MODULE #13 Virtues of active citizenship:

• Participation
NATION BUILDING – is constructing or structuring • Deliberative engagement
national identity. Also serves as the unification of • Awareness of mutual inter-dependence
the people within the state. • Freedom

* Fundamental Principle – Preservation of Ethnic Drivers of Active Citizenship:

and Cultural Diversity • Innovation
* Rule of Law emphasized in the context of • Entrepreneurship
nation-building – Equality before the law and • Productivity
legal accountability • Social involvement
* Nation-Building builds a sense of Nationalism
* Critical aspect of successful nation-building and MODULE #15
democratization – inclusive political
participation and representation CITIZENSHIP - a term denoting membership of a
citizen in a political society
DEMOCRATIZATION - term refers to the process - stipulated or stated in the Article IV of the 1987
by which a country transitions from an PH Constitution
authoritarian regime to a democratic one ALIEN – a non-resident of a country. Or
commonly referred as foreigner.
Key Element of democratic governance in the
context of nation-building – free and fair 2 RECOGNIZED FORMS OF ACQUIRING PH
elections CITIZENSHIP

MODULE #14 1. By birth (Jus Soli) – right of soil – the

nationality of a person is determined by the place
ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP - means people getting of birth. (Jus Sanguinis) – right of blood – the
involved in their communities and democracy at nationality is acquired what his/her parent/s is.
all levels from local to national and global. Its key (The Philippine uses this principle)
characteristic is to be engaged in civic
participation and advocacy. 2. Filipino by Naturalization - this happens when
a person renounces a former nationality and
Active Citizenship: accept a new one to be part of the citizens. FOR
• Respect EXAMPLE: An American wants to live here in the
• Honoring duties Philippines, he shall denounce his citizenship and
• Being informed be a Filipino by Naturalization. This will go under
• Compassion certain circumstances
• Active involvement
• Working together The two categories of Philippine citizens
• Sustainable solution
• Self-development  natural born
• Safe, stable and clean environment  naturalized
MODULE #16

POLITICAL PARTICIPATION - simply any activity ➢ Trying to talk to someone into voting a certain
which is designed to influence public opinion or way
decision. It can be direct or indirect, individual or ➢ Political Discussion
group-oriented ➢ Voting

TWO TYPES OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION Lobbying - a form of political participation that

involves persuading elected officials to support
1. Conventional participation – follow the specific policies.
political system. Voting, campaigning, lobbying
officials. Attending a town hall meeting - example of
➢ Voting direct political.
➢ Letter Writing
➢ Contract Representatives MODULE #18
➢ Working on campaigns
➢ Joining Groups CIVIL SOCIETY - has been characterized as an
➢ Running for office agent for limiting authoritarian government and
working towards popular empowerment.
2. Unconventional Participation - do not follow
routinised institutional forms of politics. Protest, Five (5) areas for NGO participation in electoral
demonstration, violence, revolution. processes
➢ Boycotts
➢ sit-ins 1.) Advocacy for electoral reforms
➢ Marches 2.) The raising of political consciousness
➢ Demonstrations 3.) Advancement of the people’s platform or
➢ Violence agenda in elections
4.) Direct participation thought the fielding of
LEVELS OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION and campaigning for chosen candidates
5.) Post-election activities
GLADIATOR ACTIVITIES
➢ Holding office MODES OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
➢ Candidate for office
➢ Active Party Membership  Government –led development: welfare
➢ Contributing time in a campaign state- concept to ameliorate the adverse
social situations resulting out of industrial
TRANSITIONAL ACTIVITIES revolution and colonial regimes in post
➢ Attending in Political Rally WW-II situation.
➢ Donating Money to a party
➢ Contacting an official  Community-led development: Church -
rotaries in the west • Gandhi Sewa gram
SPECTATOR ACTIVITIES model, tagore’s Shriniketan model of rural
➢ Wearing a button/badge development. These are self- sufficient
and self -sustaining communities
MODULE #18 part2
ROLES OF CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATION (CSO)
1.) Engaged in mobilization of social actors;
women, and labor sector.
