‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺘﻲ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ‪،RF‬‬

‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ‪MRI‬‬

‫* ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻘﺎﺑﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻧﺎﺩﺭ ﺭﻳﺎﺣﻲ ﻋﺎﻟـﻢ‪** ،‬ﺷﺎﻫﻴﻦ ﻣﻬﺪﻳﭙﻮﺭ‬
‫* ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫**ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ‬

‫‪D‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ‪ RF‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳚﺎﺩ ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ‪ MRI‬ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﻲ ‪ MRI‬ﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﴰﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﲞﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺫﺍﰐ ﻛﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎﻱ ‪ RF‬ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﲞﺸﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻫﻢ ﻛﻨﺶ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ‪ RF‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬

‫‪SI‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺭﻭﺷﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻼﹰ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﳘﲔ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ,‬ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ‪ RF‬ﺍﺭﺳﺎﱄ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﺳﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﻭ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﳘﭽﻨﲔ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ‪ in vivo‬ﻣﻐﺰ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﲑﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﺘﺮ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ‪ ،RF‬ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ‪ RF‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ‪ ،٨٠‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ‪ ٥‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ‪‬ﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔـﺎﺩﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﰲ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫‪of‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ‪ RF‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺁﺏ ﺣﱵ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ‪ B١‬ﺍﺭﺳﺎﱄ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ‪ in vivo‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ‪ ،‬ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ‪ ،in vivo‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﲣﻤﲔ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ‪ RF‬ﻭ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ‪‬ﻴﻨﻪ ﺩﺭ ‪ MRI‬ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﲑﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ive‬‬

‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‪ ،MRI :‬ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ‪ ، RF‬ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻛﻨﺶ ﻣﻴﺪﺍ‪‬ﺎﻱ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪ RF‬ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻛﻮﻳﻞ ‪ RF‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫‪ch‬‬

‫ﺑﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻛﻨﺶ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ‪ RF‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳚﺎﺩ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ‪ B١‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﻳﺰﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﱵ ﺍﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ‪ MRI‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ‪ B١‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻮﻳﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ﺧﻮﰊ‬ ‫ﺣﱵ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺴﺎ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺷﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫‪Ar‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ )ﻳﺎ ﺑﺪﻥ(‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﲑﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻫﻢ ﻛﻨﺶ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﱄ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺑﲔ ﺭﻓﱳ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﻫﻢ ﻛﻨﺶ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻ )‪ (> 50 MHz‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﺪﻱ ﺗﺮﻱ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﺎﺯ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ )‪ (٥‬ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﲑﺩ‪ .‬ﳔﺴﺖ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫‪ RF‬ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ )ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ( ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﳚﺎﺩ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﳘﭽــﻮﻥ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ )‪ . (١‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪﻩ ﺁﻥ ﳘﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﳏﻘﻘﲔ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﳏﻘﻘﲔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ‪ RF‬ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳚﺎﺩ ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪.(٢-٤‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ‪ RF‬ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ :‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ‪ B١‬ﺍﺭﺳﺎﱄ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻛﻮﻳﻞ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ‪ RF‬ﺩﻭ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ ‪ ،٦‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ،۳‬ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ ‪٨٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٣٧‬‬

‫‪www.SID.ir‬‬
 ‫ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻘﺎﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ‪ RF‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﺯﻭﻧﺎﻧـﺲ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ )‪ (MRS‬ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺼـﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ‬ ‫)‪ (FMRI‬ﻣﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﻳﻨـﻜﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻛﻨﺶ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﳘﲔ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺟﺬﺏ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺭﻓﱳ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮ “ ﻧﺮﺥ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺝ ‪ RF‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﺬﺏ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ“ )‪( Specific Absorption Rate, SAR‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺝ ‪ RF‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻮﻳﻞ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺒﺶ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ)‪:(٦‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻭ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﻫﻢ ﻛﻨﺶ ﻧﻘﺶ‬
‫)‪(٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺫﻳﻞ‬
‫‪2π‬‬
‫=‪λ‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺁ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﱘ‪:‬‬
‫§‬ ‫§‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪·· 2‬‬
‫¨‬ ‫‪¨ª‬‬ ‫‪º 2‬‬ ‫¸¸‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻣﺎﻛﺴﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﳘﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫‪ω. ¨ ε r ε µ r µ ¨ «1 +‬‬ ‫»‬ ‫¸ ¸‪+ 1‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫«¨‪0‬‬
‫‪¨2‬‬ ‫‪ρ 2ε 2‬‬ ‫»‪2 2‬‬
‫¼ ‪r ε0ω‬‬
‫¸¸‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺯﻣﺎﱐ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﳚﺎﺩ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﱐ‬
‫¨‬ ‫¬¨‬ ‫¸¸‬

