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Dielectrics
AP Physics C
Montwood High School
R. Casao
Dielectric
• A dielectric is a nonconducting material
inserted between the plates of a
capacitor.
• A dielectric increases the ability of a
capacitor to store energy.
• If the dielectric completely fills the space
between the plates, the capacitance
increases by a factor k, called the
dielectric constant.
k εo A
C
d
Dielectric
•When a dielectric is
inserted between the
plates of a charged
capacitor that is not
connected to a battery
(a source of additional
charge), but the
voltage is reduced by
a factor k.
Vold
k
Vnew
Dielectric
• Since the charge Q on the capacitor does not
change, then the capacitance must change with
the changing voltage so that the charge remains
constant.
C new
k
C old
• The capacitance increases by a factor k when
the dielectric completely fills the space between
the plates.
• The dielectric constant is a measure of the
degree of dipole alignment in the material.
•From the equation for capacitance
k εo A
C
d
ind ind
;
k o o o o o k o
o o
ind
Note that the induced o k o k
charge density on the
dielectric is less than the k k 1
charge density on the ind
plates. k k k
Dielectrics
• The net electric field in the dielectric is
given by: E = Eo - Einduced
E old
k
E new
Q Q
C k k Co Results in a higher capacitance.
V Vo
Allows more charge to be stored before breakdown
voltage.
Effect of the Dielectric Constant
o A k o A
Parallel Plate Capacitor Co C k Co
d d
Material permittivity measures
degree to which the material
permits induced dipoles k o
to align with an external field.
A
C
d
Example modifications
using permittivity
1 1 1
u o 0 E u k 0 E E 2
2 2
2 2 2
•The energy of the capacitor is
lowered when a dielectric is
inserted between the plates.
Work is done on the dielectric.
•A force must act on the
dielectric which pulls it into the
capacitor.
•The nonuniform electric field
near the edges of a parallel plate
capacitor exerts this force.
•The horizontal component of
the electric field acts on the
induced charges on the surface
of the dielectric, producing a
horizontal force directed into the
capacitor.
• Place a dielectric material
between capacitor plates:
• A charge of -13 is on the right
negative plate of the capacitor.
• A charge of +7 is on the right
positive portion of the dielectric.
• The battery sees -13 + 7 = -6 (less
total charge on the negative
capacitor plate).
• To compensate for the absence of
charge, the battery sends more
charge to the negative capacitor
plate to restore the -13 charge.
• This is how a dielectric allows for
more charge to be stored on the
capacitor plates.
Effect of a Metallic Slab Between the Plates
1 1 1 k o A o A
; C1 ; C2
CT C1 C 2 d 2d
3 3
1 1 1
CT k o A o A
d 2d
3 3
1 1 1
CT 3 k o A 3 o A
d 2d
1 d 2d
CT 3 k o A 3 o A
Two capacitors in 1 d 2 k d
series CT 3 k o A 3 k o A
1 d 2k d 3 k o A
; CT
CT 3 k o A d (1 2 k )
Two Dielectric Slabs
• Consider a parallel-plate
capacitor that has the space
between the plates filled with
two dielectric slabs, one with
constant k1 and one with
constant k2.
• The thickness of each slab is
the same as the plate
separation d and each slab fills
half the volume between the
plates.
• The two different dielectric
slabs represent two capacitors
in parallel with a plate area
A/2.
Two Dielectric Slabs
CT C1 C2
k1 o A k2 o A
CT
2d 2d
k1 o A k2 o A
CT
2d
o A (k1 k2 )
CT
2d
Charge Storage Warning