2.) Representing the interest of the specific
groups in governmentsociety interactions
3.) Engaged in monitoring and evaluating
government activities on behalf of society
4.) Engaged in developmental activities;
commonly known as development NGOs. This
includes improving equity or stimulating
particular kinds of developmental action which
enhance the well-being of the poor and the
socially marginalized.
CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATION for Social
Development (impacting good governance)
➢ Public policy and decision making
➢ Transparency and information
➢ Social change through social activism
➢ Supplementing government efforts
➢ Working for social justice
CIVIC RESPONSIBILITY - The obligation of citizens
to participate in their community and society
POLITICAL EFFICACY - The belief that one's
actions can influence government and politics
MODULE #19
Social Movements -are designed to either bring
about or prevent societal changes
TYPES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
Reactionary
These people desire to turn back changes that
have occurred and return to an earlier time.
Conservative
 These people work to prevent changes
from taking place.
Reformist (revisionist)
 Very well-known as the liberal, these
people desire moderate
Revolutionary
 This type of movement is designed to
bring about major change, such as coup
or the movement to legalize the use of all
illegal substances.
Escapist (Retreatist)
 People who belong to this type of
movement “dropout” of society by
isolating themselves. Such groups could
be religious cults or survivalist militias.
Assimilationist
 This is designed to help minority groups
become assimilated or accepted into
society
Pluralist
 They seek acceptance without claiming to
be the same as the majority.
Expressive
 Rather than be specific about their goals,
an expressive movement tried to
influence how people think and then let
them decide how to act.
Alternative
 Seek to get people to change their
lifestyle. Example: is the 10,000 man
movement or the Million man march
Redemptive
 Attempt to get people to make life-
altering changes
MODULE #19 part2
TYPES OF LEADERS
Authoritarian (autocratic)
 In an autocratic environment, the leader
makes decisions without input from the
rest of the team. It’s a highly authoritarian
leadership style that can demoralize
employees in the wrong situation.
Participative (democratic)
 They open up most decisions for debate,
which help employees feel valued and
appreciated. In some cases, democratic
leaders can seem indecisive, as though
they don’t trust their own ability to reach
conclusions, and these leaders can
improve their effectiveness by learning to
make quick decisions in critical
circumstances
Delegative (laissez-faire)
Two types of laissez-faire leaders exist.
Intentional laissez-faire leaders believe in
giving their employees autonomy and
creative freedom. They let workers set
their own schedules and make decisions.
Unintentional laissez-faire leaders, on
the other hand, sometimes lack control
over their teams.
 Transactional (managerial)
A transactional leader values order and
systems. They set targets for employees
and outline the rewards and penalties
associated with meeting or not meeting
those targets. This rigid style of leadership
encourages high compliance within teams
while suppressing creativity and ingenuity
---
but the strong emphasis on procedure allows for
an extreme degree of control over processes and
leads to predictable, reliable outputs.
Transformational (visionary)
 Transformational leaders exist to energize
teams and sell a company’s vision. Using a
mix of empathy, enthusiasm, and praise,
they encourage individual workers to
achieve their objectives, explore new
ideas, and improve their outcomes. Under
a transformational leader, employees feel
empowered and loyal, though in larger
companies this style of soft leadership can
sometimes appear distant or insincere.
TYPES OF FOLLOWERS
Converts -
 these people are the true “diehards” of
the movements. They are willing to
devote their life to the cause.
Adherents -
 most people who belong to a movement
fit into his category. They support the
cause only to a point. They aren’t willing
to break the law or give their life to the
cause
Opportunists -
 these people support a movement
because they see a way to advance their
own lives in some way. A celebrity who
supports a popular cause or someone
who can financially benefit from a
movement would belong to this category
Adventurers -
 these supporters seek excitement. They
belong to a movement because it is
exciting to them, not because they really
support the cause.
MODULE 19 part3
TYPES OF TACTICS USED BY SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
Educational -
 designed to teach people the reasons why
movement exists and why they should
care about it. Posters, films, speeches,
ads, etc. are used.
Political -
 working through the political system to
bring about or prevent change
Direct -
 this is when social movements take
matters into their own hands. They make
extreme measures such as destroying an
abortion clinic, freeing animals from
experimental lab, boycotting a business
that uses slave labor, etc.