‫‪D‬‬
‫©‬ ‫©‬ ‫‪¹¹‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ)‪ .(١‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ ω‬ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻭ ‪ ρ‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪‬ﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺩﻱ ) ‪ (eddy current‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﳏﻴﻂ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ‪ε r‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﺏ ‪ ۸۰‬ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ‪ ۵‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﺪﺕ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫‪ ) ۱/۵ T‬ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ‪ (۶۴MHz‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ‪ RF‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ‬
‫‪SI‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ‪ B١‬ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺧﻄﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪‬ﺎﻱ ﺍﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ‪ RF‬ﻛﻮﻳﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫‪of‬‬
‫‪ ۰/۵۲ m‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ‪ ۲/۰۹m‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ)‪.(٦‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﱐ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻟﱰ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﲏ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ‪ RF‬ﳐﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﺑﺮ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ‪ RF‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬
‫‪ive‬‬

‫‪ ۱/۵ T‬ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ‪ Picker‬ﻣﺪﻝ ‪HPQ VISTA‬‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻱ ﲢﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻤﻖ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ )‪ (skin depth‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺍﳒﺎﻡ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ‪ RF‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﭘﻠﻜﺴﻲ ﮔﻼﺱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ch‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﺵ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﻔﺮﻭﺽ ) ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ (‬

‫‪e‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ‪ ۲۴cm‬ﻭ ﳏﺘﻮﻱ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﺒﺎﰐ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳﺪ)‪ .(٦‬ﻋﻤﻖ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ)‪:(٦‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ‪ ۲۰cm‬ﻭ ﳏﺘﻮﻱ ﺁﰊ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫)‪(١‬‬
‫‪Ar‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ‪ ،T١‬ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﳕﻚ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺲ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪T١ .‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ‪‬ﻴﻪ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ‪Spin echo‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺍﱄ ﺑﺎ ‪ TR‬ﻫﺎﻱ )‪ (Repetition time‬ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻭ ﺍﳒﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﻨﺤﲏ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ ۲۴۸ms‬ﺑﻮﺩ‪T١ .‬‬
‫‪ ۲۰۰ms‬ﺍﻋﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ‪ RF‬ﺍﺯ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬
‫)‪ Spin echo (θ-180‬ﺑﺎ ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎﻱ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ) ‪ ( θ‬ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ)‪ .(٨‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﺵ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻚ ﺗﻮﺍﱄ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ‪ Spin echo‬ﺑﺎ ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎﻱ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺣﺎﱄ ‪‬ﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫= ‪δ‬‬ ‫) ‪2 /( µ r .µ 0 .ω .σ‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ µ 0‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺮﺍﻭﺍﻳﻲ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺧﻼﺀ‪ µ r ،‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻭﺍﻳﻲ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻧﺴﱯ ﳕﻮﻧﻪ‪ ω ،‬ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫‪ RF‬ﻭ ‪ σ‬ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﳕﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺷﺪﺕ‬
‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ σ‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ١‬ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻖ‬
‫ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﻀﻠﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ ۶/۷ cm‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬

