THE INFORMATION AGE •Second, Spreading and publishing of information
(GUTENBERG SOCIAL MEDIA)
JOHANNES GUTENBERG
Johannes Gutenberg (Born Feb 3, 1468) a German
blackswithand publich who was responsible for shaping
the nature of the society by establishing the first form of
spreading information. This is called as the Gutenberg
Principle, where the distribution of information become
possible, but expensive and yet institutionalized.
THE PRE-GUTENBERG WORLD
•In early times, books were created manually by hand.
They were transcribed through clay, papyrus, wax and
parchment.
•In 1440, the first printing press was built through
Johannes Gutenberg which heralded the start of mass
communication.
THE GUTENBERG REVOLUTION
“ The printing press was an important step towards the
democratization of knowledge”- Einstein, 1969
•Gutenberg Revolution is a term used to express the
democratizing effects of the invention of the
printing press among society.
•Democracy was born through the invention of the
printing press and the effects it had on society.
•It allowed people to have voice who weren’t able
to spread their messages before.
THE POST-GUTENBERG WORLD
•In 1920, the radio broadcasting was introduced.
•It marked a significant jump in the speed of
communication.
•It made the spreading of information even more quickly
and widely.
•In the 1970’s, the Information Age accelerated global
communication.
•Microprocessor began and took it as the introduction to
the Internet Browser, which made the information age
significant to up this day.
•In the early times of the internet, it still follows
Gutenberg Principle.
•Many investments appear to serve and create
opportunities with e-commerce as the major
new web-based phenomena
•According to Stacy (2008), the development
of internet in our world, changed 2 majors expansion:
•First, uploading and downloading of different forms
of media, such as image, videos and audios were
now possible through internet access.
were now much easy because of different tools.
•Information can now be on the hand of every
individual and all the potential individuals. This is
called as the Post-Gutenberg-Principle or Social
Information Principle (Stacy,2008)
INFORMATION AGE
•There are Three distinct historical periods for this
revolution of information technology (Washington,
DC. Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (OASD),
Command & Control Research Program (CCRP), 1997)
•The first modern information revolution began in the
mid-nineteenth century and includes telegraph,
telephone and radio.
•These three inventions have greatly helped in
improving the people’s lives.
•improved communication and have by passed even
further the second modern information revolution
followed the first one and extended until the mid-20TH
century and includes television, early generation
computers, and satellites.
•These inventions have greatly instances in a faster time.
•The third modern information revolution probably
began in the 1980’s and has surpassed the two other
revolutions. This age which includes our time is now
called as the “knowledge revolution”
•This includes advance information technologies and
has a remarkable impact in the politics , economics,
sociology, and culture of knowledge creation and
distribution.
SOCIAL MEDIA AND ITS IMPACT TO THE SOCIETY
•According to Brown (2018), among the three billion
people around the world, 40% uses online social media.
Social media users spend an average of two hours
everyday tweeting or liking posts in different platforms.
•Social media has become a form of virtual reality and
form of escape from the tyranny of life.
•According to Merriam-Webster (2016), Social media
is defined as a form of electronic communication
wherein the users share information, ideas and even
videos by creating online communities.
•Social media is not only a communication tool but it
also serves as an avenue for collaboration and reviewing
of information an opinions.
•Social media also serve as a brand monitoring tool that
help boosts their sales.
•Mark Schaefer (2011), an author, blogger and Social
Media Marketing consultant cited a summary in his blog
how the world has changed because of social media.
•Social media made the society less individualistic and
traditional groups more reinforced.
•In education, including informal learning, social media
served as an important catalyst.
•Selfie shared in social media send different messages
worldwide.
•In the world of social media, online equality is different
from offline equality.
•Not the company, but the people who uses social media
define its functionality.
•The public social media can be viewed as traditionalist
or conservative.
•Posted photos and use of emoji's in social media has
shifted human communication
•The world became less homogenous because of social
media.
•Personal commerce has been greatly promoted with
the help of social media.
•Group-communication arise because of social media.
•Social media, for some, served as their online “homes”
• Gender Relations has been profoundly affected by
social media.
•Human conversations and relationships are now
polymedia.
•Memes in social media served as moral police that has
set the standards of normal behavior among the general
public.