Religious -
 Appealing for religious organizations using
ethical and moral concepts
MODULE #20
Public policy system- refers to the courses of
action, regulatory measures, laws, and funding
priorities concerning a given topic promulgated
by a governmental entity or its representatives.
Three (3) Parts to Public Policy-Making
➢ Problem – issue that needs to be addressed
➢ Player – individual or group that is influential
in forming a plan to address the problem in
question
➢ Policy – finalized course of action decided
upon by the government; when open to
interpretation by NGO player and private sector
including church and cultural institutions
TYPES OF PUBLIC POLICIES
Regulatory policy
 Designed to limit the actions of persons or
groups so as to protect the general public
or a substantial portion of public
Distributive policy
 Most common form of government policy,
uses tax revenues to provide benefits to
individuals or groups by means of grants
or subsidies.
Redistributive policy
 Take taxes from certain groups and give
them to another group.
Other types
• Criminal Justice: death penalty, drug policy, and
gun control.
• Culture and Society: abortion, arts, and civil
rights.
• Economic Affairs: budget and taxes.
• Education: elementary and secondary, and
higher education.
• Environment: air quality and global warming.
• Government Operations: campaign finance
reform and privatization
STAGES OF POLICY PROCESS
 Agenda setting/ Identification of Issues or
problems
 Policy Formulation
 Policy Adaption/ Legitimization
 Policy Implementation
 Policy Assessment/Evaluation
MODULE #21
Public policy - is a system of laws, regulatory
measures, courses of action, and funding
priorities concerning a given topic promulgated
by a governmental entity or its representatives.
scope of public policy
 It covers a broad area of government
laws, regulations, court decisions, and
local ordinances. Today, government
affects all aspects of our lives.
POLICY MAKERS
 The Legislative branch is authorized to
make laws, alter, and repeal them through
the power vested in the Philippine
Congress. This institution is divided into
the Senate and the House of
Representatives.
FUTURE OF PUBLIC POLICY
 Future belongs to Flexible Public Sector
rather than Machine Bureaucracies.
difference between law and public policy
 “Policy” also means what a government
does not intend to do. It also evolves the
principles that are needed for achieving
the goal. Policies are only documents and
not law, but these policies can lead to
new laws.”
 “Laws are set standards, principles, and
procedures that must be followed in
society.
MODULE #22
Human rights- refers to the concept of human
beings as having universal natural rights or status,
regardless of legal jurisdiction or other localizing,
such as ethnicity, nationality, and sex. It is the
basic rights and freedoms that belong to every
person in the world, from birth until death.
Why human right is important?
Human rights are needed to protect and preserve
every individual's humanity, to ensure that every
individual can live a life of dignity and a life that is
worthy of a human being
Values of Human Rights
• Dignity
• Justice
• Respect
• Equality
Four (4) characteristics of human rights:
• Inherent – essential part of our lives, intrinsic.
• Universal – people have human rights whoever
they are and whenever they are.
• Indivisible – human rights must be enjoyed by
everyone in its full range.
• Inalienable – can’t be taken away or
transferred (but can be limited when the exercise
of it is an affront to the rights of others.)
CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
• Civil rights – pertains to the rights belonging to
a person by reason of citizenship
• Political rights – enables the people to
participate in running or influencing the
administration of the government.
MODULE #22 part2
• Economic rights – pertains to access to the
resources – such as land, labor, physical, and
financial capital – that are essential for the
creation, legal appropriation, and market
exchange of goods and services.
• Social rights – relates to living together or
enjoying life in communities organized groups.
• Cultural rights – ensures the well-being of the
individual and fosters the preservation,
enrichment and dynamic evolution of arts,
manners and way of living of a group with
principles of unity in diversity of expression.
MODULE #23
Bill of Rights. - It may be defined as declaration
and enumeration of a person;s rights and
privileges which the constitution is designed to
protect against violations by the Government, by
an individual, or groups of individuals. It is a
fundamental characteristic of a republican
system.
The Bill of Rights as provided in Article III of our
Constitution includes, inter alia , the right against
illegal searches and seizures, the liberty of abode
and travel (right of locomotion), the freedom of
religion, the freedom of expression, the
impairment clause (freedom of contract), and the
rights of the accused in criminal cases.
