Politics of Martyrological Self-
Fashioning among Pennsylvania's German Peace Churches, 1739-65." William and Mary
 Quarterly 66.2 (2009): 287-324. online (https://www.jstor.org/stable/40212055)

Trocmé, André (1961) Jesus and the Nonviolent Revolution; Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books,
2003. ISBN 1-57075-538-8
Wink, Walter, ed. (2000) Peace is the Way: Writings on Nonviolence from the Fellowship of
Reconciliation. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books. ISBN 1-57075-315-6
Van Dyck, Harry R. (1990) Exercise of Conscience: A World War II Objector Remembers.
Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-584-9
McGrath, Willam (1980) Why We Are Conscientious Objectors to War. Millersburg, OH:
Amish Mennonite Publications.
Horsch, Joh (1999) The Principle of Nonresistance as Held by the Mennonite Church.
Ephrata, PA: Eastern Mennonite Publications.
Brown, Dale (1985) Biblical Pacifism: A Peace Church Perspective. Elgin, IL: Brethren
Press. ISBN 0-87178-108-5

External links
Historic Peace Churches (https://web.archive.org/web/20100415233916/http://www.gameo.
org/encyclopedia/contents/H59ME.html) in Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia
Who are the Historic Peace Churches (HPC)? (https://web.archive.org/web/2007030219573
6/http://www.peacetheology.org/who.html)
Every Church a Peace Church (http://ecapc.org/) – organization working to create more
peace churches
Writings on Christian Nonresistance and Pacifism from Anabaptist-Mennonite Sources (htt
p://www.bluffton.edu/~mastg/pacifism.htm)
Pacifism And Biblical Nonresistance (http://www.bibleviews.com/Biblicalnonresist.html)
NonResistance.Org (http://www.nonresistance.org)
Cascadia Publishing House (http://www.CascadiaPublishingHouse.com) – Anabaptist-
related publisher of Historic Peace Church materials

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