• Social media is a privacy threat, but not for the non-
users.
•In general, social media and the advancement of
information technology has greatly influenced daily living
of people.
INFORMATION AGE
Computer Age, Digital Age, New Media Age,
Internet Age
a historic period in the 21st century
characterized by the rapid shift from traditional
industry that the Industrial Revolution brought
through industrialization, to an economy based
on information technology.
EARLY DEVELOPMENTS OF INFORMATION AGE
1945- Fremont Rider described the miniaturized
microform analog photographs, which could be
duplicated on-demand for library patrons and
other institutions.
1965- Moore’s law was formulated. It is an
observation that the number of transistors in a
dense integrated circuit doubles about every
two years.
Early 1980s- production of the smaller and less
expensive personal computers allowed for direct
access to information.
1995- Nicholas Negroponte published his book,
Being Digital, the similarities and differences
between products made of atoms and bits.
Primary Information Age- newspaper, radio, television.
Secondary Information Age- Internet, satellite television
and mobile phones
Tertiary Information Age- emerged by media of the
Primary Information Age interconnected with media of
the Secondary Information Age.
PRE-INDUSTRIAL AGE
a time before there were machines and tools to
help them perform the tasks.
About 2.5 million years before writing was
developed, technology began with the earliest
hominids who used stone tools, which they may
have used to start fires, hunt, and bury their
dead.
Communications were limited between
communities. People used traditional paper and
writing materials, signs or symbols to
communicate with each other.
For example, Egyptians used papyrus scrolls.
Sumerians used clay tablets, Pre-historic men
used hand stencils and simple geometric shapes
to create art on the walls of caves and Johannes
Gutenberg invented the printing press during
Renaissance period.
INDUSTRIAL AGE
is a period of history that encompasses the
changes in economic and social organization that
began around 1760 in Great Britain and later in
other countries, characterized chiefly by the
replacement of hand tools with power-driven
machines such as the power loom and the steam
engine, and by the concentration of industry in
large establishments.
COMMUNICATION DURING THE INDUSTRIAL AGE
Samuel F.B Morse invented the telegraph which
became the standard for international
communication with a modified code.
Alexander Graham Bell patent the telephone, an
electric tool transmitting analogue speech along
wires.
Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, a
device for the mechanical recording and
reproduction of sound.
Heinrich Hertz identified and studied radio
waves in 1886.
Guiglielmo Marconi developed the first practical
radio transmitters and receivers.
Philo Farnsworth invented the first fully
electronic television. It became an important
mass medium for advertising, propaganda and
entertainment.
ELECTRONIC AGE
began when electronic equipment and large
technologies, including computers came into
use. The invention of the transistor ushered in
the electronic age. People harnessed the power
of transistors that led to the transistor radio,
electronic circuits, and the early computers. In
this age, long distance communication became
more efficient.
Transistor led to the creation of other media
tool.
Enigma machine is a piece of spook hardware
used as a way of deciphering German signals
traffic during World War Two.
Transisor radio became the most popular
electronic communication and device in history.
EDSAC ( Electronic Delay Storage Automatic
Calculator) is considered to be the first stored
program electronic computer.
ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer) as the first electronic general
purpose digital computer.
UNIVAC( Universal Automatic Computer) is a line
of electronic digital stored-program computers.
IBM is the first mass produced computer with
floating-point arithmetic hardware.
Hewlett Packard 9100A is an early computer or
programmable calculator
Floppy disk is a removal magnetic storage
medium.
Walkman is originally used for portable audio
cassette players.
INFORMATION AGE
People advanced the use of microelectronics
with the invention of personal computers,
mobile devices, and wearable technology.
Moreover, voice, image, sound and data are
digitalized. We are now living in the information
age.
You tube was created by Chad Hurley, Steve
Chen and Jawed Karim. It is an online video-
sharing platform. It also allows users to view,
upload, share, report, subscribe and comments
on videos.
Facebook Inc. was founded by Mark Zuckerberg
and his fellow roommates and students. It is a
popular global social networking website. It also
offers other products and services such as
Facebook
Messenger, Facebook Watch and Facebook
Portal.
MacBook is a discontinued Macintosh portable
computer developed and sold by Apple Inc. It
includes a Retina display, fanless design and a
shallower butterfly keyboard and a single USB-C
port for power and data.
Google LLC is based on multinational technology
company that specializes in internet-related