The Classifications of Constitutional Rights
Political Rights.
 Political rights are rights of the citizens
which give them the power to participate,
directly or indirectly, in the establishment
or administration of the government
Civil Rights.
 Civil rights are those rights which the law
will enforce at the instance of private
individuals for the purpose of securing to
them the enjoyment of their means of
happiness.
Rights of the Accused
 Rights of the accused are the rights
intended for the protection of a person
accused of any crime.
Hierarchy of Rights
In one sweeping statement, the Constitution has
engraved the basic protection given to life, liberty
and property (Sec. 1, Art. III, 1987 Constitution)
The Different Constitutional Rights
 Constitutional rights refer to those rights
of an individual which are granted by the
Constitution. They include all the rights
enumerated under the Bill of Rights.
Right to Due Process.
 Daniel Webster defined due process as a
“law which hears before it condemns”.
This definition contemplates notice and
opportunity to be heard before judgment
is rendered affecting one’s person and
property
Two aspects of due process of law
substantive due
 process which protects the rights of an
individual against the exercise of
governmental arbitrary power even when
the power is exercised with proper forms
and procedure
procedural due process
 which refers to the mode and method
which government must follow in the
enforcement of law
MODULE #23 part2
Right to Equal Protection.
 This right guarantee legal equality or
equality before the law. The guarantee of
equal protection states that no person or
class of person shall be deprived of same
protection of laws which is enjoyed by
other persons or other classes in the
same place and in like circumstances
(People v. Cayat, 68 Phil. 12, 18). This
simply means “equality among equals”.
four requisites of the right to equal protection
1) it must rest on substantial distinction;
2) it must be germane to the purpose of the law;
3) it must not be limited to existing condition
only; and,
4) it must apply equally to all members of the
same class.
Right against Illegal Arrest, Searches, and
Seizures.
 Section 2 of Article III of the Constitution
protects individual against unreasonable
arrest, search and seizures. This
protection is available to all persons
whether natural or artificial, including
aliens, whether accused of a crime or not.
To speak of arrest, it is the taking of a person into
custody in order that he may be bound to answer
for the commission of an offense (Sec. 1, Rule
113, Rules of Court of the Philippines).
WITHOUT WARRANT OF ARREST
 CAUGHT IN THE ACT
 WANTED
 When the person to be arrested is a
prisoner who has escaped
In the case of search, the judge, before issuing
the search warrant, must personally examine in
the form of searching questions and answers, in
writing under oath , the complainants and any
witness he may produced on the facts personally
known to them, and attach to the record their
own statement together with any affidavit
Right to Privacy of Communication and
Correspondence (Section 3)
 This right to privacy of communication
and correspondence granted by the
Constitution is not absolute. The State
may infringe or intrude that privacy of
communication by some process or by
appealing to the court for purposes of
determining whether or not the privacy
should be maintained.
 , such violates the rights guaranteed by
this provision (RA 4200, Anti-wire
Tapping Law).
Freedom of Speech and Press.
 Freedom of speech, of expression, or of
the press is protected by Section 4 of
Article III of the Constitution. The same
provision protects the right of the people
peaceably to assemble and petition the
government for redress of grievances
Clear and Present
 Danger Rule means that words are used in
such circumstances and nature as to
create a clear and present danger that will
bring about substantive evil that the state
has the right to prevent.
Dangerous Tendency
 Rule means that the words uttered create
a dangerous tendency of an evil which
the state has the right to prevent. It is
sufficient if the natural tendency and the
probable cause of utterance will bring
about substantive evil that the legislative
body seeks to prevent
MODULE #23 part3
Balancing of Interest Test
 means that when the particular conduct is
regulated in the interest of public order
and consequently resulted in an indirect,
conditional or partial abridgement of
speech, the Court will determine which of
the following conflicting interests
demands greater protection under the
particular circumstances.
Right Against Detention by Reason of Political
Beliefs and Aspirations.
 The basis of “non-detention by reason of
political beliefs and aspirations” would be
the rights protected by Section 4 of Article
III of the Constitution. Freedom of
political belief is also guaranteed in
Section 18 (1) of Article III of the same
Constitution
Freedom of Religion.
