Social Movement
PARTICIPATORY
Social movement is another way to bring about
or respond to social and political change.
It is pooling together individual efforts in a joint
collective action.
It refers to a sustained, organized, collective
effort that seeks to bring about change.
It consists of a collective behavior that is
ideologically inspired, idealistic, and action-
oriented.
It aims at profound SOCIAL CHANGE and
sometimes even produces revolutionary
change, but it does not aspire to govern the
country.
Most social movements engage the
government, international organizations,
corporations, or other powerful institutions in
an effort to advance their goals.
It emerge when there is a disparity between
civil society and the prevailing social order.
Social movements’ actions include street
protests and other mass demonstrations. These
actions seek to call attention to significant social
and political causes. Often, their public and
disruptive nature is meant to engender
awareness, provoke debate, and inspire action.
Social movements advocate certain issues and
problems relevant to society. These issues could
be related to rights, freedoms, corruption,
environmental degradation, economic
exploitation, and social injustice.
Examples of social movements are women’s
movements, gay rights movements,
environmental movements, civil rights
movements and nationalist movements
INCLUSIVE CITIZENSHIP AND
GOVERNANCE
Government Institutions
- These are political organizations
capable of maintaining order and
implementing rules or laws over a given
population in a given territory. They
subsist on legal instruments, and their
authority emanates from written
documents.
CIVIL SOCIETIES
- These are webs of autonomous
associations, not necessarily formal
organizations, independent of the state,
bringing citizens together in pursuit of
common interests. They establish social
order through the collective norms and
rules, and by appealing either to non-
formal adjudication processes, or
through traditional standards.
INCLUSIVE CITIZENSHIP
- The view on INCLUSIVE CITIZENSHIP
believes that marginalized groups and
individuals should be empowered and
included in political processes.
According to K. HAMMOND,
- Inclusive - citizenship is a governing
policy that focuses on legal equality for
each citizen.
PARTICIPATORY GOVERNANCE
Frank Fischer
- Defines PARTICIPATORY GOVERNANCE
as a variant among governing theories
magnifying the significance of
democratic engagement specifically
through deliberative practices.
According to the United Nations Committee of
Experts on Public Administration (CEPA),
- Defines participatory governance as one
of the many public institutional
strategies that contribute to shared
visions in planning, budgeting,
monitoring and accountability of
development policies and programs.
Various Forms of Participation
Participation through information entails the
use of tools such as fact sheets, web sites, open
houses, and citizen charters.
Participation through consultation uses tools
such as public comments, focus group
discussions, surveys, and public meetings.
Participation through involvement uses tools
such as workshops, deliberative polling, and the
formation of neighborhood associations.
Participation through collaboration and
empowerment are made possible by citizen-
advisory committees, consensus-building
exercises, participatory decision-making
activities, and citizen juries.
Strategies for Participatory governance
DECENTRALIZATION
- It is a process wherein power from
higher levels is transferred to lower
levels.
ADAPTIVE CO-MANAGEMENT
- It is a fusion of two developmental
approaches – adaptive management
and collaborative management or co-
management. It allows more room for
participation, as it implies a dynamic,
recursive process of actions and
feedbacks, which can only be achieved
if spaces are opened for various actors.
CONFLICT, TRANSNATIONAL
MIGRATION AND OFW
CONFLICT
According to Weber,
- CONFLICT arises when one person or
party intentionally carries out an action
or deed against one party. It is often
traced to TWO major causes: GREED
and GRIEVANCE.
How does greed cause conflict?
- Greed causes conflict because of
economic deprivation which drives
people to engage in violent conflict.
Those who instigate or participate in
conflict due to greed believe that their
victory will ensure them economic
gains. This view believes that the
economically deprived are the most
prone to become instigators of conflict.
Plato echoed this belief when he
considered war as a product of men’s
desires.
How does grievance cause conflict?
- Conflicts caused by grievance are
influenced largely by identity issues,
such as the desire to gain recognition
for one’s religion or ethnicity.
TYPES OF CONFLICT
ETHNIC CONFLICTS: Conflicts brought about by
issues of identity and ethnicity
RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS: Conflicts brought about
by religious differences
IDEOLOGICAL CONFLICTS: Conflicts brought
about by disparities in certain beliefs or views
HOW TO RESOLVE CONFLICT
Conflicts can be resolved through the use of
force or violence like using military solution or
engaging in warfare. This method of resolving
conflicts, according to John Galtung, may result
in a NEGATIVE PEACE, which according to him,
is the absence of conflict after a war.
Conflicts can also be resolved through peaceful
means like PEACEMAKING, PEACEKEEPING, and
PEACEBUILDING activities.
MIGRATION
- It is the movement of people from one
place to another for a variety of
reasons. It can be environmental,
cultural, economic and socio-political.
IMMIGRATE VS EMIGRATE
To immigrate
- Is to enter and settle in a foreign
country, leaving a past home.
“Immigrate” implies a permanent move
and applies only to people. For
example, my grandparents immigrated
to the United States in the 1920s.
To emigrate
- Is to leave one country or region to
settle in another. “Emigrate” implies a
permanent move and only applies to
people. For example, my grandparents
emigrated from Norway.
PUSH AND PULL FACTORS
PUSH FACTORS
- Are those that force the individual to
move voluntarily, and in many cases,
they are forced because the individual
risk something if they stay. Push factors
may include conflict, drought, famine,
or extreme religious activity.
PULL FACTORS
- Are those factors in the destination
country that attract the individual or
group to leave their home, those
factors are known as place utility, which
is the desirability of a place that attracts
people. Better economic opportunities,
more jobs, and the promise of a better
life often pull people into new
locations.
OVERSEAS FILIPINO WORKERS (OFW)
- They are Filipinos who emigrated from
the Philippines to immigrate to other
countries mainly for economic reasons.
- As of 2019, there are approximately
12.3 million OFWs around the world,
and more than 240, 000 are in Qatar.
GLOBAL WARMING AND
CLIMATE CHANGE
GLOBAL WARMING
- It is a gradual increase in the overall
temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere
generally attributed to the greenhouse
effect caused by increased levels of
carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other
pollutants.
CLIMATE CHANGE
- It is the global phenomenon of climate
transformation characterized by the
changes in the usual climate of the
planet (regarding temperature,
precipitation, and wind) that are
especially caused by human activities.
EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE TO THE way social activities and relationships
ENVIRONMENT & SOCIETY are organized.