‫‪٢٣٨‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ ‪ ،٦‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ،۳‬ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ ‪٨٢‬‬
‫‪www.SID.ir‬‬
 ‫ﺍﺛﺮ ﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺘﻲ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ‪RF‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺑﻄﻨﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻐﺰ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻐﺰﻱ‬
‫ﳔﺎﻋﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺘﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪ T١‬ﺑﻠﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺷﺪﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‪ ROI ،‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻐﺰ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﮔﲑﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻱ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻐﺰ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻭﻃﻠﺐ ‪‬ﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١‬ﳕﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺷﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﲞﺶ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﻤﺮﺧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ‪ RF‬ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﻱ ‪ A-P‬ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪Trans-axial‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻐﺰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﻭ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺁﺏ ‪‬ﻴﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﳕﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٢‬ﳕﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻤﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ )‪ T(r‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻐﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻱ ‪ A-P‬ﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٣‬ﳕـﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ) ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ( ۱۰mm‬ﺿـﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫‪SI‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﲤﺎﻣﻲ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﻨﮓ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﳒﺎﻡ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ‪‬ﺮﻩ‬
‫‪of‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ )‪ T(r‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ %۲/۱۱‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﳘﲔ ﺗﺮﺗﻴـﺐ ﺗـﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫)‪ T(r‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ‪ A-P‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻮﻳﻞ ﺳـﺮ ﻭ ﻓـﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺭﻭﻏـﻦ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫‪ive‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻓـﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ‪%۱/۶۱‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ‪ B1‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻐـﺰ‪ ،‬ﺗـﺎﺑﻊ )‪ T(r‬ﺩﺭ ﻓـﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺁﺏ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ‪ A-P‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﲑﻱ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ‪‬ﺘـﺮ‪،‬‬
‫‪ch‬‬
‫)‪ T(r‬ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻐﺰ ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻓـﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٤‬ﳕﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷـﻜﻞ )‪ T(r‬ﺣﺎﺻـﻠﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫‪Ar‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻭ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ) ‪ T(r) ، ( V‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻐـﺰ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﰊ ﻭ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ) * ( ﻭ )‪ T(r‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻧـﮓ‬
‫ﺳﺒﺰ ﻭ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ) ‪ ( O‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﳘـﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺍﻳﺴـﺘﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻐـﺰ ﻭ ﻓـﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺁﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﱄ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺁﺏ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﺴـﺌﻠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﲢـﺪﺏ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ‬
‫)‪ T(r‬ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﳕﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻـﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ۱۰cm‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻛﻪ )‪ T(r‬ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﻐـﺰ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔـﲑﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ )‪ T(r‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺁﺏ ‪ %۲/۲۳‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ‪ %۰/۵۴‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﲤﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ﺩﺭ‬
‫)‪ (Region of Interest‬ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ‪ROI‬‬
‫ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ (٣‬ﻛﻪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻮﺍﱄ ‪ Spin echo‬ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٣‬‬
‫)) ‪S(r ) = k.PD(r).R(r).Sin(T (r).θ0 ).(1− Cos(T (r).π‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪ROI‬ﻫﺎﻱ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻴﻤﺮﺥ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﳕﺎﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (Transmite) T(r‬ﻭ )‪R(r‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫)‪ (Receive‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﳕﺎﻳﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪،‬‬
‫)‪ (Proton Density) PD(r‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﭼﮕﺎﱄ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﱐ ﻭ ‪k‬‬
‫ﺿﺮﻳﱯ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪. (٨‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻓﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﳒﺎﻡ ﺷﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﳘﲔ ‪‬ﺮﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺩﺳﱵ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﲤﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺷﺪﮔﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﺧﺪﺍﺩ ‪ data clipping‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﲑﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺁﳒﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ‪ RF‬ﺗﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ,‬ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ‪ ۱۲۸*۱۲۸‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ‪TE‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﳘﻪ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ‪ ،۶۰ms‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﳍﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﮔﲑﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ)‪ (Number of Saturation, NSA‬ﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺵ ‪ ۵ mm‬ﻭ ‪ ( Field of View) FOV = ۲۵cm‬ﺑﻮﺩ‪TR .‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﻫﺎ ‪ ۱۰۰۰ms‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ﻣﻐﺰ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪۲۵۰۰ms‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺷﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ‪ T١‬ﻃﻮﻻﱐ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ )‪(Cerebrospinal Fluid‬‬
‫‪ ، CSF‬ﻴﻪ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﳘﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻃﻮﻻﱐ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮﻱ ‪‬ﻴﻪ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻐﺰﻱ ﳔﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ ‪ ،٦‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ،۳‬ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ ‪٨٢‬‬
‫‪٢٣٩‬‬
‫‪www.SID.ir‬‬
 ‫ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻘﺎﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬

‫‪D‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :١‬ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﺵ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ‪ Transverse‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﻐﺰ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﻭﻃﻠﺐ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺘﻲ ‪ B١‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ‪ in vivo‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪SI‬‬
‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻒ‬
‫‪of‬‬
‫‪ive‬‬
‫‪ch‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :٢‬ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﺵ ‪ T‬ﺍﺯ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ )ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻭ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺁﺏ )ﺏ(‪.‬‬