 The twin clauses of free exercise and non-
establishment express an underlying
concept of separation of State and the
Church (Sec. 5, Art. III, Constitution). The
Free Exercise Clause in the Constitution is
the respect to the inviolability of human
conscience
Right Against Religious Test in Public Service.
 The third sentence of Section 5 renders
the government powerless in establishing
the policy of probing religious beliefs by
test oaths or limiting public offices to
persons who have or profess to have a
belief in some particular kind of religious
concepts (Ebranilag v Division of
Superintendent of Schools, 219 SCRA
256).
Freedom of Locomotion or Movement.
 Freedom of movement includes the
liberty of abode and of travel (Sec. 6, Art.
III, 1987 Constitution). The liberty of
abode may be impaired only upon lawful
order of the court. This prohibits the
practice of hamletting or herding of
people against their will.
Right to Information or Access to Public
Documents.
 Section 7 of Article III of the Constitution
provides that “(t)he right of the people to
information on matters of public concern
shall be recognized.” This provision is
otherwise known as the Transparency
Doctrine.
Notwithstanding the above, however, this right is
subject to limitations, to wit:
1. In national security matters which include state
secrets regarding military, diplomatic and other
information on inter-government exchanges;
2. Trade secrets and other banking transactions
pursuant to Intellectual Property Code and Bank
Secrecy Law, Anti-money Laundering Law and
Anti-Graft Law;
3. Criminal matters or classified law enforcement
matters; and,
4. Other confidential matters (Chavez v.. PCGG,
GR 130716, December 9, 1998).
Right of Association.
 The right to form associations is provided
for in Section 8 of Article III of the
Constitution. This right is recognized as
belonging to people whether employed or
unemployed, connected with private
sector or public sector (Bernas, 2004).
MODULE #23 part4
Freedom of Contract.
 protected in Section 10 of Article III of the
Constitution which states that “(n)o law
impairing the obligation of contracts shall
be passed.” Conformably, a law which
changes the terms of the contract
between parties, either in time or mode
of performance, or imposes new
conditions, or dispenses with those
expressed or authorizes for its satisfaction
something different from that provided in
its terms, is a law which impairs the
obligation of a contract and is therefore
null and void (Clemons v. Nolting,42 Phil
702)
 The kind of contract which is protected by
the Constitution is the one that is not
contrary to law, morals, good customs,
public order, or public order, or public
policy (Art. 1306, Civil Code of the
Philippines)
MODULE #24
THE BILL OF RIGHTS
Free Access to Courts and any Quasi-Judicial
Bodies.
 As provided for in Section 11 of Article III
of the Constitution, “free access to the
courts and quasi-judicial bodies and
adequate legal assistance shall not be
denied to any person by reason of
poverty”. This particularly focused on the
less fortunate Filipinos by allowing
litigation in forma pauperis or pauper
litigant. As Pres. Ramon Magsaysay once
said that, “(t)hose who have less in life
should have more in laws
Miranda Rights.
 The rights of a person under investigation
for the commission of an offense are
provided in Section 12 of Article III of the
Constitution. This provision is of
American origin. It comes from decisions
of the American Supreme Court in the
case of Miranda v. Arizona, 384 US 436,
wherein the Court enumerated the rights
of the accused under custodial
investigation. This is the reason why the
rights of the accused as provided for by
Section 12 are also known as the Miranda
Rights.
Miranda rights include the right to be informed
of
a) the right to remain silent,
b) the right to have competent and independent
counsel preferably of his own choice or to be
provided with one,
c) the right against the use of torture, force,
violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means
which vitiates the free will; and,
d) the right against being held in secret, solitary,
incommunicado, or other similar forms of
detention
Right to Bail
 Bail refers to the security given for the
release of a person in custody of law,
furnished by him (cash), a bondsman, or
through recognizance, conditioned upon
his appearance before the court as may
be required (Sec. 1, Rule 114, Rules of
Court).
MODULE #24 part2
RIGHT TO BAIL part2
 the fastest means of obtaining temporary
liberty, but this right can only be granted
upon court’s finding that the evidence of
guilt is not strong and the offense charged
is not punishable by reclusion perpetua
(Sec. 13, Art. III, 1987 Constitution).
 this right to bail is not available to military
for there is substantial distinction
between military and civilians
(Commendador v. de Villa, 200 SCRA 80)
Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus.