Steady rise in the Earth’s average temperature CULTURAL CHANGE

brought about by the melting of the ice caps
- Refers to alterations affecting new traits
Drastic changes in weather patterns throughout or trait complexes and to changes in a
the world culture content and structure.

Water resources in many communities have POLITICAL CHANGE

been affected, and access to drinking water has
- It is the modification or establishment
become limited especially in dry, arid regions
of a new leadership or policies brought
Deforestation has resulted in the displacement about by any significant disruption in
of many indigenous people, air pollution, and government.
loss of biodiversity
THEORIES OF SOCIAL CHANGE
Powerful storms and drought resulted in the
EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
loss of crops and livestock with detrimental
effects on livelihood and the economy - Begins with the observation that some
societies are simple, whereas others are
HOW TO ADDRESS CLIMATE CHANGE?
complex.
Initiatives and programs to mitigate climate
FUNCTIONALIST THEORIES
change
- One of the most prominent
Projects to help educate and inform people
functionalists was Talcott Parsons, who
about climate change
viewed society as a social system
Using sustainable energy resources consisting of several interdependent
parts. Each part functions in relation to
Information and awareness
the whole
- ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION:
CONFLICT THEORIES
Inclusion of climate change discussions
in the basic education curriculum. - The tendency of individuals and social
- REDUCE CONSUMPTION: Buy less, use groups to compete for scarce resources
less, re-use, recycle and upcycle as or for prestige may be a major source of
much as possible! Refusing the use of social change.
plastic items is also encouraged.