services and products, which include sottware,
hardware, online advertising, a search engine
and cloud computing
Microsoft Corporation develops, manufactures,
licenses, supports and sells computer software,
consumer electronics, personal computers and
related services.
 BIODIVERSITY AND HEALTHY SOCIETY
“If we pollute the air, water and soil that keep us alive
and well, and destroy the biodiversity that allows natural
systems to function, no amount of money will
save us.”- Suzuki David, 1936
BIODIVERSITY
Biological diversity or biodiversity is a multifaceted topic
covering many aspects of biological differences.
▪ The measure of the number of species on the planet or
in a specified area (Clark, 2013).
▪ It is the variation of living things making the world
beautiful and exciting place to live (Cunningham &
Cunningham, 2013).
▪ It is the variety of life on earth at all levels, from genes
to ecosystems, and the ecological and evolutionary
processes that sustain it (Bynum, 2012).
- Is a measure of the variety of versions of the same
genes within individual species.
LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY:
Genetic Biodiversity
- describes the number of different kinds of organisms
within individual communities or ecosystems.
Species Biodiversity
- specifies the number of niches, tropic levels, and
ecological processes that capture, sustain food webs and
recycle materials within this system.
Ecological Biodiversity
- Approximately 1.75 million different species have been
documented by scientists. These include 950,000 species
of insects, 270,000 species of plants, 19,000 species of
fish, 9,000 species of birds, and 4,000 species of
mammals. Insects and other vertebrates make up more
than half of all known species. Few of them are still
unknown.
Species by the Numbers
- biodiversity is extremely important to people, society,
and the health of the ecosystems. It can aid ecosystem
stability and because we rely on many different
organisms.
THE IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
▪ It supports healthy ecosystems.
▪ It is an essential part of the solution to climate change
▪ It is good for the economy.
▪ It is an integral part of culture and identity.
▪ It provides raw materials like lumber, food, spices etc.
▪ It provides opportunities for recreational activities,
such as bird watching, scuba diving, snorkeling, and
nature photography.
▪ It serves as the source of medicine.
WHAT DO WE GET FROM BIODIVERSITY?
1. Oxygen
2. Food
3. Clean Water
4. Medicine
5. Aesthetics
6. Lumber
7. Ideas
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY : Habitat destruction
In coral reefs, coastal Development, aquaculture,
Agriculture, and land-cover Change increasing sediments
And nutrients outflow onto Reefs, and the muro-ami
Fishing technique. The Development of fishponds
(aquaculture) in mangrove Forest.
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY : Pollution
Domestic agriculture and industrial wastes are poorly
treated and are often discharged into the sea, and to
other bodies of water, such as rivers and lakes. Pollution
can lead to diseases and pollution stresses, such as coral
bleaching on reefs.
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY : Species Introductions
Invasive species are greater threat to native biodiversity
than pollution, harvest, and disease combined
(Simberloff, 2000). It can cause alterations either within
species groups or within the environment.
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY : Global Climate Change
Drastic changes in the atmosphere can have catastrophic
effects such as increase concentration of greenhouse
gases and destruction of forest.
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY :Exploitation
Commercial logging, community logging, timber
poaching, and kaingin (slash and burn agriculture). In
mangrove ecosystem, the extraction of fuel and
construction material
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMO)
- While selective breeding has existed for thousand of
years, modern biotechnology is more efficient, and
effective because seed developers are able to directly
modify the genome of the crop. This process is called
“Genetic Modified Organism (GMO). It is also known as
“genetic engineering”, where in selective bred of plants
were being enhanced with the genes if another plant.
GMO’S IN FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL INDUSTIES
▪ Pest resistance- genetically modified plants to resist
certain pest. Bt corn, a.k.a. transgenic corn, is
corn that has been modified to produce the insecticidal
proteins that occur naturally in Bt. Bt (Bacillus
thuringiensis) is a bacterium found in soils throughout
the world. It naturally produces crystal-like proteins (Cry
proteins) that selectively kill a few specific insect species.
▪ Virus resistance- genetically modified plants to resist
certain viruses. An example is GM papaya or rainbow
papaya. In the mid-1990s the papaya farmers of Hawaii
were threatened with devastation by a newly rampant
disease, papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). A genetic
sequence from the virus was inserted into the papaya
genome. Analogous to vaccination in humans, this
produced 100% virus-resistant plants.