 The writ of habeas corpus is an order
issued by a court of competent
jurisdiction, directed to a person
detaining another, commanding him to
produce the body of the prisoner at the
designated time and place, with the day
and the cause of his caption and the
detention to do, to submit to, and to
receive whatever the court or judge
awarding the writ shall consider in his
behalf.
 a speedy and effective remedy to restore
the liberty of an individual subjected to
physical restraints and secures the
prisoner the right to an examination and
determination by the court of the cause
of his detention
 Section 15 of Article III of the
Constitution provides that “the privilege
of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be
suspended except in cases of invasion or
rebellion when the public safety requires
it.
Right to Speedy Disposition of Cases.
 “Justice delayed is justice denied”. This is
the operating principle of the provision
which states that “all persons shall have
the right to a speedy disposition of their
cases before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or
administrative bodies” (Sec. 16, Art. III,
Constitution).
Right against Self – Incrimination.
 This right is guaranteed in Section 17 of
Article III of the Constitution, which
provides that “(n)o person shall be
compelled to be a witness against
himself.” It is available in all government
proceedings and other similar nature.
Freedom of Political Belief.
Section 18 of Article III of the Constitution states
that “(n)o person shall be detained solely by
reason of his political belief and aspirations”.
According to De Leon (2004), this provision is a
positive declaration that within the democratic
framework, the people, for example, can freely
speak of what they think is wrong in the
government and its leaders, or seek changes in
the government and its policies which they
believe to be necessary or the removal of public
officials unworthy of their trust (Sec. 4, Art. III,
Constitution).
Right Against Involuntary Servitude.
The concept of slavery has been abandoned and
prohibited by Section 18 (2) of Article III for no
one will be compelled to render service against
his will except on the following instances:
1. Punishment for a crime where one has been
duly convicted;
2. Service in defense of the state;
3. Naval enlistment;
MODULE #24 part2
Right against involuntar servitude part 2
4. Posse Comitatus (U.S. v. Pompeya, 31 Phil
245);
5. Return to work order in industries affected
with public interest; and,
6. Patria Potestas (Art 311, Civil Code).
Right Against Prohibited Punishment.
 Excessive fines and cruel, degrading, or
inhuman punishments are prohibited by
Section 19 of Article III of the
Constitution. To violate this constitutional
guarantee, the penalty must be flagrantly
and plainly oppressive, wholly
disproportionate to the nature of the
offense as to shock the moral sense of
the community.
Right Against Non-imprisonment for Debt or
Non-payment of Poll Tax.
 It is provided in Section 20 of Article III of
the Constitution that “(n)o person shall be
imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a
poll tax”. While the debtor cannot be
imprisoned for the non-payment of debt.
Right against Double Jeopardy.
 The right against double jeopardy is
provided for in Section 21 of Article III of
the Constitution. This right means that
when a person is charged with an offense
and the case is terminated either by
acquittal or conviction or in any other
manner without the express consent of
the accused, the latter cannot again be
charged with the same or identical
offense (Melo v. People of the
Philippines, 85 Phil. 766).
Prohibition against Ex Post Facto Law and Bill of
Attainder.
 Section 22 of Article III of the Constitution
provides that “(n)o ex pos facto law or bill
of attainder shall be enacted..”
An ex-post facto law has been defined as one:
1. Which makes an action done before the
passing of the law and which was innocent when
done criminal and punishes such action.
2. Which aggravates a crime or makes it greater
than when it is committed;
3. Which changes the punishment and inflicts a
greater punishment than the law annexed to the
crime when it was committed; or,
4. Which alters the legal rules of evidence and
receive less or different testimony than the law
required at the time of the commission of the
offense in order to convict the defendant.
In short, a retroactive application of law violates
this constitutional provision, however, such is
subjected to the limitations as may be provided
by law. Moreover, an ex post facto law violates
the substantive aspect of due process of law.
A bill of attainder, on the other hand, is a
legislative act which inflicts punishments without
judicial trial. This constitutional provision against
bill of attainder is our safeguard against the
legislative exercise of judicial function or trial by
legislature