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Lecture 4
Part2
CAPACTORS
•Demos
• Circular parallel plate capacitior
•Cylindrical capacitor
•Concentric spherical capacitor
•Leyden jar capacitor
•Dielectric Slab sliding into demo
•Show how to calibrate electroscope
• Applications
– Radio tuner circuit uses variable capacitor
– Blocks DC voltages in ac circuits
– Act as switches in computer circuits
– Triggers the flash bulb in a camera
– Converts AC to DC in a filter circuit
Area A
+++++++++++ +q
S E
-------------------- - q
Gauss Law
q
E E
q
q 0 EA
0 A 0 A
qS
V ES
0 A
q q 0 A Coulomb/Volt = Farad
C qS
V 0 A S
r = 10 cm
r r
A = r2 = (.1)2
s A = .03 m 2
S = 1 mm = .001 m
0A
C
S
C (10 11 )
.03 Coulomb
Farad
.001 Volt
C 3 1010 F
Demonstrate
1. As S increases, voltage increases.
– C = Q / V = Q / (V0 / ) = C0
E = E0 - E’
E0
E Cq
V
E 0S q
V C
V0
V0
V C C 0
Signal wire
b b b r2
a
1 1 1 b a)
V kq kq( ) kq(
rb a b ab
ab ab
C q /V 4 0
k(b a) ba
dU Vdq q dq.
C
The total potential energy increase is
Q
q q2 Q2
U dq
0
C 2C 2C
1 1 1 Q2
Also
U QV CV 2
using C = Q/ V
2 MUTENGENE
BMET 2021 2 2 C
Graphical interpretation of integration
dU Vdq
Q
1 1 Q 1 Q2
Area = (b)(h) (Q)( )
2 2 C 2 C
Q
q q2 Q Q2
0 C dq 2 2C
BMET 2021 MUTENGENE
0
Where is the energy stored in a capacitor?
• Find energy density for parallel plate capacitor. When we charge a
capacitor we are creating an electric field. We can think of the work
done as the energy needed to create that electric field. For the
parallel plate capacitor the field is constant throughout, so we can
evaluate it in terms of electric field E easily.
Use U = (1/2)QV
We are now
Q and V = ES including dielectric
E effects:
0 A
Solve for Q = AE, V = ES and substitute in
1 1 1
U QV (AE )( ES ) E 2 ( AS )
2 2 2
U 1 volume occupied by E
E 2
AS 2
Electrostatic energy density general result for all
1 2
E geometries.
2 To get BMET
total 2021
energy you need to integrate over volume.
MUTENGENE
How much energy is stored in the Earth’s atmospheric
electric field?
(Order of magnitude estimate)
atmosphere
20 km
E 100 Vm 102
h 1
U 0 E 2 Volume
Earth 2
R
Volume 4R 2 h
Volume 4 (6 106 ) 2 (2 104 ) 8.6 1018 m3
1
R = 6x106 m U (10 11 )(10 2 )(8.6 1018 )
2
U 4.3 1011 J
This energy is renewed daily by the sun. Is this a lot? World consumes
about 1018 J/day.
The total solar influx is 200 Watts/m 2 This is 1/2000 of
Usun 200 3.14(6 106 ) 2 1016 J s 2 1021 J day the solar flux.
U Usun 2 1010
Only an infinitesimal fraction gets converted to electricity.
BMET 2021 MUTENGENE
Parallel Combination of Capacitors
Typical electric circuits have several capacitors in them. How do they
combine for simple arrangements? Let us consider two in parallel.
Q1 Q2
C1 C2 C1
+ + C = Q/V
V - V -
The important thing to note is that the voltage across each is the
same and equivalent to V. Also note what is the total charge
stored by the capacitors? Q.
Q Q1 Q 2 C1V C 2V (C1 C 2)V
Q
C1 C 2 C C1 C 2
V BMET 2021 MUTENGENE
Series Combination of Capacitors
Q Q Q Q
+ - + - + - C
V
+ C1 C2 + C Q
V - V - V
V1 V2 V
C
C1 = 10 F
C1
C3 C2 = 5.0 F
+
V - C2 C3 = 4.0 F
C1 = 10 F
C1
C3 C2 = 5.0 F
+
V - C2 C3 = 4.0 F
1. HRW6 26.TB.03. [119752] A capacitor C "has a charge Q". The actual charges on its plates are:
Q/2, Q/2
Q, -Q
Q/2, -Q/2
Q, 0
Q, Q
2. HRW6 26.TB.13. [119762] Pulling the plates of an isolated charged capacitor apart:
increases the potential difference
increases the capacitance
does not affect the capacitance
decreases the potential difference
does not affect the potential difference
3. HRW6 26.TB.25. [119774] Let Q denote charge, V denote potential difference and U denote stored energy.
Of these quantities, capacitors in series must have the same:
Q only
Q and U only
U only
V and U only
V only
BMET 2021 MUTENGENE
What is the electric field in a sphere of uniform
distribution of positive charge. (nucleus of protons)
Q
4 3
R
R 3
qenc
E
EdA
0
r
4 r 3
E 4 r
2 3
0
r Q
E r
30 40 R 3