‫‪Ar‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :٤‬ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺘﻲ ‪ ( T(r)) B1‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻐﺰ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺁﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :٣‬ﻧﻴﻤﺮﺥ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺘﻲ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ‪ RF‬ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ‪Transverse‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ‪ ،‬ﺁﺑﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺰ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺛﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻐﺰ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ‪. in vivo‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻐﺰ ﻭ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺁﺏ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪٢٤٠‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ ‪ ،٦‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ،۳‬ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ ‪٨٢‬‬
‫‪www.SID.ir‬‬
 ‫ﺍﺛﺮ ﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺘﻲ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ‪RF‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‪ :١‬ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻧﻲ ‪ ،ρ‬ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪﮔﻲ ‪ σ‬ﻭ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ‪ ε r‬ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ )‪.(٧‬‬
‫‪۲۵۶ MHz‬‬ ‫‪۱۷۱ MHz‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۸ MHz‬‬ ‫‪۶۴ MHz‬‬
‫)‪σ (s/m‬‬ ‫‪εr‬‬ ‫)‪σ (s/m‬‬ ‫‪εr‬‬ ‫)‪σ (s/m‬‬ ‫‪εr‬‬ ‫)‪σ (s/m‬‬ ‫‪εr‬‬ ‫)‪ρ(g/cm3‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫‪۰/ ۸‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۰‬‬ ‫‪۰/۷۳‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۱‬‬ ‫‪۰/ ۷‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۳‬‬ ‫‪۰/۶۲‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۶‬‬ ‫‪۱/۰۶‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻐﺰﻱ ﳔﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫‪۰‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪۰‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪۰‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪۰‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍ‬
‫‪۱/ ۳‬‬ ‫‪۵۵‬‬ ‫‪۱/ ۳‬‬ ‫‪۶۱‬‬ ‫‪۱/ ۳‬‬ ‫‪۶۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۸۹‬‬ ‫‪۸۵‬‬ ‫‪۱/۰۴‬‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻠﻪ‬
‫‪۰/۰۶‬‬ ‫‪۲۲‬‬ ‫‪۰/۰۵‬‬ ‫‪۲۴‬‬ ‫‪۰/۰۵‬‬ ‫‪۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۰۴‬‬ ‫‪۲۶‬‬ ‫‪۱/۸۵‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫‪۰/ ۷‬‬ ‫‪۵۳‬‬ ‫‪۰/۸۷‬‬ ‫‪۶۰‬‬ ‫‪۰/۸۶‬‬ ‫‪۶۳‬‬ ‫‪۰/۷۳‬‬ ‫‪۷۳‬‬ ‫‪۱/۱۰‬‬ ‫ﭘﻮﺳﺖ‬
‫‪۰/۴۸‬‬ ‫‪۳۴‬‬ ‫‪۰/۴۶‬‬ ‫‪۳۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۴۵‬‬ ‫‪۳۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۴۵‬‬ ‫‪۴۶‬‬ ‫‪۱/۰۵‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺳﻲ‬
‫‪۱/۷۵‬‬ ‫‪۷۳‬‬ ‫‪۱/ ۳‬‬ ‫‪۷۳‬‬ ‫‪۱/ ۷‬‬ ‫‪۷۳‬‬ ‫‪۱/ ۹‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۰‬‬ ‫‪۱/۰۱‬‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻂ‬
‫‪۰/ ۶‬‬ ‫‪۶۸‬‬ ‫‪۰/۵۸‬‬ ‫‪۶۹‬‬ ‫‪۰/۵۷‬‬ ‫‪۷۰‬‬ ‫‪۰/۴۹‬‬ ‫‪۸۸‬‬ ‫‪۱/۰۳‬‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺰ‬
‫‪۰/۰۶‬‬ ‫‪۲۲‬‬ ‫‪۰/۰۵‬‬ ‫‪۲۴‬‬ ‫‪۰/۰۵‬‬ ‫‪۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۰۴‬‬ ‫‪۲۶‬‬ ‫‪۱/۱۰‬‬ ‫ﻏﻀﺮﻭﻑ‬