▪ Herbicide tolerance- genetically modified plants to
tolerate herbicide. Roundup Ready Soybeans (RR
soybeans) are genetically engineered soybeans that have
had their DNA altered to allow them to withstand the
herbicide glyphosate. They are also known as
"glyphosate tolerant" soybeans. RR Soybeans were first
planted commercially in 1996. When planting RR
soybeans, a farmer can spray the entire crop with
glyphosate, killing only the weeds and leaving the
soybeans alive.
▪ Fortification- genetically modified plants fortified with
certain minerals. An example is Golden Rice. Beta-
carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, was introduced
through biosynthesis genes to the rice, making the rice
grains fortified with Vitamin A.
▪ Cosmetic preservation- genetically modified plants to
resist natural discoloration. An example is Artic Apple.
The apple variety was genetically modified to surpass the
browning of the apple due to superficial damage.
▪ Increase growth rate- a genetically modified organism
that has higher yield than normal species.
GMO’S IN NON-FOOD CROPS AND
MICROORGANISMS
▪ Paper production- modified characteristics of tress for
higher yield of paper production. An example is poplar
tress. Lignin is a complex polymer in trees that ir
removed from wood to make paper through kraft
process, through inserting genes that code for ferulic
acid in young poplar tress, the lignin structure ids
modified, making lignin easier to breakdown (Veniza,
2014
▪ Pharmaceutical productions- modified plants to
produce pharmaceutical products. Example are
periwinkle plants. Bacterial genes were added to the
periwinkle plant, enabling it to attach halogens such as
chlorine or bromine to a class of compounds called
alkaloids that the plant normally produces. Many
alkaloids have pharmaceutical properties, and halogens,
which are often added to antibiotics and other drugs, can
make medicines more effective or last longer in the body
▪ Bioremediation- use of modified plants that can assist
in the bioremediation of polluted sites. An example is
shrub tobacco. Nicotania glauca, or shrub tobacco
genetically modified with phytochelatin, is use for
bioremediation. It shows high level accumulation of zinc,
lead, chromium, nickel, and boron and produces high
biomass
▪ GMO’s in the medical field- genetic engineering is
playing a significant role from diagnosis to treatment of
human-dreaded diseases. It helps in the production of
drugs, gene therapy, and laboratory researches.One
classic example is Humulin, the genetically engineered
insulin used by type I diabetes patients who are insulin-
dependent. The gene for insulin was inserted to bacterial
DNA that was able to produce almost the same human
insulin. This was a breakthrough in the mass production
of human insulin. In 1996, modified human insulin was
Approved, called Humalog.
RISKS TO BIODIVERSITY
The introduction of genetically modified plants into the
environment may have devastating effects on
biodiversity. Birds, insects, and other animals that are
dependent on certain crops for survival may find
themselves unable to eat the genetically engineered
crops due to the introduced gene or modification. They
may be allergic to the new traits or find them poisonous.
Therefore, these animals would have to find other
sources of food, or face starvation. This would impact the
entire food chain and the predator-prey relationships.
The introduction of a GMO into the environment may
cause the displacement of indigenous fauna and flora.
If the new strain is superior to the parent strain, it may
take over the habitat or eliminate the wild strain.
Other identified major:
▪ Recombination of Virus and Bacteria to Produce New
Pathogens- the modified gene can be transferred and
integrated in the viral or bacterial genes which may lead
to its gene modification or mutation
▪ Risk to Humanity - Since the reason behind genetic
engineering is basically to improve the quality of human
lives, it is important to discuss the potential adverse
effects that genetic engineering may have on human
beings. Genetic material can enter the human body
through food, bacteria, viruses, vaccines and
medications. Most GMO sourced foods have a marker
gene inserted in them alongwith the gene representing
the desired trait (Gatew, 2019). If the marker genes were
transferred successfully, the organism will exhibit a new
resistance to particular antibiotics. Problems could arise
for humans who eat food with these genes in them,
particularly if they are unaware of the presence of the
genes. If people are constantly eating food with
antibiotic resistance genes in them, they could develop a
resistance to antibiotics as well. There is a risk that the
nutritional quality of genetically modified food will be
lower than that of unmodified foods
ETHICAL CONCERN IN GENETIC
Engineering Genetic engineering is seen by many people
as “playing God” or putting people in the place of the
Creator as it gives to a few people the ability to change
the natural world completely. By genetically modifying
organisms, a scientist assumes that this extremely new
science is better for populating the world than God or
any other Creator, including natural evolution and
natural selection. The basic assumption of this so-called
