INTRODUCTION Presented by:

Eman Weld-Ali
TO ACADEMIC Presented to:

WRITING Dr. Hamza Al Omari

 Understanding why research is an important
method of discovery

Learning the conventions of academic writing

Objectives Overcoming the pitfalls of plagiarism with proper

documentation

Understanding the terminology of a research

assignment

Establishing a schedule for your research project

 "WE CONDUCT INFORMAL
RESEARCH ALL THE TIME." (PG. 20)
Why Do Research?

■ Teaches Methods of Discovery

■ Teaches Investigative Skills
■ Develops Inquiry-Based Techniques
■ Builds Career Skills
■ Teaches Critical Thinking
■ Teaches Logic
■ Teaches the Basic Ingredients of Argument
Learning the Conventions of
Academic Writing

■ Citing and Designing Conventions:

– Modern Language Association - MLA style
– American Psychological Association - APA style

■ Investigative Conventions:
– Analysis
– Evidence
– Discussion
 WHAT IS
PLAGIARISM?

This is a SERIOUS VIOLATION!

Understanding
Plagiarism
■ Plagiarism is:
– The act of claiming the words or ideas
of another person as your own.
– Unacknowledged use of another
person's sentences, phrases, terminology,
ideas, research, or approach.

■ Types of Plagiarism:
– Intentional plagiarism
– Unintentional plagiarism
Avoiding Plagiarism

■ Citation

■ Quotation marks

■ Paraphrase

■ Parenthetical citations and notes (Gates, 2013, p. 33)

■ Works cited or references pages

Understanding a
Research Assignment
■ Assignments in literature, history, and fire arts:
– Evaluate
– Interpret
– Perform causal analysis

■ Assignments in education, psychology, political

science, and other social science disciplines:
– Analysis
– Definition
– Comparison
– Search for precedents leading to a proposal
Analysis

■ Analysis: Classify major issues and provide detailed

analysis

■ Evidence: Provide well-reasoned statements supported

by facts, details, and evidence

■ Discussion: Discuss your findings and how they support

your study
=> Example: "Poor reading skills among EFL students"

Analyze: Major issue? How is this evident?

"Poor reading skills"
Detailed analysis of low grades on reading exams and poor reading performance = claims

Support: Facts, details, evidence supporting the claims

Students lack sufficient reading practice
Students lack critical thinking skills

Discuss: Findings
Lack of reading practice result in low exposure to language and limited vocabulary.
Lack of critical thinking exercises result in difficulty with reasoning.
Definition

■ Extended definition to show that a subject fits into

well-defined category.

■ Three elements of a good definition:

1. Subject (main idea)
2. Class to which the subject belongs
3. Differences with others in the class
=> Example:
"Duolingo can help in improving the reading skills of EFL students"

Subject: Reading skills

Class: Language skills
Differences with others in the class: Writing, speaking, listening

Subject: Duolingo
Class: Educational Applications
Differences with others in the class: Babbel and Mondly

Subject: Improve
Class: Action made to achieve better results
Differences with others in the class: Enhance, develop, speed up
Comparison and Analogy
Comparison: To highlight the differences between two things
or points.
=> The effect of using Duolingo on improving EFL
students' reading skills compared to Mondly

=> The effect of using Duolingo on improving EFL female

students' reading skills compared to EFL male students

Analogy: To highlight the similarities between two things or

points.
=> Meeting EFL students' learning needs is like providing a
plant with all its vital needs to grow
Precedents Leading to a
Proposal

■ Precedence refers to well-established conventions or

customs
■ Previous studies with similar or matching facts or
circumstances

=> If the researcher can prove that the reading skills of another
class of EFL students have improved after integrating an
education application, then he or she has a precedent for the
effectiveness of technology integration in language education.
Proposal

■ A proposal says to the reader, "We should do something".

■ A proposal calls for action.
■ Steps of proposing action:
1. Writer must convince the readers that a serious
problem exists
2. Writer must explain the consequences to convince
the readers that the proposal has validity
3. Writer addresses any opposing positions, competing
proposals, and alternative solutions
=> Example:
"Duolingo can help in improving the reading skills of EFL students"
=> "Duolingo should be integrated in EFL classrooms to improve the students' reading skills"

1. Writer must convince the readers that a serious problem exists

=> Students achieve low grades on reading exams
=> Students perform poorly in reading activities

2. Writer must explain the consequences to convince the readers that the proposal has validity
=> Explain the urgent need of addressing reading challenges
=> Explain the importance of integrating technology to keep pace with the latest educational
trends
=> Explain the effectiveness of using educational tools that are of interest to students

3. Writer addresses any opposing positions, competing proposals, and alternative solutions
=> Present previous studies on integrating educational technology in language classrooms
=> Present previous studies employing traditional was to address reading challenges
Causal Argument

■ A causal argument shows that a condition exists because of

specific circumstances.

=> Why are the students' reading skills not improving just like
their writing skills?
=> Why did the EFL students' reading skills improve after
integrating technology in the classroom?
Implications

What did you discover?

What does it mean?

Establishing a Research
Schedule
1. Finding and narrowing a topic
2. Drafting a thesis and research proposal
3. Reading and creating a working bibliography
4. Creating notes
5. Organizing and outlining
6. Drafting the paper
7. Formatting the paper
8. Writing a list of your references
9. Revising and proofreading
10. Submitting the manuscript
‫‪THANK YOU‬‬
‫شكرا جزيال‬