‫‪D‬‬
‫ﲢﺪﺏ ﻧﻴﻤﺮﺥ ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ‪ RF‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻣﻐﺰ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻐﺰ ﻭ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺁﺏ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ )‪ ،( ε r = ۸۰‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺭﻭﻏــﻦ )‪ ( ε r = ۵‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺝ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫‪SI‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ‬
‫)‪ ۱۰MHz (۰/۲۳T‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﳘﲔ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺑﺮﻫﻢ ﻛﻨﺶ‬
‫ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻏﲑ ﳑﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪ .(٩‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫‪of‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ‪ B١‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﺟﺪﻱ ﺗﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻮﺋﻲ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻱ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﻤﺮﺥ )‪ T(r‬ﻫﺎﻱ ﳕﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٤‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ ﻣﻴﺪﺍ‪‬ﺎﻱ ‪ ۱/۵T‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﳒﺎﻡ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺁﺏ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﺭﺗﻴﻔﻜﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ﻣﻐﺰ ﺩﺭ‬
‫‪ive‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻐﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻗﻮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺗﻌﺠﺐ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﳕﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻐﺰ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻏﺸﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺭﺳﺎﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﲣﻤﲔ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ‬ ‫ﳘﺮﺍﻩ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ )‪ (heterogenicity‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻐﺰ‪ ،‬ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬
‫‪ch‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﱵ ‪ RF‬ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻇﺮﻑ ﳏﺘﻮﻱ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ‪RF‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻐﺰ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻳﻞ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ )‪ . (١٠‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﺭﺗﻴﻔﻜﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﺎﰐ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫‪Ar‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﲑﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﳘﲔ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬

‫‪ .١‬ﺟﺎﻥ ﺭ‪ .‬ﺭﻳﺘﺲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺩﺭﻳﻚ ﺝ ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﻠﻔﻮﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺑﺮﺕ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻮﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻛﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻛﺮﻳﺴﱵ‪ )) .‬ﻣﺒﺎﱐ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ((‪ .‬ﺗﺮﲨﻪ ﺟﻼﻝ‬ ‫) ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ (‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻤﻴﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﭼﺎﭖ ﺳﻮﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺮﺍﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ‪.١٣٧٠ ،‬‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺟﺎﻟﺐ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‪،‬‬
‫‪2. Alsop D. C., Connick T. J., Mizsei G.,‬‬
‫‪1998, A spiral volume coil for improved‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﺩﻭ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺍﺛﺮ‬
‫‪RF field homogeneity at high static‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻭﱄ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ‬
‫‪magnetic field strength, Mag. Reson.‬‬
‫‪Med., 40: 49-54.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺩﻭﻣﻲ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ‬
‫‪3. Bottomley P. A., Andrew E.R., 1978,‬‬
‫‪RF magnetic field penetration, phase shift‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺭﺍ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫‪and power dissipation in biological tissue:‬‬
‫‪implications for MRI imaging, Phys.‬‬
‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ‪ MRI‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺪﺍ‪‬ﺎﻱ ﻗﻮﻱ ‪‬ﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ‬
‫‪Med. Biol., 23 (4): 630-643.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﳘﲔ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ)‪.(١١‬‬
‫‪4. Numerical simulation of SAR and field‬‬
‫‪in homogeneity of shielded RF coils‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ ‪ ،٦‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ،۳‬ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ ‪٨٢‬‬

‫‪٢٤١‬‬
‫‪www.SID.ir‬‬
 ‫ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻘﺎﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬
8. Sled J. G., Pike G.B., 1998, Standing-
wave and RF penetration artifacts caused
by elliptic geometry: An electrodynamics
analysis of MRI, IEEE Trans. Med.
Imag., 17 (4): 653-662.
9. Stark D. D., Bradley W. G., Magnetic
resonance Imaging, Vol.1, Mosby-year
book, U.S.A, 1992.
10. Stollberger R., Wach P., 1996,
Imaging of the active B1 field in vivo,
Mag. Reson. Med., 35: 246-251.
11. Velthuizen R., et al., 1998, Review
and evaluation of MRI nonuniformity
orrections for brain tumor response
measurements, Med. Phys., 25(9): 1655-
1666.
SI
of
ive
ch
Ar
٢٤٢ ٨٢ ‫ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ‬،۳ ‫ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬،٦ ‫ ﺟﻠﺪ‬،‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬
loaded with the human head, IEEE Trans.
Biomed. Engineering, 45 (5): 650-659.
5. Jin J., Chen J., 1997, On the SAR and
field in hemogeneity of birdcage coils
loaded with the human head., Magn.
Reson. Med., 38: 953-963.
6. Ohgabian M., Riahi N., Mehdipour S.,
2000, Measurement of RF transmit and
receive homogeneity in MRI systems, 4th
Iranian Medical Physics Congress, pp
174-182.
7. Simmons A., et al., 1994, Sources of
intensity no uniformity in spin echo
images at 1.5T, Magn. Reson. Med., 32:
121-128.
D
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