“playing God argument” is that God has drawn up
invisible boundaries between the realm of God and the
realm of humans. Those that transcend this boundary are
guilty of hubris, i.e. excessive pride. Obviously, any such
argument would also be dependent on the more specific
assumptions of a religion concerning the relation of God,
humans and animals. The problem is to know where this
boundary is.
BIODIVERSITY AND HEALTHY SOCIETY
Biological diversity comprises the variety of all
life on earth. It also pertains to therelative abundance
and richness of the different traits, species, and
ecosystems in a particular area or region. The
biodiversity we see today is the outcome of over 3.5
billion years of evolutionary history, shaped by natural
processes and increasingly, by the influence of humans.
Biodiversity forms the web of life of which we are an
integral part and upon which we fully depend.
The United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity (Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, brazil in 1992),
of which Philippines is one of the 154 member countries
who signed the declaration, defines biodiversity as the
variability among living organisms from all source,
including inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic
ecosystems, and the ecological Complexes of which they
are part: this includes diversity within species, between
species and of ecosystems. Zamora (1997) defined
biodiversity as the ensemble and the interactions of the
genetic, the species, and the ecological diversity in a
given place and at a given time. World Wild Fund for
Nature (1989) defined it as the wealth of life on earth,
the millions of plants, animals an microorganisms, the
genes they contain, and the intricate ecosystems they
help build into the living environment.
THREE TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
1. Genetic diversity refers to the variations among the
genetic resources of the organisms. A gene is a unit of
hereditary information consisting of a specific
nucleotide sequence in DNA. High genetic diversity
indicates populations that can more easily adapt to
changing situations and environments, and also
greater assortment of materials than can be found,
increasing the chances of finding a useful compound
(Bernhardt, 1999).
2. Species diversity refers to the variety of different
types of species found in a particular area.
3. Ecosystem/ Ecological diversity refers to the variety
of different types of species found in a particular area.
It includes terrestrial, marine and freshwater
ecosystems.
Ecosystem is the unit of interaction between the
biotic community and its physical environment in a
given area. It is a self-contained community of
microorganisms, animals and plants that interact with
each other and with their physical environment.”
Habitat is a place in which a particular species of
organism lives.
STATUS OF PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY
The Department of Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR 2009) claims that in terms of biodiversity, the
Philippine was 5th in the world as to number of plant
species; 8th in the world list of endemic plants; 4th in
endemic birds; 5th in endemic mammals; and 8th in
endemic reptiles.
LIST OF IDENTIFIED ENDEMIC SPECIES
1. Rafflesia manillana, the world’s largest flower.
2. Vanda sanderiana (waling-waling), one of the world’s
largest orchid species.
3. Pithecophaga jefferyi (monkey -eating eagle), the
largest bird
4. Rhyncodon typus, the largest fish
5. Tridacna gigas (giant clam), the largest seashell
6. Pandaka pygmea (dwarf goby), the smallest
freshwater fish
7. Tarsius syrichta (tarsier), the smallest primate
8. Tragalus nigricans, the smallest hoofed mammal
9. Tylonycteris pachpus (bamboo bat), the smallest bat;
10. Pisidum, the tiniest shell in the world
11. Connus gloriamaris, one of the most expensive shells
in the world
12. Cervus alfredi, the most endangered deer
13. Bubalus mindorensis (tamarau or dwarf water
buffalo), one of the top ten most endangered species
in the world and the largest endangered animal.
One indication that a species may be endangered is a
dwindling in numbers. The list of endangered species is
long and growing. In the 2000 Red List of the
International Union for the Conservation of Nature and
Natural resources (IUCN), of the 52,177 species in the
Philippines, 418 were listed as threatened. The Philippine
Biodiversity Conservation Priority-setting Program
(PBCPP) described the 121 endemic mammals as
critically endangered. The Bird Life International listed
116 of species of birds in the country are threatened or
near threatened. According to the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources report (2010), out of
584 wildlife in the country, 72% are already threatened
with extinction. Several species of plants, frogs,
reptiles and insects remain to be documented.
Unfortunately, several species were believed to have
vanished without being identified.
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
1. Environmental Pollution
Domestic agriculture and industrial wastes are poorly
treated and are often discharged into the sea, and to
other bodies of water, such as rivers and lakes. Pollution