CYCLICAL THEORIES
SOCIAL CULTURAL - This theory holds the hope that
POLITICAL CHANGE 1 civilizations can learn from the errors of
earlier societies and thus be able to
SOCIAL CHANGE
count an effective response to the
- Is any significant alteration, challenges they face, whether from the
modification, or transformation in the environment of from internal or
external opponents.
SPONTANEOUS CHANGE THEORY It refers to our cognitive, behavioral, and
emotional well-being- it is all about how we
- Social changes may occur
think, feel and behave. It is sometimes used to
spontaneously. According to this
mean an absence of a mental disorder.
theory, most social change is traceable
to one factor or events that are Cultural specific syndromes and illnesses
significant in altering the course of
A culture-bound syndrome or illness is a
society’s destiny.
combination of psychiatric and somatic
PLANNED SOCIAL CHANGE THEORY (physical) symptom that are considered to be
recognizable disease is not known or believed in
- This is the conscious, deliberate
other society.
application of knowledge to reshape
social behaviors, and institutional A culture-specific syndrome is characterized
patterns and goals to fit a by:
predetermined, desired state or
1. Classification as a disease in the culture
condition. The change occurs with the
2. Widespread familiarity in the culture
help of change agents.
3. Complete lack of familiarity or
SIX GUIDING PRINCIPLES ABOUT CHANGE misunderstanding of the condition to
people in other cultures
1. Change exists in all social organizations.
4. The condition is usually recognized and
2. Change depends on social power
treated by the folk medicine of the
3. Change arises from social conflict
culture
4. Change is most likely when the social
situation favors it Culture-Specific Syndrome and Illnesses
5. Most lasting change results from social
N example of a culture-specific disease is KURU,
trends
a disease of the brain and nervous system that
6. Societies change, but social patterns
was found in South Fore in Papua New Guinea.
persist
Usog or balis

HEALTH It is a Filipino belief regarding the discomfort

brought about by a stranger or visitor who is
Health thought to have an evil eye (masamang mata)
it is a state of physical, mental and social well- or who brings an evil wind (masamang hangin)
being in which disease and infirmity are absent. or a hex. It is usually affects an unsuspecting
(WHO) child, usually an infant or toddler, who has been
greeted by a visitor or a stranger.
Health Domains
Bughat or binat
Physical Health
It refers to the ailment – headache, chills, body
It is the overall physical condition of our body, pains, dizziness, etc. – a mother experiences
taking into consideration everything from the after giving birth or suffering from an abortion
absence of disease to fitness level. or miscarriage if she did not follow certain
Mental Health rituals after childbirth.
Pasma
Pasma (from Spanish espasmo) refers to a “folk
illness” unique to the Filipino culture that is said
to be most commonly brought about by
exposure of “cold” and water in many forms:
water is believed to facilitate the unhealthy
coldness that enters the boy in the Filipino
culture.
Banguguot or urom
It is from the tagalog word “bangon” (to rise)
and “ungol” (to moan). It is a syndrome
wrapped in a folklore and myth, that consists of
a nightmare, commonly occurring in nocturnal
sleep, frequently after a heavy meal that is
often accompanied by alcohol, most often in
young males, aged 25-44, presumably healthy,
without any known cardiac illness.
System of diagnosis, Prevention and healing
Health benefits and behaviors
hours to low temp., intense heat
immediately after a lengthy rain, and
vapors rising from the soil all may be
upset the body balance.
Filipino theories of illness
A. Mystical causes are often associated
with experiences or behaviors such as
retribution from ancestors for
unfulfilled obligations.
B. Personalistic causes may be attributed
to social punishment or retribution by
supernatural beings such as an evil
spirit, witch, or mangkukulam (sorcerer)
C. Naturalistic causes include a range of
factors from a natural events, excessive
stress, incompatible food and drugs,
infection or familial susceptibility.
D. Bacterial/Viral causes: There is an
increasing number of people who are
already swayed by the power of science
– bacteria or virus can also be causes of
illnesses.

Filipino indigenous health belief is characterized

by the principle of balance (timbang). The
balance is noticeably anchored on the range of
“hot and cold” beliefs concerning humoral
balances in the bodyd and food and dietary
balances including the following:

a. Rapid shifts from to cold lead to illness.

b. Warm environmental is essential to
maintain optimal health
c. Cold drinks or food should be avoided
in the morning
d. An overheated body (as in child or
fever) is vulnerable; and heated body or
muscle can get “shocked” when cooled
suddenly
e. A layer of fat (being stout) is preferred
to maintain warmth and protect vital
energy.
f. Sudden changes in weather patterns,
cool breezes, expsosure in evening