can lead to diseases and pollution stresses, such as coral
bleaching on reefs.
2. Over-exploitation/ Over-hunting/ Over-harvesting/
Over-fishing
Commercial logging, community logging, timber
poaching, and kaingin (slash and burn agriculture). In
mangrove ecosystem, the extraction of fuel and
construction materials.
3. Habitat Loss/ Habitat destruction/ Habitat alteration
In coral reefs, coastal development, aquaculture,
agriculture, and land-cover change increasing
sediments and nutrients outflow onto reefs, and the
muro-ami fishing technique. The development of
fishponds (aquaculture) in mangrove forest.
4. Climate Change
Drastic changes in the atmosphere can have catastrophic
effects such as increase concentration of greenhouse
gases and destruction of forest.
5. Invasive species or Non-native species
Invasive species are greater threat to native biodiversity
than pollution, harvest, and disease combined
(Simberloff, 2000). It can cause alterations either within
species groups or within the environment.
UNDERLYING CAUSES OF THE LOSS OF PHILIPPINE
BIODIVERSITY
The underlying causes of Philippine biodiversity loss are:
a. Population growth and increasing resource
consumption
b. Ignorance about species and ecosystems
c. Poorly conceived policies and poor law enforcement
d. Effects of global trading systems
e. Inequity of resource distribution
f. Apathy or failure to account for the value of
biodiversity
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
Worldwide, over 191 million hectares have been planted
with genetically modified crops as of 2018, particularly
herbicide and pest-resistant canola, cotton, corn and
soybeans. The United States had the largest area
worldwide of GM crops, followed by Brazil, Argentina,
Canada and India (Shahbandeh, 2019).
Fun facts: The first commercially available GM food was
called the Flavr Savr tomato that had an antisense gene
that increased its shelf life and delayed ripening (
Bruening and Lyons, 2000). Designed by researchers at
Calgene (now a division of Monsanto, Inc.). Monsanto is
the leading company in genetically modified crop based
on revenue.
GMOs or Genetically Modified Organisms are organisms
whose genetic material has been altered using genetic
engineering techniques, which is a direct manipulation of
an organisms genome. According to the World Health
Organization (WHO,2004) GMOs are organisms, either
plant or animal or microorganism in which the genetic
material ( DNA) has been altered in a way that does not
occur naturally by mating or natural recombination. The
development of GMOs was perceived to help in the
advancement of technology for the benefit of humans in
different industries like agriculture and medicine.
THE NANO WORLD
The term “nano” refers to a unit meaning one billionth or
ten raised to negative nine (10 – 9). For example., a
nanometer is one billionth of a meter. Hence , “nano”
expresses a very tiny amount or size.
• Nano can refer to technologies, materials, particles,
objects – we are focusing on nanomaterials as these are
already being used in workplaces more widely
• A sheet of paper is about 100,000 nanometers thick, a
human hair is around 80,000- 100,000 nanometers wide
– Nanoscience is the study of phenomena and
manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and
macromolecular scales, where properties differ
significantly from those at a larger scale.
– Nanotechnologies are the design, characterization,
production and application of structures, devices and
systems by controlling shape and size at nanometre
scale.
❑ The engineering of functional systems at the
molecular scale.
❑ It is a Hybrid Science combining Engineering,
Chemistry and to a certain extent Biology.
❑ It deals with the creation of functional materials ,
devices, systems through control of matter or
nanoscale.
❑ It placed the footprints in the field of energy,
medicine, electronics, computing, security and materials.
APPROACHES TO NANOTECHNOLOGY: TOP-DOWN
-It is a physical process.
-In top down process a large scale object is progressively
reduced in dimensions.
- Etching a block of material down to the desired shape
This method is time consuming and costly.
– Chips and processors
APPROACHES TO NANOTECHNOLOGY: BOTTOM
UP
-It is a chemical process.
- Different materials are constructed from molecular
components on their own which do not require any
external agent to assemble them.
- They chemically assemble themselves by recognizing
the molecules of their own type.
-Nanoparticles such as C60, carbon nanotubes, quantum
dots
• Norio Taniguichi of Tokyo Science University coined the
term nanotechnology to describe semiconductor
processes such as thin-film deposition that deal with
control on the order of nanometers
NANOSTRUCTURES
• Nanoparticles
ADVANTAGES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
▪ Protect drugs from being degraded in the body before
they reach their target
▪ Enhances the absorption of drugs into tumors and into
the cancerous cells themselves.
▪ Allows for better control over the timing and
distribution of drugs to the tissue, making it easier for
oncologists to assess how well they work.
▪ Prevent drugs from interacting with normal cells , thus
avoiding side effects.

APPLICATIONS
Catalysts – Envirox™ cerium oxide
Nanoremediation – SAMMS technology to
remove mercury
Paper – photographic paper
Filters – nanofibers
Toothpaste – to remineralise teeth
Food – packaging
• Fullerenes – e.g. carbon nanotubes and buckyballs Paint – improved adhesion and anti- fungal
qualities/anti-graffiti
Clothes– non-staining and anti-radiation
Batteries– (Black & Decker) phosphate
nanocrystal technology
Cleaning products

POTENTIALS RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH

• Non-carbon nanotubes
• Biopolymers
NANOTECHNOLOGY
• Adverse effects on the environment from deliberate
• Nanowires
or accidental exposure
• Dendrimers
• Potentially explosive properties of nanostructures

RISK ASSESSMENT PROBLEMS

• Very difficult to detect without sophisticated
equipment
• Difficult to predict how particles will behave in the
environment (dispersed/clumped)
• Small size may result in particles passing into the body
more easily (inhalation, ingestion, absorption)
DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO NANOTECHNOLOGY • May be more reactive due to surface area to volume
Nanotechnologies can be: ratio
• Top-down • Potential to adsorb toxic chemicals
– Etching a block of material down to the desired shape • Persistence - Longevity of particles in the environment
– Chips and processors and body are unknown
• Bottom-up
– Building materials atom by atom - like lego
– Nanoparticles such as C60, carbon nanotubes,
quantum dots
 HISTORY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
1959- Richard Feynman, an American Physicist
discussed, “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”.
1960- Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng fabricated the
first MOSFET ( metal –oxide-semiconductor field-effect
transistor) with a gate oxide thickness of 100nm, along
with a gate length of 20μm.
1974- Norio Taniguchi, a Japanese scientist of Tokyo
University of Science coined the term "nanotechnology”
to describe semiconductor processes such as film
deposition and ion beam milling exhibiting
characteristic control on the order of a nanometer.
1981s- The invention of Scanning Tunneling Microscope,
an instrument used for imaging surfaces at the atomic
level. It was invented by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer
at IBM Zurich (Nobel Prize in Physics).
1985- The discovery of fullerenes, an allotrope of
carbon whose molecule consists of carbon atoms
connected by single and double bonds so as to form a
closed or partially closed mesh, with fused rings of five to
seven atoms.
1986 – Publication of the book Engines of Creation: The
Coming Era of Nanotechnology by Eric Dexler.
1991- The discovery of carbon nanotubes by Sumio
Lijima
2006- The discovery of 3nm MOSFET, the
worlds’smallest nanoelectronic device was created by
Korean Researchers from the Korea Advanced Institute
of Science and Technology and the National Nano Fab
Center.
EARLY USES OF NANOMATERIALS
In Mesopotamia, nanoparticles were used for creating
a glittering effect on the surface of pots.
In modern times, pottery from the middle Ages and
Renaissance often retains a distinct gold- or copper-
colored metallic glitter.
In Rome, Lycurgus cup is made of a glass that changes
colour when light gleamed through it.
In pre-columbian Mayan City of Chichen Itza, a corrosion
resistant azure pigment known as “ Maya Blue” contains
nanopores to create an environmentally stable pigment.
In Middle East, Damascus steel swords contain oriented
nanoscale wire-and-tube-like structures
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Climate Change, Global Warming, and Ozone Depletion
How Might the Earth’s Climate Change in the Future?
• Concept: Considerable scientific evidence indicates
that emissions of greenhouse gases into the earth’s
atmosphere from human activities will lead to significant
climate change during this century.
PAST CLIMATE CHANGES
• Glacial and interglacial periods
• Global cooling and global warming
• Measurement of past temperature changes
–Rocks and fossils
–Ice cores from glaciers
–Tree rings
–Historical measurements since 1861
THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
• Earth’s natural greenhouse effect
• Natural greenhouse gases
–Water vapor (H2O)
–Carbon dioxide (CO2)
–Methane (CH4)
–Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT GLOBAL WARMING (1)
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
• 2007 IPCC report
• Rise in average global surface temperature
• 10 warmest years on record since 1970
EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT GLOBAL WARMING (2)
• Annual greenhouse gas emissions up 70% between
1970 and 2008
• Changes in glaciers, rainfall patterns, hurricanes
• Sea level rise in this century 4–8 inches
CO2 IS THE MAJOR CULPRIT
• 1850: 285 ppm
• 2009: 388 ppm
• Over 450 ppm is tipping point
• 350 ppm as intermediate goal
SCIENCE FOCUS: SCIENTIFIC CONSENSUS ABOUT
FUTURE GLOBAL TEMPERATURE CHANGES?
• Temperature as a function of greenhouse gases
• Mathematical models
• Model data and assumptions
• Predictions and model reliability
• Recent warming due to human activities
WHAT ROLE FOR OCEANS IN CLIMATE CHANGE?
• Absorb CO2
• CO2 solubility decreases with increasing temperature
• Upper ocean getting warmer
WHAT ARE SOME POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF A
PROJECTED CLIMATE CHANGE?
• Concept: The projected change in the earth’s climate
during this century could have severe and long-lasting
consequences, including increased drought and flooding,
rising sea levels, and shifts in locations of agriculture and
wildlife habitats.
POTENTIAL SEVERE CONSEQUENCES
• Rapid projected temperature increase
• 2 Cº inevitable
• 4 Cº possible
• Effects will last for at least 1,000 years
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING (1)
• Excessive heat
• Drought
• Ice and snow melt
• Rising sea levels
• Extreme weather
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING (2)
• Threat to biodiversity
• Food production may decline
• Change location of agricultural crops
• Threats to human health
WHAT CAN WE DO TO SLOW PROJECTED CLIMATE
CHANGE?
• Concept: To slow the rate of projected climate change,
we can increase energy efficiency, sharply
reduce greenhouse gas emissions, rely more on
renewable energy resources, and slow population
growth.
OPTIONS TO DEAL WITH CLIMATE CHANGE
• Two approaches:
1. Drastically reduce greenhouse gas emissions
2. Develop strategies to reduce its
harmful effects
• Mix both approaches
• Governments beginning to act
REDUCING THE THREAT OF CLIMATE CHANGE (1)
• Improve energy efficiency to reduce
fossil fuel use
• Shift from coal to natural gas
• Improve energy efficiency
• Shift to renewable energy sources
REDUCING THE THREAT OF CLIMATE CHANGE (2)
• Transfer appropriate technology to
developing countries
• Reduce deforestation
• Sustainable agriculture and forestry
• Reduce poverty
• Slow population growth

REDUCING THE THREAT OF CLIMATE CHANGE (3)

• Decrease CO2 emissions
• Sequester CO2
–Plant trees
–Agriculture
–Underground
–Deep ocean
• Repair leaking natural gas lines
• Reduce methane emissions from animals

SCIENCE FOCUS: IS CAPTURING AND STORING CO2

THE ANSWER? (1)
• Global tree planting
• Restore wetlands
• Plant fast-growing perennials

SCIENCE FOCUS: IS CAPTURING AND STORING CO2

REDUCING THE THREAT OF CLIMATE CHANGE (1) THE ANSWER? (2)
• Improve energy efficiency to reduce fossil fuel use • Preserve natural forests
• Shift from coal to natural gas • Seed oceans with iron to promote
• Improve energy efficiency growth of phytoplankton
• Shift to renewable energy sources • Sequester carbon dioxide underground and under the
ocean floor
Reducing the Threat of Climate Change (2)
• Transfer appropriate technology to developing
GOVERNMENT ROLES IN REDUCING THE THREAT
countries OF CLIMATE CHANGE (1)
• Reduce deforestation • Regulate carbon dioxide and methane as pollutants
• Sustainable agriculture and forestry • Carbon taxes
• Reduce poverty • Cap total CO2 emissions
• Slow population growth • Subsidize energy-efficient technologies
• Technology transfers
GOVERNMENT ROLES IN REDUCING THE THREAT FORMER USES OF CFCS
OF CLIMATE CHANGE (2) • Coolants in air conditioners and refrigerators
• International climate negotiations • Propellants in aerosol cans
• Kyoto Protocol • Cleaning solutions for electronic parts
• Act locally • Fumigants
–Costa Rica • Bubbles in plastic packing foam
–U.S. states
–Large corporations
–Colleges and universities

HOW HAVE WE DEPLETED OZONE IN THE

STRATOSPHERE AND WHAT CAN WE DO ABOUT IT?
• Concept: Widespread use of certain chemicals has
reduced ozone levels in the stratosphere and allowed
more harmful ultraviolet radiation to reach the earth’s
surface.
• Concept: To reverse ozone depletion, we need to stop
producing ozone-depleting chemicals and adhere to the
international treaties that ban such chemicals.

HUMAN IMPACT ON THE OZONE LAYER

• Location and purpose of the ozone layer
–Blocks UV-A and UV-B
• Seasonal and long-term depletion of ozone
• Threat to humans, animals, plants
• Causes – chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

REVERSING OZONE DEPLETION

INDIVIDUALS MATTER: BANNING OF
• Stop producing ozone-depleting chemicals
CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFCS) • Slow recovery
• Chemists Rowland and Molina –Nobel Prize in 1995 • Montreal Protocol
• Called for ban • Copenhagen Protocol
–Remain in atmosphere • International cooperation
–Rise into stratosphere
–Break down into atoms that accelerate ozone depletion
–Stay in stratosphere for long periods
• Defended research against big industry